Article published In:
Contemporary Discourses of Hate and Radicalism across Space and GenresEdited by Monika Kopytowska
[Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3:1] 2015
► pp. 41–56
Edited by Monika Kopytowska
[Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3:1] 2015
► pp. 41–56
Dehumanizing metaphors in UK immigrant debates in press and online media
Some Internet genres, in particular Weblogs and discussion fora, have a dubious reputation for giving voice to strongly polemical discourses or hate-speech. This paper investigates the use of dehumanizing metaphors, specifically parasite metaphors, in British debates about immigration. It compares the range of metaphors used in Blogs with that used in online fora and in mainstream newspaper coverage and concludes that despite substantial variation, they can be categorised into four main scenarios, of which one includes dehumanizing metaphors such as depictions of immigrants as parasites, leeches, or bloodsuckers. Whilst this kind of stigmatizing imagery occurs across the three different media genres, the samples also show significant quantitative and qualitative differences: dehumanizing metaphors occur most often and their potential for aggressive argumentation and polemics is exploited in more detail in Blogs than in the fora, and least in the mainstream press. It is then asked what cognitive import this differential usage has in view of a) the discourse histories of such metaphors and b) their most likely present-day semantic motivation. The paper concludes that while it is unlikely that present-day users have detailed knowledge of the etymological and conceptual histories of such metaphors, it is also improbable to assume a wholly “unconscious” or “automatic” use or reception in the respective community of practice, and that instead it is more likely that they are used with a high degree of “deliberateness” and a modicum of discourse-historical awareness.
Keywords: dehumanization, discourse history, immigration, metaphor, scenario
References (54)
BBC. 2010a. Have your Say: Should politicians be talking about immigration? [URL] (last accessed 15/12/2013)
. 2010b. Have your Say: How should immigration be tackled? [URL] (last accessed ?????)
. 2010c. Have your Say: Are immigration rules fair? [URL] (last accessed 15/12/2013)
Beauzamy, Brigitte. 2013. “Continuities of Fascist Discourses, Discontinuities of Extreme-Right Political Authors? Overt and Covert Antisemitism in the Contemporary French Right.” In Analysing Fascist Discourse. European Fascism in Talk and Text, edited by Ruth Wodak, and John E. Richardson, 163–180. London: Routledge.
Böke, Karin. 1997. “Die ‘Invasion’ aus den ‘Armenhäusern Europas’. Metaphern im Einwanderungsdiskurs.”. In Die Sprache der Migrationsdiskurse. Das Reden über die ‘Ausländer’ in Medien, Politik und Alltag, edited by Matthias Jung, Martin Wengeler, and Karin Böke, 164–193. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Bosmajian, Haig. 1983. The Language of Oppression. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1990. Edited by Adrian Room. London: Cassell.
Cameron, Lynne, and Graham Low (eds.). 1999. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2006. “Britain as a Container: Immigration Metaphors in the 2005 Election Campaign.” Discourse & Society, 17(5):563–581.
. 2011. Politicians and Rhetoric. The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Chilton, Paul. 2005. “Manipulation, Memes and Metaphors: The Case of Mein Kampf.
.” In Manipulation and Ideologies in the Twentieth Century, edited by Louis de Saussure, and Peter Schulz, 15–43. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Cienki, Alan. 2008. “The Application of Conceptual Metaphor Theory to Political Discourse: Methodological Questions and Some Possible Solution.” In Political Language and Metaphor. Interpreting and Changing the World, edited by Terrell Carver, and Jernej Pikalo, 241–256. London: Routledge.
Cisneros, J. David. 2008. “Contaminated Communities: The Metaphor of ‘Immigrant as Pollutant’ in Media Representations of Immigration.” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 11(4):569–601.
Damon, Cynthia. 1998. The Mask of the Parasite. A Pathology of Roman Patronage. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Deignan, Alice. 1999. “Corpus-based Research into Metaphor.” In Researching and Applying Metaphor, edited by Lynne Cameron, and Graham Low, 177–199. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2005. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gibbs, Raymond W. 1994. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2007. “Experimental Tests of Figurative Meaning Construction.” In Aspects of Meaning Construction, edited by Günther Radden, Klaus-Michael Köpcke, Thomas Berg, and Peter Siemund, 19–32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2011a. “Are ‘Deliberate’ Metaphors Really Deliberate? A Question of Human Consciousness and Action.” Metaphor and the Social World 1(1):26–52.
. 2011b. “Advancing the Debate on Deliberate Metaphor”. Metaphor and the Social World 1(1):67–69.
Gibbs, Raymond W., and Markus Tendahl. 2006. “Cognitive Effort and Effects in Metaphor Comprehension: Relevance Theory and Psycholinguistics.” Mind & Language, 21(3):379–403.
Giora, Rachel. 2003. On our Mind: Salience, Context, and Figurative Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Glucksberg, Sam 2001. Understanding Figurative Language. From Metaphors to Idioms. With a contribution by Matthew S. McGlone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gullestad, Anders. 2012. “Parasite.” In Political Concepts: A Critical Lexicon, edited by The New School for Social Research [URL] (accessed: 30/12/2013).
Hart, Christopher. 2010. Critical Discourse Analysis and Cognitive Science: New Perspectives on Immigration Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
. 2011. “Force-interactive Patterns in Immigration Discourse: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach to CDA.” Discourse & Society 22(3):269–286.
Hawkins, Bruce. 2001. “Ideology, Metaphor and Iconographic Reference.” In Language and Ideology. Volume II: Descriptive Cognitive Approaches, edited by René Dirven, Roslyn Frank, and Cornelia Ilie, 27–50. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hitler, Adolf. 1933. Mein Kampf (23rd ed.). Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger.
Hönigsperger, Astrid. 1991. “‘Das Boot ist voll’ — Zur Metapher in der Politik.” Folia Linguistica, 251:229–241.
Jung, Matthias, Thomas Niehr, and Karin Böke. 2000. Ausländer und Migranten im Spiegel der Presse. Ein diskurshistorisches Wörterbuch zur Einwanderung seit 1945. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
KhosraviNik, Majid. 2010. “The Representation of Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Immigrants in British Newspapers: A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Journal of Language and Politics 9(1):1–28
KhosraviNik, Majid, Michał Krzyżanowski, and Ruth Wodak. 2012. “Dynamics of Representations in Discourse: Immigrants in the British Press.” In Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Michi Messer, Renée Schroeder, and Ruth Wodak, 283–295. Vienna: Springer.
Lakoff, George. 1993. “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” In Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony, 202–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2008. “The Neural Theory of Metaphor”. In The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, edited by Raymond W. Gibbs, 17–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Müller, Cornelia. 2011. “Are ‘Deliberate Metaphors’ Really Deliberate? A Question of Human Consciousness and Action.” Metaphor and the Social World 1(1):61–66.
Musolff, Andreas. 2004. Metaphor and Political Discourse. Analogical Reasoning in Debates about Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Musolff, Andrea. 2006. “Metaphor Scenarios in Public Discourse.” Metaphor and Symbol, 21(1):23–38.
Musolff, Andreas. 2010. Metaphor, Nation and the Holocaust. The Concept of the Body Politic. London/New York: Routledge.
. 2011. “Migration, Media and ‘Deliberate’ Metaphors.” metaphorik
.de 211:7–19.
. 2012. “Immigrants and Parasites: The History of a Bio-Social Metaphor.” In Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Michi Messer, Renée Schroeder, and Ruth Wodak, 249–258. Vienna: Springer.
. 2014. “Metaphorical Parasites and ‘Parasitic’ Metaphors: Semantic Exchanges between Political and Scientific Vocabularies.” Journal of Language and Politics 13(2):218–233
Richardson, John E., and Monica Colombo. 2013. “Continuity and Change in Anti-immigrant Discourse in Italy: An Analysis of the Visual Propaganda of the Lega Nord.” Journal of Language and Politics, Special Issue: ‘Discourse and Politics about Migration in Italy’, 12(2):180–202.
Semino, Elena. 2008. Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Serres, Michel. 2007. The Parasite (Posthumanities). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002) edited by William R. Trumble, and Angus Stevenson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steen, Gerard J. 2007. Finding Metaphor in Grammar and Usage. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
. (2011): “What does ‘Really Deliberate’ Really Mean? More Thoughts on Metaphor and Consciousness and Action.” Metaphor and the Social World 1(1):53–56.
Wodak, Ruth. 2001. “The Discourse-Historical Approach.” In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Ruth Wodak, and Michael Meyer, 63–95. London: Sage.
. 2013. “‘Calculated Ambivalence’ and Holocaust Denial in Austria.” In Analysing Fascist Discourse. European Fascism in Talk and Text, edited by Ruth Wodak, and John E. Richardson, 73–96. London: Routledge.
Zimmer, Carl. 2001. Parasite Rex. Inside the Bizarre World of Nature’s Most Dangerous Creatures. New York: Free Press.
Zinken, Jörg. 2007. “Discourse Metaphors: The Link between Figurative Language and Habitual Analogies.” Cognitive Linguistics 18(3):445–466.
Zinken, Jörg, Iina Hellsten, and Brigitte Nerlich. 2008. “Discourse Metaphors”. In Body, Language and Mind. Vol. 2: Sociocultural Situatedness, edited by Roslyn M. Frank, René Dirven, Tom Ziemke, and Enrique Bernárdez, 363–385. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Zinken, Jörg, and Andreas Musolff. 2009. “A Discourse-Centred Perspective on Metaphorical Meaning and Understanding.” In Metaphor and Discourse, edited by Andreas Musolff, and Jörg Zinken, 1–10. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Cited by (134)
Cited by 134 other publications
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
2024. The “menstruating” Muslim Brotherhood: taboo metaphor, face attack, and gender in Egyptian culture. Social Semiotics 34:2 ► pp. 151 ff. 
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed & Mouna Goubaa
2024. Taboo language in a sample of Egyptian op-eds: A corpus-based socio-cognitive study. Discourse & Society
Almaghlouth, Shrouq & Leena Alotaibi
2024. HEART metaphors in economic discourse corpora: conceptual evidence and translation insight. Cogent Arts & Humanities 11:1
Alvanoudi, Angeliki
2024. Conventionalized impoliteness formulae in third-party assessments. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
Arnds, Peter
2024. Wolves in the Sanctuary: Ecopolitics and Forced Migration in the Literature of the Anthropocene. In Contemporary Representations of Forced Migration in Europe [Palgrave Studies in Literature, Culture and Human Rights, ], ► pp. 263 ff.
Bao, Kai
2024. War on feminism: an analysis of metaphorical representations on Weibo. Social Semiotics ► pp. 1 ff.
Chinn, Sedona, Dan Hiaeshutter-Rice, P. Sol Hart & Brendon M.H. Larson
2024. Testing How Militaristic and Xenophobic Language Affects Engagement with Facebook Posts about Invasive Species. Environmental Communication 18:3 ► pp. 351 ff.
Constantinescu, Mihaela-Viorica
2024. Conventional metaphorical scenarios of humor in Romanian. HUMOR 37:1 ► pp. 87 ff.
Demata, Massimiliano
Díaz-Peralta, Marina
2024. Epistemic stance and public discourse on irregular migration in one of Europe’s outermost regions. Journal of Language and Politics
Gredel, Eva
2024. Chapter 5. Sockpuppets , Wikifants, and Honeypots
. In Investigating Wikipedia [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 121], ► pp. 134 ff.
Guardamagna, Caterina, Jessica Hampton, Mariana Roccia & Djordje Sredanovic
2024. Microaggressions and impoliteness at the crossroads. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
Hart, Christopher
2024. Multimodal meaning making in news communication about immigration: using the NewsScape corpus to explore co-verbal images in TV news. Frontiers in Communication 9
Jankó, Ferenc, Márton Czirfusz & Márton Berki
2024. Migratory birds: Dehumanization of migrant workers in West Hungary. Population, Space and Place 30:5
Lucek, Stephen & Dean Phelan
2024. Reading Twitter as a marketplace of ideas: how attitudes to COVID-19 are affecting attitudes to migrants in Ireland. Linguistics Vanguard
Nairi, Asma Hedi
2024. The representation of sub-Saharan African migrants in the Tunisian written media: a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. The Journal of North African Studies ► pp. 1 ff.
Nerlich, Brigitte & Rusi Jaspal
2024. Mud, metaphors and politics: Meaning-making during the 2021 German floods. Environmental Values 33:3 ► pp. 329 ff.
O’Connell Davidson, Julia
2024. Thinking with space invaders: ‘Freed slaves’, ‘asylum seekers’ and social wastelands. European Journal of Cultural Studies
Placencia, María Elena
2024. Racial Slurs on Ecuadorian X/Twitter Interactions: Old and New Realizations, Same Underlying Negative Beliefs. In Evaluating Identities Online, ► pp. 21 ff.
Schäfer, Saskia
Wahrer, Katherine S., Cynthia J. Najdowski & John V. Passarelli
2024. Effects of dehumanization and disgust-eliciting language on attitudes toward immigration: a sentiment analysis of Twitter data. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law ► pp. 1 ff.
Almeida, Pedro, Janainna Pereira & Diego Candido
2023. Online hate speech on social media in Portugal: extremism or structural racism?. Social Identities 29:5 ► pp. 419 ff.
Baider, Fabienne
2023. Accountability Issues, Online Covert Hate Speech, and the Efficacy of Counter‐Speech. Politics and Governance 11:2
Biglin, Josephine & Kingsley Purdam
2023. Measuring Public Attitudes Towards Immigration: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Social Survey Questions. Sociology 57:5 ► pp. 1227 ff.
Bogetić, Ksenija, Frazer Heritage, Veronika Koller & Mark McGlashan
Coltman-Patel, Tara
2023. Divisiveness: The Metaphorical Conceptualisation of Obesity. In (Mis)Representing Weight and Obesity in the British Press, ► pp. 103 ff.
De Backer, Laurence, Renata Enghels & Patrick Goethals
2023. Metaphor analysis meets lexical strings: finetuning the metaphor identification procedure for quantitative semantic analyses. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Ermida, Isabel
2023. Building and Analysing an Online Hate Speech Corpus: The NETLANG Experience and Beyond. In Hate Speech in Social Media, ► pp. 3 ff.
Faria, Rita
2023. Stance-Taking and Gender: Hateful Representations of Portuguese Women Public Figures in the NETLANG Corpus. In Hate Speech in Social Media, ► pp. 311 ff.
Geyer, Klaus
2023. Entmenschlichende Metaphern in ethnotroper („fremdenfeindlicher“) Hatespeech in sozialen Medien. In Digitale Pragmatik [Digitale Linguistik, 1], ► pp. 185 ff.
Heritage, Frazer
2023. Language, gender, and (hetero)normativity. In Incels and Ideologies [Palgrave Studies in Language, Gender and Sexuality, ], ► pp. 117 ff.
Heritage, Frazer
2023. Language, ethnicity, race, and racism. In Incels and Ideologies [Palgrave Studies in Language, Gender and Sexuality, ], ► pp. 159 ff.
Iori, Ilaria
2023. A Micro-Diachronic Corpus Investigation of Violence-Related Metaphors Used to Frame China during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lingue Culture Mediazioni - Languages Cultures Mediation (LCM Journal) 10:2
Jaki, Sylvia
2023. Hate Speech in sozialen Medien: Ein Forschungsüberblick aus Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft. In Digitale Hate Speech, ► pp. 15 ff.
Laineste, Liisi & Władysław Chłopicki
2023. Humorous Use of Figurative Language in Religious Hate Speech. In Hate Speech in Social Media, ► pp. 205 ff.
Markowitz, David M.
2023. Deceptive (De)humanization: How Lying About Perceived Outgroups is Revealed in Language. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 42:2 ► pp. 135 ff.
Martín de la Rosa, Victoria
2023. Taking back control: The role of image schemas in the Brexit discourse. Russian Journal of Linguistics 27:2 ► pp. 276 ff.
Pahor de Maiti, Kristina, Jasmin Franza & Darja Fišer
Reif, Monika
2023. Opening the thinkgates?. In Cultural Linguistics and Critical Discourse Studies [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 103], ► pp. 52 ff.
Serafis, Dimitris, Franco Zappettini & Stavros Assimakopoulos
2023. The Institutionalization of Hatred Politics in the Mediterranean: Studying Corpora of Online News Portals During the European ‘Refugee Crisis’. Topoi 42:2 ► pp. 651 ff.
Shapiro, Shawna
2023. Book Review: English with an Accent. Journal of English Linguistics 51:4 ► pp. 424 ff.
Sirulhaq, Ahmad, Untung Yuwono & Abdul Muta’ali
2023. Why do we need a sociocognitive-CDA in hate speech studies? A corpus-based systematic review. Discourse & Society 34:4 ► pp. 462 ff.
Ullmann, Stefanie
2023. The Representation of Refugees, Migrants and Migration in the British Media Discourse of 2015. In The Representation of REFUGEES and MIGRANTS in European National Media Discourses from 2015 to 2017 [Linguistik in Empirie und Theorie/Empirical and Theoretical Linguistics, ], ► pp. 139 ff.
Alcaraz-Mármol, Gema & Jorge Soto-Almela
2022. Refugees’ dehumanization in the Spanish media: A corpus-assisted study within the semantic preference framework
. Applied Linguistics Review 13:5 ► pp. 791 ff.
Alkhammash, Reem
2022. Multimodal metaphors and sexism in Arabic cartoons depicting gender and gender relations during COVID-19. Multimodal Communication 11:3 ► pp. 235 ff.
Ben Romdhane, Samar
2022. Strategies and tactics of polemical exchanges: The play of minorization/de-minorization in public hearings. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 15:2 ► pp. 287 ff.
Carver, Natasha, Saffron Karlsen, Magda Mogilnicka & Christina Pantazis
2022. Tolerated citizenship and FGM-safeguarding: experiences of unbelonging for those of Somali-heritage living in Bristol, UK. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48:19 ► pp. 4547 ff.
Glaz, Adam
2022. Chapter 3. Analogy in action. In Analogy and Contrast in Language [Human Cognitive Processing, 73], ► pp. 61 ff.
Ho, Janet
2022. Evading the Lockdown: Animal Metaphors and Dehumanization in Virtual Space. Metaphor and Symbol 37:1 ► pp. 21 ff.
Ho, Janet
2023. Metaphors, powerlessness and online aggression. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 11:1 ► pp. 77 ff.
Ivanovic, Ivana
2022. Les migrants ante portas : la Serbie entre l’« humanitarisme », la « brutalité » et le « tsunami » migratoire. Pensée plurielle n° 54:2 ► pp. 107 ff.
Koller, Veronika
2022. Words and Worlds of Desire: The Power of Metaphor in Framing Sexuality. In Metaphors and Analogies in Sciences and Humanities [Synthese Library, 453], ► pp. 363 ff.
Meringolo, Patrizia, Cristina Cecchini & Camillo Donati
2022. Migrants as suspects? A participatory consensus conference to promote well-being and inclusion. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community 50:3 ► pp. 224 ff.
Mujagić, Mersina
2022. The Migration as an Invasion and the Common European House metaphors in media discourse. ExELL 10:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Mujagić, Mersina
2023. Figurative Conceptualizations of Nations, Countries, and Institutions in Newspaper Articles on Migration. Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies :32/2 ► pp. 71 ff.
Porto, M. Dolores
2022. Water Metaphors and Evaluation of Syrian Migration: The Flow of Refugees in the Spanish Press. Metaphor and Symbol 37:3 ► pp. 252 ff.
Salahshour, Neda & Dimitris Serafis
2022. (De-)constructing New Zealand PM Jacinda Ardern’s initiative to wear the hijab after the Christchurch terrorist attack. Journal of Argumentation in Context 11:2 ► pp. 157 ff.
Sullivan, Karen
2022. Anti-Muslim semantic framing by politicians, Facebook groups, and violent extremists. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 20:2 ► pp. 476 ff.
Šori, Iztok & Vasja Vehovar
2022. Reported User-Generated Online Hate Speech: The ‘Ecosystem’, Frames, and Ideologies. Social Sciences 11:8 ► pp. 375 ff.
Ali, Mohammad
2021. Donald Trump’s immigration speech: How metaphors function to convey messages. Atlantic Journal of Communication 29:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Domagała, Arkadiusz
2021. Dehumanizacja w komentarzach internetowych w polskich portalach informacyjnych. Identyfikacja i klasyfikacja zjawiska na przykładzie odbioru Fransa Timmermansa. Zarządzanie Mediami 9:3 ► pp. 451 ff.
Igwebuike, Ebuka Elias
2021. Metaphorical constructions of herding in news reports on Fulani Herdsmen. Continuum 35:1 ► pp. 85 ff.
Liu, Eric (Yin) & Janny H.C. Leung
2021. Corpus insights into the harmonization of commercial media in China: News coverage of migrant worker issues as a case study. Discourse, Context & Media 41 ► pp. 100482 ff.
Lucchesi, Dario
2021. Facebook Comments on the “Refugee Crisis”: Discursive Strategies to Legitimise Hate Speech Online. In Discourse and Conflict, ► pp. 257 ff.
Markowitz, David M., Brittany Shoots-Reinhard, Ellen Peters, Michael C. Silverstein, Raleigh Goodwin & Pär Bjälkebring
2021. Dehumanization During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Mazzara, Bruno Maria, Evrinomy Avdi, Irini Kadianaki, Iphigenia Koutri, Franco Lancia, Terri Mannarini, Anna Mylona, Alina Pop, Alessia Rochira, Rozlyn E. Redd, Gordon Sammut, Ahmet Suerdem, Giuseppe Alessandro Veltri, Serena Verbena & Sergio Salvatore
2021. The Representation of Immigration. A Retrospective Newspaper Analysis. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 19:4 ► pp. 436 ff.
Newman, Benjamin, Jennifer L. Merolla, Sono Shah, Danielle Casarez Lemi, Loren Collingwood & S. Karthick Ramakrishnan
2021. The Trump Effect: An Experimental Investigation of the Emboldening Effect of Racially Inflammatory Elite Communication. British Journal of Political Science 51:3 ► pp. 1138 ff.
Ortiz-Marcos, José Manuel, María Tomé-Fernández & Christian Fernández-Leyva
2021. Cyberbullying Analysis in Intercultural Educational Environments Using Binary Logistic Regressions. Future Internet 13:1 ► pp. 15 ff.
Serafis, Dimitris, Carlo Raimondo, Stavros Assimakopoulos, Sara Greco & Andrea Rocci
2021. Argumentative dynamics in representations of migrants and refugees: Evidence from the Italian press during the ‘refugee crisis’. Discourse & Communication 15:5 ► pp. 559 ff.
Vuković-Stamatović, Milica
2021. The long-journeying poor cousin before the shut EU door: How the Western Balkans are metaphorically conceptualised in the context of the EU integrations. Zeitschrift für Slawistik 66:4 ► pp. 578 ff.
Zhang, Cun
2021. The Sino–US trade war in political cartoons: A synthesis of semiotic, cognitive, and cultural perspectives. Intercultural Pragmatics 18:4 ► pp. 469 ff.
Chiluwa, Innocent, Rotimi Taiwo & Esther Ajiboye
2020. Hate speech and political media discourse in Nigeria: The case of the Indigenous People of Biafra.
International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics
16:2 ► pp. 191 ff.
Kwong, Lucas
2020. The White Album as Neo-Victorian Fiction of Loss. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies 22:1-2 ► pp. 52 ff.
Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara
2020. Culture-driven emotional profiles and online discourse extremism. Pragmatics and Society 11:2 ► pp. 262 ff.
Markowitz, David M. & Paul Slovic
2020. Social, psychological, and demographic characteristics of dehumanization toward immigrants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:17 ► pp. 9260 ff.
Marín-Arrese, Juana I.
2020. Chapter 7. Metaphorical creativity in political cartoons. In Performing Metaphoric Creativity across Modes and Contexts [Figurative Thought and Language, 7], ► pp. 153 ff.
Serafis, Dimitris, Sara Greco, Chiara Pollaroli & Chiara Jermini-Martinez Soria
2020. Towards an integrated argumentative approach to multimodal critical discourse analysis: evidence from the portrayal of refugees and immigrants in Greek newspapers. Critical Discourse Studies 17:5 ► pp. 545 ff.
Shabbir, Haseeb, Michael R. Hyman, Dianne Dean & Stephan Dahl
2020. ‘Freedom Through Marketing’ Is Not Doublespeak. Journal of Business Ethics 164:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Taylor, Charlotte
2020. Representing the Windrush generation: metaphor in discourses then and now. Critical Discourse Studies 17:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Viola, Lorella & Jaap Verheul
2020. One Hundred Years of Migration Discourse in The Times: A Discourse-Historical Word Vector Space Approach to the Construction of Meaning. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 3
A'Beckett, Ludmilla
2019. Chapter 11. Displaced Ukrainians. In Migration and Media [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 81], ► pp. 265 ff.
Arcimaviciene, Liudmila
2019. Chapter 6. Gender, metaphor and migration in media representations. In Migration and Media [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 81], ► pp. 137 ff.
Arcimavičienė, Liudmila
2019. Self and Other Metaphors as Facilitating Features of Populist Style in Diplomatic Discourse: A Case Study of Obama and Putin’s Speeches. In Populist Discourse, ► pp. 89 ff.
Bogetić, Ksenija
2019. Discursive metaphorical frames in newspaper texts on language change. Metaphor and the Social World 9:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Bogetić, Ksenija
2023. Race and the language of incels. English Today 39:2 ► pp. 89 ff.
Breazu, Petre & David Machin
2019. Racism toward the Roma through the affordances of Facebook: bonding, laughter and spite. Discourse & Society 30:4 ► pp. 376 ff.
Burgers, Christian, Melanie Jong Tjien Fa & Anneke de Graaf
2019. A tale of two swamps: Transformations of a metaphorical frame in online partisan media. Journal of Pragmatics 141 ► pp. 57 ff.
D’Errico, Francesca & Marinella Paciello
2019. Online moral struggles in hosting immigrant’s discourses. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 7:2 ► pp. 182 ff.
Hampl, Marek
2019. "Now is the time to root out evil" : the role of natural world metaphors in the construction of the "Us" and "Them" dichotomy. Brno studies in English :1 ► pp. [57] ff.
Hampl, Marek
2021. The container and force schemas in political discourse. Metaphor and the Social World 11:1 ► pp. 23 ff.
Heinkelmann-Wild, Tim, Daniel Beck & Alexander Spencer
2019. Heroes welcome: an exceptional story of ‘good’ refugees in the German tabloid discourse. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 14:3 ► pp. 220 ff.
Islentyeva, Anna
2019. The Europe of Scary Metaphors: The Voices of the British Right-Wing Press. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 67:3 ► pp. 209 ff.
Jaworska, Sylvia & Tigran Sogomonian
2019. After we #VoteLeave we can #TakeControl. In Reference and Identity in Public Discourses [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 306], ► pp. 181 ff.
Mujagić, Mersina & Sanja Berberović
2019. The IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS metaphor as a deliberate metaphor in British and Bosnian-Herzegovinian media. ExELL 7:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Prażmo, Ewelina Maria
2019. “Leftie snowflakes” and other metaphtonymies in the British political discourse. Journal of Language and Politics 18:3 ► pp. 371 ff.
Romano, Manuela
2019. ‘Refugees are streaming into Europe’: An image-schema analysis of the Syrian Refugee crisis in the Spanish and British press. Complutense Journal of English Studies 27 ► pp. 39 ff.
Silaški, Nadežda & Tatjana Đurović
2019. Chapter 8. The Great Wall of Europe. In Migration and Media [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 81], ► pp. 183 ff.
Silaški, Nadežda & Tatjana Đurović
2024. The explanatory function of metaphor scenario in the Serbian pro-vaccine discourse. Russian Journal of Linguistics 28:1 ► pp. 123 ff.
Smith, David S.
2019. Shaping the modern world with a stone-age brain: Brexit and the Moral Foundations Theory. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7:2 ► pp. 863 ff.
Smith, Graham
Čičin-Šain, Višnja
2019. Chapter 5. Metaphors for language contact and change. In Metaphor, Nation and Discourse [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 82], ► pp. 127 ff.
Đurović, Tatjana & Nadežda Silaški
2019. Chapter 2. Barbed wire around Serbia. In Metaphor, Nation and Discourse [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 82], ► pp. 59 ff.
Allen, William, Scott Blinder & Robert McNeil
2018. Chapter 8 – Media reporting of migrants and migration. World Migration Report 2018:1
Arcimaviciene, Liudmila & Sercan Hamza Baglama
2018. Migration, Metaphor and Myth in Media Representations: The Ideological Dichotomy of “Them” and “Us”. Sage Open 8:2
Baider, Fabienne & Monika Kopytowska
2018. Narrating hostility, challenging hostile narratives. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Brown, Alexander
2018. What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?. Ethnicities 18:3 ► pp. 297 ff.
Catalano, Theresa & Grace E Fielder
2018. European spaces and the Roma: Denaturalizing the naturalized in online reader comments. Discourse & Communication 12:3 ► pp. 240 ff.
Creed, Allison & Peter McIlveen
2018. Metaphor identification as a research method for the study of career. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 18:1 ► pp. 27 ff.
Moragas-Fernández, Carlota M., Marta Montagut Calvo & Arantxa Capdevila Gómez
2018. The process en route: the metaphor of the journey as the dominant narrative for the political discourse in Catalonia. Critical Discourse Studies 15:5 ► pp. 517 ff.
Pivetti, Monica, Silvia Di Battista, Milena Pesole, Antonella Di Lallo, Benedetta Ferrone & Chiara Berti
2018. Animal, Human and Robot Attribution: Ontologization of Roma, Romanian and Chinese Groups in an Italian Sample. The Open Psychology Journal 11:1 ► pp. 65 ff.
Smith, David & David Deacon
2018. Immigration and the British news media: Continuity or change?. Sociology Compass 12:9
Toolan, Michael
2018. The Language of Inequality in the News,
Anderson, J., Y. Zhu, J. Zhuang, J.C. Nelson, M.J. Bresnahan & X. Yan
2017. Metaphors that communicate weight-based stigma in political news: A case study of New Jersey Governor Chris Christie. European Review of Applied Psychology 67:3 ► pp. 139 ff.
Assimakopoulos, Stavros & Rebecca Vella Muskat
2017. Exploring xenophobic and homophobic attitudes in Malta: Linking the perception of social practice with textual analysis. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13:2
Baider, Fabienne H.
2017. Thinking globally, acting locally. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 5:2 ► pp. 178 ff.
Bolonyai, Agnes & Kelsey Campolong
Knoblock, Natalia
Knoblock, Natalia
2020. Negotiating dominance on Facebook: Positioning of self and others in pro- and anti-Trump comments on immigration. Discourse & Society 31:5 ► pp. 520 ff.
Kopytowska, Monika & Łukasz Grabowski
2017. European Security Under Threat: Mediating the Crisis and Constructing the Other. In National Identity and Europe in Times of Crisis, ► pp. 83 ff.
Laineste, Liisi
2017. Chapter 12. Othering in Estonian online discussions about refugees. In Representing the Other in European Media Discourses [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 74], ► pp. 281 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2017. Language aggression in public debates on immigration. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 5:2 ► pp. 175 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2017. Metaphor and Cultural Cognition. In Advances in Cultural Linguistics [Cultural Linguistics, ], ► pp. 325 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2017. Analiza scenariuszy metaforycznych w ramach lingwistyki kulturowej. In Lingwistyka kulturowa i międzykulturowa. Antologia,
Musolff, Andreas
2018. The “legitimation” of hostility towards immigrants’ languages in press and social media: Main fallacies and how to challenge them. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14:1 ► pp. 117 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2019. Hostility Towards immigrants’ languages in Britain: a backlash against ‘super-diversity’?. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40:3 ► pp. 257 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2019. Chapter 14. “They have lived in our street for six years now and still don’t speak a work [!] of English”. In Migration and Media [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 81], ► pp. 339 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2021. The Nation as a Body or Person in Present-Day British Political Discourse. In National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic [Cultural Linguistics, ], ► pp. 35 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2021. Nation, Nationalism and Metaphor. In National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic [Cultural Linguistics, ], ► pp. 15 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2021. The Nation as a Body or Person in Romance L1 Language Samples: Italian, Romanian, Spanish, French and Portuguese. In National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic [Cultural Linguistics, ], ► pp. 93 ff.
Musolff, Andreas
2023. Migrants’ NATION-AS-BODY metaphors as expressions of transnational identities. Language and Intercultural Communication 23:3 ► pp. 229 ff.
Prażmo, Ewelina
2017. Deliberately misleading or unintentionally ambiguous?. Pragmatics & Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 346 ff.
Sedláková, Renáta
2017. Moral panic over migration in the broadcasting of the Czech Radio. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 13:2
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 november 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.