Afro-Hispanic language is attested from the 15th century to the early 20th century in Spain, Africa, and Latin America. The speech of bozales (slaves born in Africa and speaking Spanish only imperfectly) has frequently been used as evidence for monogenetic theories of Hispanic Creole formation, based on structural parallels and possibly Afro-Portuguese roots. The present study reviews the principal Afro-Hispanic manifestations over a period of more than 300 years, and traces those structures most frequently cited in monogenetic Afro-Iberian theories. The overall conclusion is that, while such cases as Papiamentu, Colombian Palenquero, and 19th century Cuban/Puerto Rican bozal language point to common origins or mutually shared influences, most other Afro-Hispanic language forms suggest merely imperfect learning and incipient pidginiza-tion which arose spontaneously each time Spanish and African languages came into contact.
2007. Enregistered memory and Afro-Cuban historicity in Santería’s ritual speech. Language & Communication 27:3 ► pp. 245 ff.
BARME, STEFAN
2003. Galicisch-Brasilianisch-lateinamerikanisches Spanisch: Konvergenzen in der Morphosyntax. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (ZrP) 119:4
BARME, STEFAN
2003. Zum (ibero-)romanischen Ursprung einiger (morpho-)syntaktischer Strukturen des Papiamentu und des español caribeño. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (ZrP) 119:2
Althoff, F. Daniel
2001. Hispanic and Afro-Hispanic languages in the Americas. Review of América negra: panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguesas y criollas, edited by Matthias Perl and Armin Schwegler; and Huellas etno-sociolingüísticas bozales y afrocubanas, by Luis A. Ortiz López. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001:149
McWhorter, John H.
1995. The scarcity of Spanish-based creoles explained. Language in Society 24:2 ► pp. 213 ff.
LIPSKI, JOHN Μ. & ARMIN SCHWEGLER
1993. Creole Spanish and Afro-Hispanic. In Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology. Volume 5: Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance, ► pp. 407 ff.
1991. Language Varieties and Situations - John M. Lipski, The language of the Isleños: Vestigial Spanish in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. Pp. x + 148.. Language in Society 20:4 ► pp. 668 ff.
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