Parentheses are included in their host sentences, but at the same time they show unintegrated behavior. This article studies this Janus-faced phenomenon from a syntactic point of view. There are two main parts. The first introduces the term Invisibility for syntactic independence based on the absence of c‑command relations, which is a particular way of defining structural independence. A number of tests indicate that parentheses and other paratactic constituents are indeed invisible, but specific attention is paid to the various difficulties that show up in establishing such a conclusion. The examples are drawn primarily from Dutch and English. The second part develops a structural proposal for parentheses within a Minimalist type of grammar which takes into account their contradictory properties. Parentheses, it is argued, are adverbial phrases attached by means of a nonsubordinative inclusion relation that can be used in other paratactic configurations as well, in particular appositional constructions.
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Apresjan, Valentina
2014. Syntactic idioms across languages: corpus evidence from Russian and English. Russian Linguistics 38:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
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2012. Constituent Structure Sets II. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 19 ff.
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2012. A Parallel Merge Solution to the Merchant/Johnson Paradox. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 44 ff.
Colaço, Madalena & Maria Gabriela Ardisson Pereira de Matos
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de Vries, Mark
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Vries, Mark de
2012. Unconventional Mergers. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 143 ff.
Dehé, Nicole
2018. The prosodic phrasing of parenthetical comment clauses in spontaneous spoken language: evidence from icelandic held ég. Studia Linguistica 72:1 ► pp. 128 ff.
Del Gobbo, Francesca
2010. On Chinese appositive relative clauses. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 19:4 ► pp. 385 ff.
DOBASHI, YOSHIHITO
2018. <i>Parentheticals in Spoken English: The Syntax-Prosody</i><i> Relation </i>. ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 35:1 ► pp. 173 ff.
Epstein, Samuel David, Hisatsugu Kitahara & T. Daniel Seely
2012. Structure Building That Can't Be. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 253 ff.
Fernández‐Sánchez, Javier & Dennis Ott
2020. Dislocations. Language and Linguistics Compass 14:9
Fábregas, Antonio
2012. Evidence for Multidominance in Spanish Agentive Nominalizations. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 66 ff.
2016. Integrated Parentheticals in Quotations and Free Indirect Discourse. In Indirect Reports and Pragmatics [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 5], ► pp. 471 ff.
Gračanin‐Yuksek, Martina
2012. Clitic Placement and Multidominance. In Ways of Structure Building, ► pp. 93 ff.
Griffiths, James
2015. Parenthetical verb constructions, fragment answers, and constituent modification. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 33:1 ► pp. 191 ff.
Griffiths, James & Mark de Vries
2013. The Syntactic Integration of Appositives: Evidence from Fragments and Ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry 44:2 ► pp. 332 ff.
Griffiths, James & Mark de Vries
2019. Parenthesis: Syntactic Integration or Orphanage? A Rejoinder to. Linguistic Inquiry 50:3 ► pp. 609 ff.
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