A case of focal adverb preposing in French
This article is about a specific case of focal adverb preposing in French, i.e. preposing of the adverb ainsi ‘in this way’, which is necessarily followed by subject inversion, resulting in the word order [focal ainsi – V – S]. This construction appears in a very specific discourse context and, just as other cross-linguistic types of focus preposing, is the result of the movement of this adverb to a focus projection in the left periphery. I show that this correctly predicts the construction to be a main clause phenomenon and provide a syntactic analysis in terms of Relativized Minimality.
References (106)
References
Abels, Klaus. 2012. The Italian Left Periphery: A view from locality. Linguistic Inquiry 43(2): 229–254. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Abeillé, Anne, Godard, Danièle & Sabio, Frédéric. 2008. Two types of NP preposing in French. In The Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Stefan Müller (ed.), 306–324. Stanford CA: CSLI.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Abeillé, Anne, Godard, Danièle & Sabio, Frédéric. 2009. The dramatic extraction construction in spoken French. Bucharest working papers in Linguistics 11(1): 135–148.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Authier, Jean-Marc. 2011. A movement analysis of French modal ellipsis. Probus 23: 175–216. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Authier, Jean-Marc & Haegeman, Liliane. 2014a. French adverbial clauses. Rescue by ellipsis and the truncation versus intervention debate. Probus. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Authier, Jean-Marc & Haegeman, Liliane. 2014b. No such thing as ‘parameterized structural deficiency in the left periphery’. In Language Use and Linguistic Structure, Joseph Emonds & Markéta Janebová (eds), 33–46. Olomouc: Palacký University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barbosa, Pilar. 2001. On inversion in wh-questions in Romance. In Romance Inversion, Aafke Hulk & Jean-Yves. Pollock (eds), 2–59. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2001. ‘Inversion’ as focalization. In Inversion in Romance and the Theory of Universal Grammar, Aafke Hulk & Jean-Yves Pollock (eds), 60–90. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2004. Aspects of the Low IP Area. In The Structure of CP and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 2, Luigi Rizzi (ed.), 16–51. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2008. The CP of clefts. Rivista di Grammatica Generativa 33: 191–204.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2009. Structures and Strategies. New York NY: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2011. Focus and the predicate of clefts. Paper presented at GIST3: Cartographic Structures and Beyond workshop at Ghent University.
Belletti, Adriana. 2012. Focusing on clefts. Paper presented at the Workshop Cleft Sentences in Romance and Germanic, Going Romance, Leuven, December.
Belletti, Adriana. 2013. On fin: Italian che, Japanese no, and the selective properties of the copula in clefts. In Deep Insights, Broad Perspectives. Essays in Honor of Mamooru Saito, Yoichi Miyamoto, Daiko Takahashi, Hideki Maki, Masao Ochi, Koji Sugisaki & Asako Uchibori (eds), 42–55. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 2014. The Focus map of clefts: Extraposition and Predication. To appear in Beyond Functional Sequence, Ur Shlonsky (ed.). Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Benincà, Paola. 2001. L’ordine degli elementi della frase e le costruzioni marcate. In Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione, Vol. 1, Lorenzo Renzi, Giampaolo Salvi & Anna Cardinaletti (eds) 129–208. Bologna: Il Mulino.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bianchi, Valentina. 2004. Resumptive relatives and LF chains. In The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 2, Luigi Rizzi (ed.), 76–114. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bianchi, Valentina. 2013. On Focus movement in Italian. In Information Structure and Agreement [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 197], Victoria Camacho-Taboada, Ángel L. Jiménez-Fernández, Javier Martín-González and Mariano Reyes-Tejedor (eds), 194–215. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blanche-Benveniste, Claire. 2006. Les clivées françaises de type : C’est comme ça que, C’est pour ça que, c’est là que tout a commencé. Moderna Språk 100(2): 273–287.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bocci, Giuliano. 2007. Criterial positions and left periphery in Italian. Evidence for the syntactic encoding of contrastive focus. Nanzan Linguistics 3(1): 35–70. Special issue.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Boeckx, Cédric & Jeong, Youngmi. 2004. The fine structure of intervention in syntax. In Issues in Current Linguistic Theory: A Festschrift for Hong Bae Lee, Chungja Kwon & Wonbin Lee (eds), 83–116. Seoul: Kyungchin.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Camacho-Taboada, Victoria & Jiménez-Fernández, Ángel L. 2014. Focus fronting and root phenomena in Spanish and English. In Language Use and Linguistic Structure, Joseph Emonds & Markéta Janebová (eds), 41–60. Olomouc: Palacký University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cardinaletti, Anna. 2010. On a (wh-)moved topic in Italian, compared to Germanic. In Advances in Comparative Germanic Syntax [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 141], Artemis Alexiadou, Jorge Hankamer, T. McFadden, J. Nuger & Florian Schaeffer (eds), 3–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1990. Types of A–bar Dependencies. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Clech-Darbon, Anne, Rialland, Annie & Rebuschi, Georges. 1999. Are there cleft sentences in French? In The Grammar of Focus [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 24], Lauri Tuller & Georges Rebuschi (eds), 83–118. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cruschina, Silvio. 2010. Syntactic extraposition and clitic resumption in Italian. Lingua 120: 50–73. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cruschina, Silvio. 2012. Discourse-Related Features and Functional Projections [Oxford Comparative Studies in Syntax). Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Culicover, Peter W. & Robert, Levine D. 2001. Stylistic inversion in English: A reconsideration. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19: 283–310. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Cat, Cécile. 2012. Towards an interface definition of root phenomena. In Main Clause Phenomena. New Horizons [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 190], Lobke Aelbrecht, Liliane Haegeman & Rachel Nye (eds), 135–158. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Delais-Roussarie, Elisabeth, Jenny Doetjes & Sleeman, Petra. 2004. Dislocation. In Handbook of French semantics, Francis Corblin & Henriëtte de Swart (eds), 505–530. Stanford CA: CSLI.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Emonds, Joe. 1970. Root and Structure-preserving Transformations. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Emonds, Joe. 2004. Unspecified categories as the key to root constructions. In Peripheries: Syntactic Edges and their Effects, David Adger, Cécile de Cat & Georges Tsoulas (eds), 75–121. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Enç, Mürvet. 1991. The semantics of specificity. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 1–25.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Escandell-Vidal, Victoria & Leonetti, Manuel. 2009. Fronting and irony in Spanish. In Focus and Background in Romance Languages [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 214], Andreas Dufter & Jacob Daniel (eds), 155–204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Flament-Boistrancourt, Danièle. 1999. Quelques aspects d’ainsi et aussi consécutifs à la lumière d’un point de vue de non-francophone. Le Gré des Langues 15: 142–180.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Floricic, Franck. 2009. Negation and ‘focus clash’ in Sardinian. In Information Structure and its Interfaces, Lunella Mereu (ed.), 129–152. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Frascarelli, Mara & Ramaglia, Francesca. 2009. Pseudo cleft constructions at the interfaces. <[URL]>
Friedmann, Naama, Belletti, Adriana & Rizzi, Luigi. 2009. Relativized relatives: Types of intervention in the acquisition of A-bar dependencies. Lingua 119: 67–88. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Green, Giorgia. M. 1976. Main clause phenomena in subordinate clauses. Language 52: 382–397. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guimier, Claude. 1997. La place du sujet clitique dans les énoncés avec adverbe initial. In La place du sujet en français contemporain, Catherine Fuchs (ed), 43–96. Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 1996. Negative inversion, the NEG-criterion, and the structure of CP. GenGenP 4.2: 93–119.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2000. Inversion, non-adjacent inversion and adjuncts in CP. Transactions of the Philological Society 98: 121–160. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2003a. Conditional clauses: External and internal syntax. Mind and Language18: 317–339. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2003b. Notes on long adverbial fronting in English and the Left Periphery. Linguistic Inquiry 34: 640–649. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2006a. Argument Fronting in English, Romance CLLD and the Left Periphery. In Negation, Tense and Clausal Architecture: Cross-linguistic Investigations, Raffaella Zanuttini, Hector Campos, Elena Herburger & Paul Portner (eds), 27–52. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2006b. Conditionals, factives and the left periphery. Lingua 116: 1651–1669. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2010. The movement derivation of conditional clauses. Linguistic Inquiry 41(4): 595–621. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane. 2012. Adverbial Clauses, Main Clause Phenomena, and Composition of the Left Periphery: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 8. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane, Meinunger, André & Vercauteren, Aleksandra. 2013. The architecture of it-clefts. Journal of Linguistics 50 (2): 269–296. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara. 2010a. Referential CPs and DPs: An operator movement account. Theoretical Linguistics 36: 111–152. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haegeman, Liliane & Ürögdi, Barbara. 2010b. Operator movement, referentiality and intervention. Theoretical Linguistics 36: 233–246. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heggie, Lorrie. 1988. The Syntax of Copular Structures. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Southern California.
Heycock, Caroline. 2006. Embedded root phenomena. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Vol II, Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds), 174–209. Oxford: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hooper, Joan B. & Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. On the applicability of root transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 4(4): 465–497.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hybertie, Charlotte. 1996. La conséquence en français. Paris: Ophrys.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jiménez-Fernández, Angel. 2010. Discourse-agreement features, phasal C and the edge: A minimalist approach. Diacrítica – Language Sciences Series 24(1): 25–49.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jiménez-Fernández, Angel. 2013. Microvariation at the IS-syntax interface: The case of focus fronting. Workshop on syntactic variation, Barcelona, June 26–28.
Jonare, Brigitta. 1976. L’inversion dans la principale non-interogative en français contemporain. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Karssenberg, Lena. 2013. L’adverbe ainsi en tête de phrase: Une analyse de corpus. MA thesis, KU Leuven. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Karssenberg, Lena & Lahousse, Karen. 2014. Ainsi en tête de phrase + inversion: Une analyse de corpus [Actes du 4e Congrès Mondial de la Linguistique française]. SHS Web of Conferences 8: 2413–2427. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, Richard. 1972. Subject inversion in French interrogatives. In Generative Studies in Romance Languages, Jean Casagrande & Bohdan Saciuk (eds), 70–126. Rowley MA: Newbury House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, Richard. 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, Richard & Pollock, Jean-Yves. 1978. Stylistic inversion, successive cyclicity, and move NP in French. Linguistic Inquiry 9: 595–621.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kerleroux, Françoise & Marandin, Jean-Marie. 2001. L’ordre des mots. In Cahier Jean-Claude Milner, Jean-Marie Marandin (ed.), 277–302. Paris: Verdier.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
E. Kiss, Katalin. 1998. Identificational focus versus informational focus. Language 74: 245–273. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lahousse, Karen. 2006. NP subject inversion in French: Two types, two configurations. Lingua 116: 424–46. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lahousse, Karen. 2011. Quand passent les cigognes. Le sujet nominal postverbal en français moderne. Paris: PUV.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lahousse, Karen. 2014. Low sentence structure in (DP subject inversion in) French. Talk presented at GLOW, Brussels, 4 April 2014.
Lahousse, Karen, Laenzlinger, Christopher & Soare Gabriela. 2014. Contrast and intervention at the periphery. Lingua 143: 56–85. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information Structure and Sentence Form. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Le Bidois, Robert 1952. L’Inversion du sujet dans la prose contemporaine (1900–1950). Paris: Artrey. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Le Goffic, Pierre. 1997. Forme et place du sujet dans l’interrogation partielle. In La place du sujet en français contemporain, Catherine Fuchs (ed.), 15–42. Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Leonetti, Manuel & Escandell-Vidal, Victoria. 2009. Fronting and verum focus in Spanish. In Focus and Background in Romance Languages, Andreas Dufter & Daniel Jacob (eds), 155–204. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lutz, Uli, Müller, Gereon & von Stechow, Arnim (eds). 2000. Wh-Scope Marking [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 37]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maki, Hideki, Kaiser, Lizanne & Ochi, Masao. 1999. Embedded topicalization in English and Japanese. Lingua 109: 1–14. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McDaniel, Dana. 1989. Partial and multiple wh-movement. Natural Language &Linguistic Theory 7: 565–604. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Meinunger, André, 1996. Speculations on the syntax of (pseudo-)clefts. Ms, Berlin, ZAS.
Molinier, Christian. 2013. Ainsi: Deux emplois complémentaires d’un adverbe type. In Adverbes et compléments adverbiaux/Adverbs and Adverbial Complements [Special issue of Lingvisticae Investigationes 36(2)], Jan Radimský & Ignazio Mauro Mirto (eds), 311–327. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Molnár, Valeria. 2002. Contrast in a contrastive perspective. In Information Structure in a Cross-linguistic Perspective, Hilde Hasselgård, Stig K.A. Johansson, Bergljot Behrens & Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen (eds), 147–161. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pesetsky, David, 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In The Representation of (In)definiteness, Eric Reuland & Alice ter Meulen (eds), 98–129. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Reeve, Matthew. 2011. The syntactic structure of English Clefts. Lingua 121: 142–171. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Reinhart, Tanya. 1981. Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics. Philosophica 27: 53–94.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 1990. Relativized Minimality. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Elements of Grammar, Liliane Haegeman (ed.), 289–330. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 2001. On the position of interrogative in the Left Periphery of the clause. In Current Studies in Italian Syntax. Essays Offered toLorenzo Renzi, Guglielmo Cinque & Giampaolo Salvi (eds), 287–296. Oxford: North-Holland. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 2004. Locality and left periphery. In Structures and Beyond. The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3, Adriana Belletti (ed.), 223–251. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 2010. Some consequences of criterial freezing. In Functional Structure from Top to Toe, Peter Svenonius (ed.), 19–45. Oxford: OUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi & Shlonsky, Ur. 2006. Satisfying the subject criterion by a nonsubject: English locative inversion and heavy NP shift. In Phases of Interpretation, Mara Frascarelli (ed.), 341–362. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ruwet, Nicolas. 1975. Les phrases copulatives en français. Recherches Linguistiques 3: 143–191.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sabio, Frédéric. 1995. Micro-syntaxe et macro-syntaxe: L’exemple des “compléments antéposés” en français. Recherches sur le Français Parlé 13: 111–155.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sleeman, Petra. 2011. Quantifier–focalization in French and Italian. Handout presented at department of linguistics, KU Leuven.
Starke, Michal. 2001. Move Dissolves into Merge: A Theory of Locality. Ph.D. Dissertation. Université de Genève.
Togeby, Knud. 1982–1985. Grammaire française. Copenhague: Akademisk Vorlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Torregrossa, Jacopo. 2012. Towards a taxonomy of focus types: The case of information foci and contrastive foci in Italian. In UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics: Papers in Semantics, Denis Paperno (ed.), 151–172. Los Angeles CA: University of California.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Uribe-Etxebarria, Miriam. 1991. On the structural positions of the subject in Spanish, their nature and their consequences from quantification. In Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax, Joseba A. Lakarra & Jon Ortiz de (eds), 447–493. San Sebastián: ASJU.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wood, Jim. 2008. So-inversion as polarity focus. In Proceedings of the 38th Western Conference on Linguistics, Michael Grosvald & Dianne Soares (eds), 304–317. Fresno CA: University of California.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zribi-Hertz, Anne. 1984. Prépositions orphelines et pronoms nuls. Recherches linguistiques 12: 46–91.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zubizarreta, María Luisa. 1998. Prosody, Focus, and Word Order. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Wolfe, Sam
2022.
Microvariation and Change in the Romance Left Periphery.
Probus 34:1
► pp. 235 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.