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Article published In:
Internal and External Factors in Child Second Language Acquisition
Edited by Aafke Hulk and Theodoros Marinis
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:3] 2011
► pp. 213–237

Individual differences in child English second language acquisition

Comparing child-internal and child-external factors

| University of Alberta
This study investigated how various child-internal and child-external factors predict English L2 children’s acquisition outcomes for vocabulary size and accuracy with verb morphology. The children who participated (N=169) were between 4;10 and 7;0 years old (mean = 5;10), had between 3 to 62 months of exposure to English (mean = 20 months), and were from newcomer families to Canada. Results showed that factors such as language aptitude (phonological short term memory and analytic reasoning), age, L1 typology, length of exposure to English, and richness of the child’s English environment were significant predictors of variation in children’s L2 outcomes. However, on balance, child-internal factors explained more of the variance in outcomes than child-external factors. Relevance of these findings for Usage-Based theory of language acquisition is discussed.
Keywords: English language learners, child second language acquisition, individual differences, language aptitude, usage-based theory, L1 transfer
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Child-internal factors
    • 1.2Child-external factors
    • 1.3Usage-based theory of language acquisition
    • 1.4The present study
  • 2.Method
    • 2.1Participants
    • 2.2Procedures
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Regression analyses for vocabulary
    • 3.2Regression analyses for verb morphology
    • 3.3Further exploration of language use at home
    • 3.4Further exploration of maternal education
  • 4.Discussion
    • 4.1Child-internal factors
    • 4.2Child-external factors
    • 4.3Usage-based theory of language acquisition
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 29 July 2011
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.1.3.01par
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2022. Standardizing norms for 180 coloured Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Kannada language. PLOS ONE 17:4 ► pp. e0266359 ff. DOI logo
Beauchamp, Myriam L. H. & Andrea A. N. MacLeod
2022. The role of exposure on school-aged bilingual language abilities – it depends on what you measure. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25:9 ► pp. 3404 ff. DOI logo
Belogi, Solène, Robin Segerer, Letizia Volpin & Katrin Skoruppa
2022. Language-Fair Fast Mapping and Mutual Exclusivity Tasks for Mono- and Bilingual Preschoolers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 65:9 ► pp. 3531 ff. DOI logo
BOOTON, Sophie A, Alex HODGKISS, Sandra MATHERS & Victoria A MURPHY
2022. Measuring knowledge of multiple word meanings in children with English as a first and an additional language and the relationship to reading comprehension. Journal of Child Language 49:1 ► pp. 164 ff. DOI logo
Bratlie, Siri Steffensen, Ellen Irén Brinchmann, Monica Melby-Lervåg & Janne von Koss Torkildsen
2022. Morphology—A Gateway to Advanced Language: Meta-Analysis of Morphological Knowledge in Language-Minority Children. Review of Educational Research 92:4 ► pp. 614 ff. DOI logo
Bérubé, Daniel, Yuuko Uchikoshi & Stefka H. Marinova-Todd
2022. A longitudinal examination of French and English reading comprehension in French immersion programs in Canada. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:3 ► pp. 607 ff. DOI logo
Cadierno, Teresa, Mikkel B. Hansen, Jørgen T. Lauridsen, Søren W. Eskildsen, Katalin Fenyvesi & Signe Hannibal Jensen
2022. A multi-factor study of the development of English receptive skills by young Danish children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:4 ► pp. 566 ff. DOI logo
Camus Torres, Alondra, Melina Aparici Aznar & Gary Morgan
2022. Evaluación y descripción del desarrollo del discurso narrativo en español. Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología 42:2 ► pp. 90 ff. DOI logo
Chondrogianni, Vasiliki, Florence Judge-Clayden & Morna Butcher
2022. Majority language vocabulary and nonword repetition skills in children attending minority language immersion education. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:5 ► pp. 1073 ff. DOI logo
Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, Gülin & Kayhan İnan
2022. ‘They are asking me why I am speaking Gagauz’: family language practices and the level of linguistic (in)security of adolescents speaking an endangered language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ebert, Kerry Danahy & Madeline Reilly
2022. Predictors of language proficiency in school-age Spanish–English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:2 ► pp. 296 ff. DOI logo
Franck, Julie & Hélène Delage
2022. The Interplay of Emotions, Executive Functions, Memory and Language: Challenges for Refugee Children. Languages 7:4 ► pp. 309 ff. DOI logo
Hofweber, Julia Elisabeth, Lizzy Aumonier, Vikki Janke, Marianne Gullberg & Chloe Marshall
2022. Breaking Into Language in a New Modality: The Role of Input and Individual Differences in Recognising Signs. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Hopp, Holger, Dieter Thoma, Teresa Kieseier, Jenny Jakisch & Sarah Sturm
2022. Early plurilingual foreign language teaching in mixed classrooms: Linguistic and metalinguistic predictors of foreign language development among majority-language and minority-language students in EFL classes. System 108 ► pp. 102828 ff. DOI logo
Huang, Shirley & Pui Fong Kan
2022. Cross-linguistic transfer between aspect in Cantonese and past tense in English in Cantonese-English bilingual preschool children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 24:4 ► pp. 385 ff. DOI logo
Hunt, Emily, Charn Nang, Suzanne Meldrum & Elizabeth Armstrong
2022. Can Dynamic Assessment Identify Language Disorder in Multilingual Children? Clinical Applications From a Systematic Review. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 53:2 ► pp. 598 ff. DOI logo
Karpava, Sviatlana
2022. The Interrelationship of Family Language Policies, Emotions, Socialisation Practices and Language Management Strategies. Journal of Home Language Research 5:1 DOI logo
Karpava, Sviatlana
2023. Narrative abilities and grammaticality of Russian heritage children. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 5:2 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Kašćelan, Draško, Philippe Prévost, Ludovica Serratrice, Laurie Tuller, Sharon Unsworth & Cécile De Cat
2022. A review of questionnaires quantifying bilingual experience in children: Do they document the same constructs?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:1 ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
Khawaja, Nigar G & Jane Wotherspoon
2022. Learning challenges of culturally and linguistically diverse students: A framework for psychological assessment. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 32:2 ► pp. 254 ff. DOI logo
Knopp, Eva
2022. Effects of Dominance in Exposure and Linguistic Distance in the Bilingual Proficiency Profiles of Dutch-German and Greek-German School-Age Bilinguals. Journal of Home Language Research 5:1 DOI logo
Köder, Franziska, Curtis Sharma, Sarah Cameron & Maria Garraffa
2022. The effects of bilingualism on cognition and behaviour in individuals with attention deficits: A scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Li, Jiajing, Ronnel B. King & Chuang Wang
2022. Adaptation and validation of the vocabulary learning motivation questionnaire for Chinese learners: A construct validation approach. System 108 ► pp. 102853 ff. DOI logo
Li, Ni & Lianrui Yang
2022. Testing the Representational Deficit Hypothesis: From the Aspect of Chinese Learners’ Acquisition of Affixation ‘-s’ for Third Person Singular Verbs and Plural Nouns. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
McMillen, Stephanie, Jissel B. Anaya, Elizabeth D. Peña, Lisa M. Bedore & Elisa Barquin
2022. That’s hard! Item difficulty and word characteristics for bilinguals with and without developmental language disorder. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 25:5 ► pp. 1838 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Tamara Sorenson Duncan, Stephanie Thomlinson & Brian Rusk
2022. Does the Use of Complex Sentences Differentiate Between Bilinguals With and Without DLD? Evidence From Conversation and Narrative Tasks. Frontiers in Education 6 DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Irene Vitoroulis, Redab Al Janaideh, Xi Chen, Alexandra Gottardo, Jennifer Jenkins & Katholiki Georgiades
2022. The role of socioemotional wellbeing difficulties and adversity in the L2 acquisition of first-generation refugee children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:5 ► pp. 921 ff. DOI logo
Prela, Leonarda, Miquel Llompart & Ewa Dąbrowska
2022. Aptitude and experience as predictors of grammatical proficiency in adult Greek-English bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra, Dionysios Tafiadis, Vasiliki Chondrogianni & Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli
2022. Validation of a Greek Sentence Repetition Task with Typically Developing Monolingual and Bilingual Children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 51:2 ► pp. 373 ff. DOI logo
Sharma, Curtis J. M., Napoleon Katsos & Jenny L. Gibson
2022. Associations between bilingualism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behavior in a community sample of primary school children. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:3 ► pp. 707 ff. DOI logo
Song, Lulu, Rufan Luo & Eva Liang
2022. Dual Language Development of Chinese 3- and 4-Year-Olds: Associations with the Family Context and Teachers’ Language Use. Early Education and Development 33:2 ► pp. 219 ff. DOI logo
SOTO-COROMINAS, Adriana, Evangelia DASKALAKI, Johanne PARADIS, Magdalena WINTERS-DIFANI & Redab AL JANAIDEH
2022. Sources of variation at the onset of bilingualism: The differential effect of input factors, AOA, and cognitive skills on HL Arabic and L2 English syntax. Journal of Child Language 49:4 ► pp. 741 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Nicolette Waschl & Roodra Veera
2022. LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE AND BILINGUAL CHILDREN’S HERITAGE LANGUAGE LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:5 ► pp. 1356 ff. DOI logo
Verhagen, Josje, Folkert Kuiken & Sible Andringa
2022. Family language patterns in bilingual families and relationships with children’s language outcomes. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:5 ► pp. 1109 ff. DOI logo
WILSON, Elspeth & Napoleon KATSOS
2022. Pragmatic, linguistic and cognitive factors in young children's development of quantity, relevance and word learning inferences. Journal of Child Language 49:6 ► pp. 1065 ff. DOI logo
Wright Karem, Rachel & Amy Hobek
2022. A peer-mediated approach to support emergent bilingual preschoolers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 58 ► pp. 75 ff. DOI logo
Antonijević-Elliott, Stanislava, Ruth Durham & Íde Ní Chonghaile
2021. Language performance of sequential bilinguals on an Irish and English sentence repetition task. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 132 ff. DOI logo
ANTONIOU, KYRIAKOS & EMMANOUELA MILAKI
2021. Irony Comprehension in Bidialectal Speakers. The Modern Language Journal 105:3 ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
Armon-Lotem, Sharon & Kleanthes K. Grohmann
2021. Introduction. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 2 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma, Evelyn Bosma & Wilbert Heeringa
2021. Regular and Irregular Inflection in Different Groups of Bilingual Children and the Role of Verbal Short-Term and Verbal Working Memory. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 56 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Zahraa Attar, Evangelia Daskalaki & Johanne Paradis
2021. Interdependence between L1 and L2: The case of Syrian children with refugee backgrounds in Canada and the Netherlands. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:5 ► pp. 1159 ff. DOI logo
Calandruccio, Lauren, Isabella Beninate, Jacob Oleson, Margaret K. Miller, Lori J. Leibold, Emily Buss & Barbara L. Rodriguez
2021. A Simplified Approach to Quantifying a Child's Bilingual Language Experience. American Journal of Audiology 30:3 ► pp. 769 ff. DOI logo
Cohen, Cathy, Eurydice Bauer & Jacob Minniear
2021. Exploring how language exposure shapes oral narrative skills in French-English emergent bilingual first graders. Linguistics and Education 63 ► pp. 100905 ff. DOI logo
Czapka, Sophia, Nathalie Topaj & Natalia Gagarina
2021. A Four-Year Longitudinal Comparative Study on the Lexicon Development of Russian and Turkish Heritage Speakers in Germany. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
De Houwer, Annick
2021. Bilingual Development in Childhood, DOI logo
Durand López, Ezequiel M.
2021. A bilingual advantage in memory capacity: Assessing the roles of proficiency, number of languages acquired and age of acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 606 ff. DOI logo
D’haeseleer, Evelien, Julie Daelman, Feyza Altinkamis, Anne-Sophie Smet, Elise Ryckaert & Kristiane Van Lierde
2021. Language Development in Turkish-Dutch Bilingual Children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 73:6 ► pp. 491 ff. DOI logo
Gagarina, Natalia & Alessandra Milano
2021. Grammatical Development Within a Context of Early Bilingual Education and Language Support Programs. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Gagarina, Natalia & Alessandra Milano
2022. Grammatical Development Within a Context of Early Bilingual Education and Language Support Programs. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 83 ff. DOI logo
Hertel, Irina, Solveig Chilla & Lina Abed Ibrahim
2021. Special Needs Assessment in Bilingual School-Age Children in Germany. Languages 7:1 ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Hanne Naess Hjetland, Hilde Hofslundsengen, Marianne Klem, Jannicke Karlsen, Åste M Hagen, Liv Inger Engevik, Esther Geva, Courtenay Norbury, May-Britt Monsrud & Kari-Anne Bottegaard Naess
2021. Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021:9 DOI logo
Hoang, Giang Thi Huong, Kristof Baten, Ludovic De Cuypere, Tat Thang Hoang & Miriam Taverniers
2021. An exploratory study of predictors of vocabulary knowledge of Vietnames preschool-age children in a city. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 10 DOI logo
Hoff, Erika, Michelle K. Tulloch & Cynthia Core
2021. Profiles of Minority‐Majority Language Proficiency in 5‐Year‐Olds. Child Development 92:5 ► pp. 1801 ff. DOI logo
Højen, Anders, Erika Hoff, Dorthe Bleses & Philip S. Dale
2021. The relation of home literacy environments to language and preliteracy skills in single- and dual-language children in Danish childcare. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 55 ► pp. 312 ff. DOI logo
Jenkins, Kimberly C & Raquel T Anderson
2021. A preliminary study of the relationship between working memory, language experience, and grammatical skill in dual language learners. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:6 ► pp. 1718 ff. DOI logo
Karaca, Figen, Susanne Brouwer, Sharon Unsworth & Falk Huettig
2021. Chapter 6. Prediction in bilingual children. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 116 ff. DOI logo
Karimijavan, Gelavizh, Abbas Ebadi, Fariba Yadegari, Mehdi Dastjerdi Kazemi, Akbar Darouie & Salah Eddin Karimi
2021. Sequential bilingualism and language impairment: the Persian version of ALDeQ parental questionnaire. Early Child Development and Care 191:5 ► pp. 815 ff. DOI logo
Kersten, Kristin, Christina Schelletter, Ann-Christin Bruhn & Katharina Ponto
2021. Quality of L2 Input and Cognitive Skills Predict L2 Grammar Comprehension in Instructed SLA Independently. Languages 6:3 ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
King, Marika R., MaryAnn Romski & Rose A. Sevcik
2021. Language Differentiation Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication: An Investigation of Spanish–English Bilingual Children With and Without Language Impairments. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30:1 ► pp. 89 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Eloi Puig‐Mayenco & Jason Rothman
2021. Multilingualism and Chomsky's Generative Grammar. In A Companion to Chomsky, ► pp. 232 ff. DOI logo
Lahti‐Nuuttila, Pekka, Marja Laasonen, Sini Smolander, Sari Kunnari, Eva Arkkila & Elisabet Service
2021. Language acquisition of early sequentially bilingual children is moderated by short‐term memory for order in developmental language disorder: Findings from the HelSLI study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 56:5 ► pp. 907 ff. DOI logo
Lipner, Minna, Sharon Armon-Lotem, Joel Walters & Carmit Altman
2021. Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI) of Lexical Breadth and Depth in the Vocabulary of Bilingual Kindergarten Children – A Bilingual Intervention Study. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Lui, Kelvin Fai Hong, Jason Chor Ming Lo, Connie Suk-Han Ho, Catherine McBride & Urs Maurer
2021. Resting state EEG network modularity predicts literacy skills in L1 Chinese but not in L2 English. Brain and Language 220 ► pp. 104984 ff. DOI logo
Luo, Rufan, Lulu Song, Carla Villacis & Gloria Santiago-Bonilla
2021. Parental Beliefs and Knowledge, Children’s Home Language Experiences, and School Readiness: The Dual Language Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Maurer, U., L. B. Jost, S. E. Pfenninger & A. K. Eberhard-Moscicka
2021. Effects of German reading skills and bilingualism on early learning of English as a foreign language in primary school children. Reading and Writing 34:10 ► pp. 2673 ff. DOI logo
Meir, Natalia & Maria Polinsky
2021. Restructuring in heritage grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:2 ► pp. 222 ff. DOI logo
Papastefanou, Theodora, Theodoros Marinis & Daisy Powell
2021. Development of Reading Comprehension in Bilingual and Monolingual Children—Effects of Language Exposure. Languages 6:4 ► pp. 166 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Evangelia Daskalaki, Xi Chen & Alexandra Gottardo
2021. Morphosyntactic Development in First Generation Arabic—English Children: The Effect of Cognitive, Age, and Input Factors over Time and across Languages. Languages 6:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Redmond, Leslie, Rosalie Bourdages & Denis Foucambert
2021. La conscience morphologique en français langue seconde : dimensionnalité et implications didactiques dans les programmes d’immersion précoce. La Revue de l’AQEFLS: Revue de l’Association québécoise des enseignants de français langue seconde 34:2 DOI logo
Scheidnes, Maureen, Laurice Tuller & Philippe Prévost
2021. Object clitic production in French-speaking L2 children and children with SLI. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:2 ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Shaalan, Saleh, Kerry Egan, Daniel Gould & Pam Olsen
2021. An exploratory longitudinal study of vocabulary development in bilingually exposed children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United Arab Emirates. In Experimental Arabic Linguistics [Studies in Arabic Linguistics, 10], ► pp. 210 ff. DOI logo
Sheng, Li, Danyang Wang, Caila Walsh, Leah Heisler, Xin Li & Pumpki Lei Su
2021. The Bilingual Home Language Boost Through the Lens of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Smolander, Sini, Marja Laasonen, Eva Arkkila, Pekka Lahti‐Nuuttila & Sari Kunnari
2021. L2 vocabulary acquisition of early sequentially bilingual children with TD and DLD affected differently by exposure and age of onset. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 56:1 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana
2021. Acquisition of quantified partitivity in Catalan-Spanish bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:6 ► pp. 873 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Marc H. Bornstein & Gianluca Esposito
2021. The Specificity Principle in Young Dual Language Learners’ English Development. Child Development 92:5 ► pp. 1752 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He & Ee Lynn Ng
2021. Home and school factors in early English language development. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 41:4 ► pp. 657 ff. DOI logo
Tao, Lily, Qing Cai & Tamar H. Gollan
2021. Effects of cumulative language exposure on heritage and majority language skills. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:2 ► pp. 168 ff. DOI logo
Torregrossa, Jacopo, Maria Andreou, Christiane Bongartz & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2021. Bilingual acquisition of reference: The role of language experience, executive functions and cross-linguistic effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:4 ► pp. 694 ff. DOI logo
Vaahtoranta, Enni, Sebastian Suggate, Jan Lenhart & Wolfgang Lenhard
2021. Language exposure and phonological short-term memory as predictors of majority language vocabulary and phonological awareness in dual language learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:2 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Vender, Maria, Shenai Hu, Federica Mantione, Silvia Savazzi, Denis Delfitto & Chiara Melloni
2021. Inflectional morphology: evidence for an advantage of bilingualism in dyslexia. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 24:2 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Welsh, Stephanie N & Erika Hoff
2021. Language exposure outside the home becomes more English-dominant from 30 to 60 months for children from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 483 ff. DOI logo
White, Michelle J
2021. Phonological working memory and non-verbal complex working memory as predictors of future English outcomes in young ELLs. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:1 ► pp. 318 ff. DOI logo
Wong, Kevin M., Rachel M. Flynn & Susan B. Neuman
2021. L2 vocabulary learning from educational media: The influence of screen‐based scaffolds on the incidental–intentional continuum. TESOL Journal 12:4 DOI logo
Wong, Kevin M. & Preeti G. Samudra
2021. L2 vocabulary learning from educational media: extending dual-coding theory to dual-language learners. Computer Assisted Language Learning 34:8 ► pp. 1182 ff. DOI logo
ANTONIJEVIC, Stanislava, Sarah Ann MUCKLEY & Nicole MÜLLER
2020. The role of consistency in use of morphosyntactic forms in child-directed speech in the acquisition of Irish, a minority language undergoing rapid language change. Journal of Child Language 47:2 ► pp. 267 ff. DOI logo
Antoniou, Kyriakos, Alma Veenstra, Mikhail Kissine & Napoleon Katsos
2020. How does childhood bilingualism and bi-dialectalism affect the interpretation and processing of pragmatic meanings?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 186 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma & Tessel Boerma
2020. Bilingual children’s lexical and narrative comprehension in Dutch as the majority language. In Developing Narrative Comprehension [Studies in Bilingualism, 61], ► pp. 198 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma, Tessel Boerma, Evelyn Bosma, Leonie Cornips, Kirsten van den Heuij & Mona Timmermeister
2020. Cross-language distance influences receptive vocabulary outcomes of bilingual children. First Language 40:2 ► pp. 151 ff. DOI logo
Borgonovi, Francesca & Alessandro Ferrara
2020. Academic achievement and sense of belonging among non-native-speaking immigrant students: The role of linguistic distance. Learning and Individual Differences 81 ► pp. 101911 ff. DOI logo
BOSMA, Evelyn & Elma BLOM
2020. Language activities in a minority–majority language context: book-reading at home is more important for Frisian than for Dutch. Journal of Child Language 47:2 ► pp. 289 ff. DOI logo
Butler, Yuko Goto
2020. Cognition and Young Learners’ Language Development. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Butler, Yuko Goto
2022. Cognition and Young Learners’ Language Development. In Handbook of Early Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
Bérubé, Daniel, Barbara May Bernhardt, Joseph P. Stemberger & Valter Ciocca
2020. Development of singleton consonants in French-speaking children with typical versus protracted phonological development: The influence of word length, word shape and stress. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22:6 ► pp. 637 ff. DOI logo
CHONDROGIANNI, Vasiliki & Richard G. SCHWARTZ
2020. Case marking and word order in Greek heritage children. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 766 ff. DOI logo
Core, Cynthia
2020. Chapter 6. Effects of nonnative input on language abilities in Spanish-English bilinguals. In Child Bilingualism and Second Language Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 10], ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Cornips, Leonie
2020. The impact of preschool attendance on children's bidialectism in The Netherlands: Why toddlers may stop speaking a regional language (Limburgish) at home. Language in Society 49:3 ► pp. 333 ff. DOI logo
DASKALAKI, Evangelia, Elma BLOM, Vasiliki CHONDROGIANNI & Johanne PARADIS
2020. Effects of parental input quality in child heritage language acquisition. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 709 ff. DOI logo
De Cat, Cécile
2020. PREDICTING LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
De Cat, Cécile
2021. Socioeconomic status as a proxy for input quality in bilingual children?. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:2 ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
de Foy, Marie Philippart, Véronique Delvaux, Kathy Huet, Morgane Monnier, Myriam Piccaluga, Bernard Harmegnies, F. Neveu, B. Harmegnies, L. Hriba, S. Prévost & A. Steuckardt
2020. Évolution de l’organisation du système vocalique du français en contexte de bilinguisme simultané. SHS Web of Conferences 78 ► pp. 09008 ff. DOI logo
de Graaff, Rick & Oana Costache
2020. Chapter 8. Current developments in bilingual primary education in the Netherlands. In Child Bilingualism and Second Language Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 10], ► pp. 137 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa, Marc Brysbaert & June Eyckmans
2020. Learning English through out-of-school exposure. Which levels of language proficiency are attained and which types of input are important?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa, Marc Brysbaert & June Eyckmans
2021. Young learners’ L2 English after the onset of instruction: longitudinal development of L2 proficiency and the role of individual differences. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 439 ff. DOI logo
Ehl, Birgit & Michael Grosche
2020. Einbezug von Alter und Sprachkontaktdauer in die Wortschatzdiagnostik bei Mehrsprachigkeit. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 52:1-2 ► pp. 41 ff. DOI logo
GATT, Daniela, Roberta BALDACCHINO & Barbara DODD
2020. Which measure of socioeconomic status best predicts bilingual lexical abilities and how? A focus on four-year-olds exposed to two majority languages. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 737 ff. DOI logo
Ghorbani, Mohammad Reza & Seyyed Ehsan Golparvar
2020. Modeling the relationship between socioeconomic status, self-initiated, technology-enhanced language learning, and language outcome. Computer Assisted Language Learning 33:5-6 ► pp. 607 ff. DOI logo
Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois & Li Wei
2020. Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function. F1000Research 9 ► pp. 370 ff. DOI logo
Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois & Li Wei
2020. Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function. F1000Research 9 ► pp. 370 ff. DOI logo
HOFF, Erika, Cynthia CORE & Katherine F. SHANKS
2020. The quality of child-directed speech depends on the speaker's language proficiency. Journal of Child Language 47:1 ► pp. 132 ff. DOI logo
Huang, Becky H, Yung-Hsiang Shawn Chang, Mingxia Zhi & Luping Niu
2020. The effect of input on bilingual adolescents’ long-term language outcomes in a foreign language instruction context. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 8 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Alexandra Prentza, Despina Papadopoulou & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2020. Language external and language internal factors in the acquisition of gender: the case of Albanian-Greek and English-Greek bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23:8 ► pp. 981 ff. DOI logo
Karayayla, Tuğba
2020. Effects of first language attrition on heritage language input and ultimate attainment. In Lost in Transmission [Studies in Bilingualism, 59], ► pp. 34 ff. DOI logo
Lauro, Justin, Cynthia Core & Erika Hoff
2020. Explaining Individual Differences in Trajectories of Simultaneous Bilingual Development: Contributions of Child and Environmental Factors. Child Development 91:6 ► pp. 2063 ff. DOI logo
Levine, Dani, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek & Roberta Michnick Golinkoff
2020. Infant Word Learning and Emerging Syntax. In The Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development, ► pp. 632 ff. DOI logo
Lindner, Katrin, Kathleen Hipfner-Boucher, Anna Yamashita, Claudia Maria Riehl, Mohcine Ait Ramdan & Xi Chen
2020. Acculturation through the lens of language: Syrian refugees in Canada and Germany. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:6 ► pp. 1351 ff. DOI logo
Jeffrey J. Lockman & Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda
2020. The Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development, DOI logo
Morales Reyes, Alexandra & Silvina Montrul
2020. Variational Learning in Child L2 Acquisition? Comprehension of Verbal Agreement in Spanish and English. Language Learning and Development 16:3 ► pp. 211 ff. DOI logo
Nakamura, Janice
2020. Language regrets: mixed-ethnic children’s lost opportunity for minority language acquisition in Japan . Multilingua 39:2 ► pp. 213 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Why jumped is so difficult: tense/aspect marking in Mandarin–English bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 47:5 ► pp. 1073 ff. DOI logo
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2020. How language environment, age, and cognitive capacity support the bilingual development of Syrian refugee children recently arrived in Canada. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:6 ► pp. 1255 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Effects of divided input on bilingual children with language impairment. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 62 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Linguistic Profiling of Heritage Speakers of an Endangered Language: The Case of Vlach Aromanian–Greek Bilinguals. Open Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 626 ff. DOI logo
Rodina, Yulia, Tanja Kupisch, Natalia Meir, Natalia Mitrofanova, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2020. Internal and External Factors in Heritage Language Acquisition: Evidence From Heritage Russian in Israel, Germany, Norway, Latvia and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Education 5 DOI logo
Scheidnes, Maureen
2020. Sentence repetition and non-word repetition in early total French immersion. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:1 ► pp. 107 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Lessons from studying language development in bilingual children. In Current Perspectives on Child Language Acquisition [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 27], ► pp. 263 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana, Johanne Paradis, Brian V. Rusk, Stefka Marinova-Todd & Xuan Zhang
2020. ORAL LANGUAGE PROFILES OF ENGLISH SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN ADOLESCENCE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
SUN, He, Siew Chin NG, Beth Ann O'BRIEN & Tom FRITZSCHE
2020. Child, family, and school factors in bilingual preschoolers’ vocabulary development in heritage languages. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 817 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Short-term memory, working memory and linguistic abilities in bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder. First Language 40:4 ► pp. 437 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Effects of Bilingual Language Use and Language Proficiency on 24-month-olds’ Cognitive Control. Journal of Cognition and Development 21:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Zebib, Racha, Laurice Tuller, Cornelia Hamann, Lina Abed Ibrahim & Philippe Prévost
2020. Syntactic complexity and verbal working memory in bilingual children with and without Developmental Language Disorder. First Language 40:4 ► pp. 461 ff. DOI logo
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2019. Domain‐General Cognitive Ability Predicts Bilingual Children's Receptive Vocabulary in the Majority Language. Language Learning 69:2 ► pp. 292 ff. DOI logo
Chondrogianni, Vasiliki & Hyowon Kwon
2019. The development of English tense and agreement morphology in Welsh–English bilingual children with and without specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:4 ► pp. 821 ff. DOI logo
CLAHSEN, Harald & Anna JESSEN
2019. Do bilingual children lag behind? A study of morphological encoding using ERPs. Journal of Child Language 46:5 ► pp. 955 ff. DOI logo
DELCENSERIE, A., F. GENESEE, N. TRUDEAU & F. CHAMPOUX
2019. A multi-group approach to examining language development in at-risk learners. Journal of Child Language 46:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Govindarajan, Krithika & Johanne Paradis
2019. Narrative abilities of bilingual children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (SLI): Differentiation and the role of age and input factors. Journal of Communication Disorders 77 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Govindarajan, Krithika & Johanne Paradis
2022. Narrative macrostructure and microstructure profiles of bilingual children with autism spectrum disorder: differentiation from bilingual children with developmental language disorder and typical development. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:6 ► pp. 1359 ff. DOI logo
Hansen, Pernille, Magdalena Łuniewska, Hanne Gram Simonsen, Ewa Haman, Karolina Mieszkowska, Joanna Kołak & Zofia Wodniecka
2019. Picture-based vocabulary assessment versus parental questionnaires: A cross-linguistic study of bilingual assessment methods. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:2 ► pp. 437 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger
2019. Cross-linguistic influence in the child third language acquisition of grammar: Sentence comprehension and production among Turkish-German and German learners of English. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:2 ► pp. 567 ff. DOI logo
Hopp, Holger, Anja Steinlen, Christina Schelletter & Thorsten Piske
2019. Syntactic development in early foreign language learning: Effects of L1 transfer, input, and individual factors. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:05 ► pp. 1241 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Froso Argyri
2019. The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Kašćelan, Draško, Napoleon Katsos & Jenny L. Gibson
2019. Relations Between Bilingualism and Autistic-Like Traits in a General Population Sample of Primary School Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49:6 ► pp. 2509 ff. DOI logo
Li’el, Naomi, Cori Williams & Robert Kane
2019. Identifying developmental language disorder in bilingual children from diverse linguistic backgrounds. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 21:6 ► pp. 613 ff. DOI logo
Muñoz, Carmen
2019. A New Look at “Age”: Young and Old L2 Learners. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Learning, ► pp. 430 ff. DOI logo
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2019. The acquisition of Greek gender by bilingual children: The effects of lexical knowledge, oral input, literacy and bi/monolingual schooling. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 901 ff. DOI logo
Scarpino, Shelley E., Carol Scheffner Hammer, Brian Goldstein, Barbara L. Rodriguez & Lisa M. Lopez
2019. Effects of Home Language, Oral Language Skills, and Cross-Linguistic Phonological Abilities on Whole-Word Proximity in Spanish-English–Speaking Children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28:1 ► pp. 174 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena
2019. Elicited Subject-Verb Agreement in German Early L2 Children with Developmental Language Disorders. Journal of the European Second Language Association 3:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra & Angela Grimm
2019. The Age Factor Revisited: Timing in Acquisition Interacts With Age of Onset in Bilingual Acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Solier, Clara, Cyril Perret, Lorraine Baqué & Christiane Soum-Favaro
2019. Written training tasks are better than oral training tasks at improving L2 learners’ speech production. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:6 ► pp. 1455 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He
2019. Home Environment, Bilingual Preschooler’s Receptive Mother Tongue Language Outcomes, and Social-Emotional and Behavioral Skills: One Stone for Two Birds?. Frontiers in Psychology 10 DOI logo
Sun, He
2022. Harmonious Bilingual Development: The Concept, the Significance, and the Implications. In Early Childhood Development and Education in Singapore [Empowering Teaching and Learning through Policies and Practice: Singapore and International Perspectives, 2], ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He
2023. Harmonious bilingual experience and child wellbeing: a conceptual framework. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Sun, He, Jieying Loh & Adam Charles Roberts
2019. Motion and Sound in Animated Storybooks for Preschoolers’ Visual Attention and Mandarin Language Learning: An Eye-Tracking Study With Bilingual Children. AERA Open 5:2 ► pp. 233285841984843 ff. DOI logo
Abbot-Smith, Kirsten, Patrycja Morawska-Patera, Magdalena Łuniewska, Megan Spruce & Ewa Haman
2018. Using parental questionnaires to investigate the heritage language proficiency of bilingual children. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 34:2 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Altan, Aslı & Erika Hoff
2018. Complex Structures in the Child-Directed Speech of Native and Nonnative Speakers. In Psycholinguistics and Cognition in Language Processing [Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, ], ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Archila‐Suerte, Pilar, Elizabeth A. Woods, Christine Chiarello & Arturo E. Hernandez
2018. Neuroanatomical profiles of bilingual children. Developmental Science 21:5 DOI logo
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2018. Chapter 6. Child L2 acquisition. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 103 ff. DOI logo
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2018. Le langage oral en production chez les enfants bilingues : quels liens avec l’exposition ?. SHS Web of Conferences 46 ► pp. 10004 ff. DOI logo
Annick De Houwer & Lourdes Ortega
2018. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism, DOI logo
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2018. How to identify SLI in bilingual children: A study on sentence repetition in French. Language Acquisition 25:1 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Gagarina, Natalia & Annegret Klassert
2018. Input Dominance and Development of Home Language in Russian-German Bilinguals. Frontiers in Communication 3 DOI logo
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2018. Processing at Higher Levels. In The Listening Bilingual, ► pp. 199 ff. DOI logo
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2018. Bilingual Development in Children of Immigrant Families. Child Development Perspectives 12:2 ► pp. 80 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Lessons from the study of input effects on bilingual development. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 82 ff. DOI logo
Hoff, Erika
2021. Why bilingual development is not easy [Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 61], ► pp. 129 ff. DOI logo
Hoff, Erika & Cynthia Core
2018. ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG BILINGUALS: COMMENTS ON FLOCCIA ET AL. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 83:1 ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
Huang, Becky, Yung-Hsiang Shawn Chang, Luping Niu & Mingxia Zhi
2018. Examining the effects of socio-economic status and language input on adolescent English learners' speech production outcomes. System 73 ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
Laasonen, Marja, Sini Smolander, Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila, Miika Leminen, Hanna-Reetta Lajunen, Kati Heinonen, Anu-Katriina Pesonen, Todd M. Bailey, Emmanuel M. Pothos, Teija Kujala, Paavo H. T. Leppänen, Christopher W. Bartlett, Ahmed Geneid, Leena Lauronen, Elisabet Service, Sari Kunnari & Eva Arkkila
2018. Understanding developmental language disorder - the Helsinki longitudinal SLI study (HelSLI): a study protocol. BMC Psychology 6:1 DOI logo
Lim, Nataly, Mark F. O’Reilly, Jeff Sigafoos & Giulio E. Lancioni
2018. Understanding the Linguistic Needs of Diverse Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Some Comments on the Research Literature and Suggestions for Clinicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48:8 ► pp. 2890 ff. DOI logo
Mitrofanova, Natalia, Yulia Rodina, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard
2018. Bilinguals’ Sensitivity to Grammatical Gender Cues in Russian: The Role of Cumulative Input, Proficiency, and Dominance. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Méndez, Lucía I., Elizabeth R. Crais & Kirsten Kainz
2018. The Impact of Individual Differences on a Bilingual Vocabulary Approach for Latino Preschoolers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61:4 ► pp. 897 ff. DOI logo
Nardelli, Marina Cestari & Maria Lobo
2018. Clitic omission in bilingual Portuguese-Spanish acquisition. In On the Acquisition of the Syntax of Romance [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 62], ► pp. 119 ff. DOI logo
Pham, Giang & Timothy Tipton
2018. Internal and External Factors That Support Children's Minority First Language and English. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 49:3 ► pp. 595 ff. DOI logo
Sato, Masatoshi & Shawn Loewen
2018. Metacognitive Instruction Enhances the Effectiveness of Corrective Feedback: Variable Effects of Feedback Types and Linguistic Targets. Language Learning 68:2 ► pp. 507 ff. DOI logo
Sun, He, Rasmus Steinkrauss, Martijn Wieling & Kees de Bot
2018. Individual differences in very young Chinese children’s English vocabulary breadth and semantic depth: internal and external factors. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21:4 ► pp. 405 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH & BETH ANN O'BRIEN
2018. Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:2 ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
Tuller, Laurice, Cornelia Hamann, Solveig Chilla, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prevost, Christophe dos Santos, Lina Abed Ibrahim & Racha Zebib
2018. Identifying language impairment in bilingual children in France and in Germany. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 53:4 ► pp. 888 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon, Vicky Chondrogianni & Barbora Skarabela
2018. Experiential Measures Can Be Used as a Proxy for Language Dominance in Bilingual Language Acquisition Research. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Vihman, Virve-Anneli
2018. Language Interaction in Emergent Grammars: Morphology and Word Order in Bilingual Children’s Code-Switching. Languages 3:4 ► pp. 40 ff. DOI logo
Almeida, Laetitia de, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Racha Zebib & Marie-Anne Barthez
2017. Identification of bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment in France. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:3-4 ► pp. 331 ff. DOI logo
de Almeida, Laetitia, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Racha Zebib & Marie-Anne Barthez
2021. Identification of bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment in France. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 170 ff. DOI logo
Altman, Carmit, Tamara Goldstein & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2017. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the lexical knowledge of monolingual and bilingual children on the LITMUS-CLT task. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31:11-12 ► pp. 931 ff. DOI logo
Antonijevic, Stanislava, Ruth Durham & Íde Ní Chonghaile
2017. Language performance of sequential bilinguals on an Irish and English sentence repetition task. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:3-4 ► pp. 359 ff. DOI logo
ANTONIOU, KYRIAKOS & NAPOLEON KATSOS
2017. The effect of childhood multilingualism and bilectalism on implicature understanding. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 787 ff. DOI logo
Armon-Lotem, Sharon & Odelya Ohana
2017. A CDI study of bilingual English-Hebrew children – frequency of exposure as a major source of variation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:2 ► pp. 201 ff. DOI logo
Boerma, Tessel & Elma Blom
2017. Assessment of bilingual children: What if testing both languages is not possible?. Journal of Communication Disorders 66 ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Boerma, Tessel & Elma Blom
2021. Crosslinguistic nonword repetition and narrative performance over time. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 302 ff. DOI logo
Boerma, Tessel, Paul Leseman, Frank Wijnen & Elma Blom
2017. Language Proficiency and Sustained Attention in Monolingual and Bilingual Children with and without Language Impairment. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Francot, R.J., Kirsten van den Heuij, Elma Blom, Wilbert Heeringa & Leonie Cornips
2017. Inter-individual variation among young children growing up in a bidialectal community. In Language Variation - European Perspectives VI [Studies in Language Variation, 19], ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Gatt, Daniela
2017. Bilingual vocabulary production in young children receiving Maltese-dominant exposure: individual differences and the influence of demographic and language exposure factors. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Gatt, Daniela, Donna Attard, Magdalena Łuniewska & Ewa Haman
2017. The effects of bilingual status on lexical comprehension and production in Maltese five-year-old children: A LITMUS-CLT study. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31:11-12 ► pp. 844 ff. DOI logo
Geist, Barbara
2017. Wortschatz von Kindern mit Deutsch als Zweitsprache. Frühe Bildung 6:3 ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
Hansen, Pernille, Hanne Gram Simonsen, Magdalena Łuniewska & Ewa Haman
2017. Validating the psycholinguistic aspects of LITMUS-CLT: Evidence from Polish and Norwegian. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31:11-12 ► pp. 910 ff. DOI logo
JANSSEN, CARESSA, ELIANE SEGERS, JAMES M. MCQUEEN & LUDO VERHOEVEN
2017. Transfer from implicit to explicit phonological abilities in first and second language learners. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:4 ► pp. 795 ff. DOI logo
KARLSEN, JANNICKE, SOLVEIG-ALMA HALAAS LYSTER & ARNE LERVÅG
2017. Vocabulary development in Norwegian L1 and L2 learners in the kindergarten–school transition. Journal of Child Language 44:2 ► pp. 402 ff. DOI logo
Khoury Aouad Saliby, Christel, Christophe dos Santos, Edith Kouba Hreich & Camille Messarra
2017. Assessing Lebanese bilingual children: The use of Cross-linguistic Lexical Tasks in Lebanese Arabic. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31:11-12 ► pp. 874 ff. DOI logo
Laloi, Aude, Jan de Jong & Anne Baker
2017. Can executive functioning contribute to the diagnosis of SLI in bilingual children?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:3-4 ► pp. 431 ff. DOI logo
McLeod, Sharynne, Sarah Verdon, Elise Baker, Martin J. Ball, Elaine Ballard, Avivit Ben David, B. May Bernhardt, Daniel Bérubé, Mirjam Blumenthal, Caroline Bowen, Françoise Brosseau-Lapré, Ferenc Bunta, Kathryn Crowe, Madalena Cruz-Ferreira, Barbara Davis, Annette Fox-Boyer, Christina Gildersleeve-Neumann, Helen Grech, Brian Goldstein, Anne Hesketh, Suzanne Hopf, Minjung Kim, Sari Kunnari, Andrea MacLeod, Jane McCormack, Þóra (Thora) Másdóttir, Glenda Mason, Sarah Masso, Sandra Neumann, Martina Ozbič, Michelle Pascoe, Giang Pham, Rosario Román, Yvan Rose, Susan Rvachew, Tuula Savinainen-Makkonen, Seyhun Topbaş, Nancy Scherer, Jane Speake, Joseph P. Stemberger, Isao Ueda, Karla N. Washington, Carol Westby, A. Lynn Williams, Yvonne Wren, Krisztina Zajdó & Natalia Zharkova
2017. Tutorial: Speech Assessment for Multilingual Children Who Do Not Speak the Same Language(s) as the Speech-Language Pathologist. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26:3 ► pp. 691 ff. DOI logo
Morales-Reyes, Alexandra & Begoña Arechabaleta-Regulez
2017. Are Lions Green?: Child L2 Learners’ Interpretation of English Generics and Definite Determiners. Languages 2:4 ► pp. 22 ff. DOI logo
O’Toole, Ciara, Daniela Gatt, Tina M. Hickey, Aneta Miękisz, Ewa Haman, Sharon Armon-Lotem, Tanja Rinker, Odelya Ohana, Christophe dos Santos & Sophie Kern
2017. Parent report of early lexical production in bilingual children: a cross-linguistic CDI comparison. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:2 ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
Palacios, Natalia, Amanda K. Kibler & Ashley Simpson Baird
2017. Childcare, language-use, and vocabulary of second-generation Latino immigrant children growing up in a new immigrant enclave in the United States. Early Child Development and Care 187:3-4 ► pp. 690 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne & Ruiting Jia
2017. Bilingual children's long‐term outcomes in English as a second language: language environment factors shape individual differences in catching up with monolinguals. Developmental Science 20:1 DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, RUITING JIA & ANTTI ARPPE
2017. The acquisition of tense morphology over time by English second language children with specific language impairment: Testing the cumulative effects hypothesis. Applied Psycholinguistics 38:4 ► pp. 881 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Brian Rusk, Tamara Sorenson Duncan & Krithika Govindarajan
2017. Children's Second Language Acquisition of English Complex Syntax: The Role of Age, Input, and Cognitive Factors. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 ► pp. 148 ff. DOI logo
Ramachers, Stefanie, Susanne Brouwer & Paula Fikkert
2017. How Native Prosody Affects Pitch Processing during Word Learning in Limburgian and Dutch Toddlers and Adults. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Reyes, Alexandra Morales, Begoña Arechabaleta-Regulez & Silvina Montrul
2017. The acquisition of rhotics by child L2 and L3 learners. Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 3:2 ► pp. 242 ff. DOI logo
Rezzonico, Stefano, Ahuva Goldberg, Trelani Milburn, Adriana Belletti & Luigi Girolametto
2017. English Verb Accuracy of Bilingual Cantonese–English Preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 48:3 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Rispens, Judith & Elise de Bree
2017. Past tense production in children with SLI and bilingual children. In Cross-linguistic Influence in Bilingualism [Studies in Bilingualism, 52], ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Troesch, Larissa Maria, Karin Keller, Sarah Loher & Alexander Grob
2017. Umgebungs- und Herkunftssprache: Der Einfluss des elterlichen Sprachengebrauchs auf den Zweitspracherwerb der Kinder. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie 31:2 ► pp. 149 ff. DOI logo
Alejo, Rafael & Ana Piquer-Píriz
2016. Urban vs. rural CLIL: an analysis of input-related variables, motivation and language attainment. Language, Culture and Curriculum 29:3 ► pp. 245 ff. DOI logo
ALTMAN, CARMIT, SHARON ARMON-LOTEM, SVETA FICHMAN & JOEL WALTERS
2016. Macrostructure, microstructure, and mental state terms in the narratives of English–Hebrew bilingual preschool children with and without specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 37:1 ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
Antoniou, Kyriakos, Kleanthes K. Grohmann, Maria Kambanaros & Napoleon Katsos
2016. The effect of childhood bilectalism and multilingualism on executive control. Cognition 149 ► pp. 18 ff. DOI logo
Cohen, Cathy
2016. Relating input factors and dual language proficiency in French–English bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 19:3 ► pp. 296 ff. DOI logo
de Almeida, Laetitia, Sandrine Ferré, Eléonore Morin, Philippe Prévost, Christophe dos Santos, Laurie Tuller, Rasha Zebib, F. Neveu, G. Bergounioux, M.-H. Côté, J.-M. Fournier, L. Hriba & S. Prévost
2016. L’identification d’enfants bilingues avec Trouble Spécifique du Langage en France. SHS Web of Conferences 27 ► pp. 10005 ff. DOI logo
DIJKSTRA, JELSKE, FOLKERT KUIKEN, RENÉ J. JORNA & EDWIN L. KLINKENBERG
2016. The role of majority and minority language input in the early development of a bilingual vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:1 ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Duncan, Tamara Sorenson & Johanne Paradis
2016. English Language Learners' Nonword Repetition Performance: The Influence of Age, L2 Vocabulary Size, Length of L2 Exposure, and L1 Phonology. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:1 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Sorenson Duncan, Tamara & Johanne Paradis
2020. How does maternal education influence the linguistic environment supporting bilingual language development in child second language learners of English?. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
SORENSON DUNCAN, Tamara & Johanne PARADIS
2020. Home language environment and children's second language acquisition: the special status of input from older siblings. Journal of Child Language 47:5 ► pp. 982 ff. DOI logo
Figueiredo, Sandra, Margarida Alves Martins & Carlos Fernandes da Silva
2016. Second language education context and home language effect: language dissimilarities and variation in immigrant students’ outcomes. International Journal of Multilingualism 13:2 ► pp. 184 ff. DOI logo
Granfeldt, Jonas
2016. Rôles de l’âge, de l’input et de la L1 dans le développement du français par des enfants L2. Revue française de linguistique appliquée Vol. XXI:2 ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
GRANFELDT, JONAS
2018. The development of gender in simultaneous and successive bilingual acquisition of French – Evidence for AOA and input effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:4 ► pp. 674 ff. DOI logo
Grohmann, Kleanthes K. & Maria Kambanaros
2016. The Gradience of Multilingualism in Typical and Impaired Language Development: Positioning Bilectalism within Comparative Bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology 7 DOI logo
Grohmann, Kleanthes K., Maria Kambanaros, Evelina Leivada & Charley Rowe
2016. A developmental approach to diglossia: Bilectalism on a gradient scale of linguality. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52:4 DOI logo
HERVÉ, CORALIE, LUDOVICA SERRATRICE & MARTIN CORLEY
2016. Dislocations in French–English bilingual children: An elicitation study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:5 ► pp. 987 ff. DOI logo
KAPALKOVÁ, SVETLANA, KAMILA POLIŠENSKÁ, LENKA MARKOVÁ & JAMES FENTON
2016. Narrative abilities in early successive bilingual Slovak–English children: A cross-language comparison. Applied Psycholinguistics 37:1 ► pp. 145 ff. DOI logo
Meir, Natalia, Joel Walters & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2016. Disentangling SLI and bilingualism using sentence repetition tasks: the impact of L1 and L2 properties. International Journal of Bilingualism 20:4 ► pp. 421 ff. DOI logo
Meir, Natalia, Joel Walters & Sharon Armon-Lotem
2017. Bi-directional cross-linguistic influence in bilingual Russian-Hebrew children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:5 ► pp. 514 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE & ELMA BLOM
2016. Do early successive bilinguals show the English L2 pattern of precocious BE acquisition?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:3 ► pp. 630 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, YASEMIN TULPAR & ANTTI ARPPE
2016. Chinese L1 children's English L2 verb morphology over time: individual variation in long-term outcomes. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 553 ff. DOI logo
Perold Potgieter, Anneke & Frenette Southwood
2016. A comparison of proficiency levels in 4-year-old monolingual and trilingual speakers of Afrikaans, isiXhosa and South African English across SES boundaries, using LITMUS-CLT. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 30:2 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
PLACE, SILVIA & ERIKA HOFF
2016. Effects and noneffects of input in bilingual environments on dual language skills in 2 ½-year-olds. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:5 ► pp. 1023 ff. DOI logo
Rezzonico, Stefano, Ahuva Goldberg, Katy Ka-Yan Mak, Stephanie Yap, Trelani Milburn, Adriana Belletti & Luigi Girolametto
2016. Narratives in Two Languages: Storytelling of Bilingual Cantonese–English Preschoolers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:3 ► pp. 521 ff. DOI logo
Rice, Mabel L.
2016. Specific Language Impairment, Nonverbal IQ, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cochlear Implants, Bilingualism, and Dialectal Variants: Defining the Boundaries, Clarifying Clinical Conditions, and Sorting Out Causes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:1 ► pp. 122 ff. DOI logo
ROESCH, ANNE DOROTHEE & VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI
2016. “Which mouse kissed the frog?”Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension ofwh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
ROTHMAN, JASON, DREW LONG, MICHAEL IVERSON, TIFFANY JUDY, ANNE LINGWALL & TUSHAR CHAKRAVARTY
2016. Older age of onset in child L2 acquisition can be facilitative: evidence from the acquisition of English passives by Spanish natives. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 662 ff. DOI logo
Scheidnes, Maureen & Laurice Tuller
2016. Assessing successive bilinguals in two languages: A longitudinal look at English-speaking children in France. Journal of Communication Disorders 64 ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
SCHEIDNES, MAUREEN & LAURICE TULLER
2019. Using clausal embedding to identify language impairment in sequential bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22:5 ► pp. 949 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, RASMUS STEINKRAUSS, JORGE TENDEIRO & KEES DE BOT
2016. Individual differences in very young children's English acquisition in China: Internal and external factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19:3 ► pp. 550 ff. DOI logo
van Dijk, Chantal N., Merel van Witteloostuijn, Nada Vasić, Sergey Avrutin, Elma Blom & Philip Allen
2016. The Influence of Texting Language on Grammar and Executive Functions in Primary School Children. PLOS ONE 11:3 ► pp. e0152409 ff. DOI logo
Xu Rattanasone, Nan, Benjamin Davies, Tamara Schembri, Fabia Andronos & Katherine Demuth
2016. The iPad as a Research Tool for the Understanding of English Plurals by English, Chinese, and Other L1 Speaking 3- and 4-Year-Olds. Frontiers in Psychology 7 DOI logo
Andreou, Maria, Eva Knopp, Christiane Bongartz & Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
2015. Character reference in Greek-German bilingual children’s narratives. EUROSLA Yearbook 15 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Boerma, Tessel, Shula Chiat, Paul Leseman, Mona Timmermeister, Frank Wijnen & Elma Blom
2015. A Quasi-Universal Nonword Repetition Task as a Diagnostic Tool for Bilingual Children Learning Dutch as a Second Language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58:6 ► pp. 1747 ff. DOI logo
JIA, RUITING & JOHANNE PARADIS
2015. The use of referring expressions in narratives by Mandarin heritage language children and the role of language environment factors in predicting individual differences. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18:4 ► pp. 737 ff. DOI logo
Jia, Ruiting & Johanne Paradis
2020. The acquisition of relative clauses by Mandarin heritage language children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 10:2 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Kambanaros, Maria, Michalis Michaelides & Kleanthes K. Grohmann
2015. Measuring word retrieval deficits in a multilingual child with SLI: Is there a better language?. Journal of Neurolinguistics 34 ► pp. 112 ff. DOI logo
Kihlstedt, Maria
2015. Acquisition of the imparfait in L2 French in adults and children: The same or different?. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 6:1 ► pp. 74 ff. DOI logo
Reetzke, Rachel, Xiaobing Zou, Li Sheng & Napoleon Katsos
2015. Communicative Development in Bilingually Exposed Chinese Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58:3 ► pp. 813 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, C., A. Simoës & A. Laloi
2015. L’évaluation du langage oral chez les enfants bilingues au moyen d’une batterie standardisée pour monolingues. Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 63:7 ► pp. 431 ff. DOI logo
Verhagen, Josje, Paul Leseman & Marielle Messer
2015. Phonological Memory and the Acquisition of Grammar in Child L2 Learners. Language Learning 65:2 ► pp. 417 ff. DOI logo
Armon-Lotem, Sharon, Susan Joffe, Hadar Abutbul-Oz, Carmit Altman & Joel Walters
2014. Language exposure, ethnolinguistic identity and attitudes in the acquisition of Hebrew as a second language among bilingual preschool children from Russian- and English-speaking backgrounds. In Input and Experience in Bilingual Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 13], ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Buac, Milijana, Megan Gross & Margarita Kaushanskaya
2014. The Role of Primary Caregiver Vocabulary Knowledge in the Development of Bilingual Children's Vocabulary Skills. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57:5 ► pp. 1804 ff. DOI logo
Bérubé, Daniel & Stefka H. Marinova-Todd
2014. The effect of sociolinguistic factors and English language proficiency on the development of French as a third language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 17:4 ► pp. 465 ff. DOI logo
Cornips, Leonie M.E.A.
2014. Socio-syntax and variation in acquisition. Linguistic Variation 14:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Hoff, Erika, Rosario Rumiche, Andrea Burridge, Krystal M. Ribot & Stephanie N. Welsh
2014. Expressive vocabulary development in children from bilingual and monolingual homes: A longitudinal study from two to four years. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29:4 ► pp. 433 ff. DOI logo
Hoff, Erika, Stephanie Welsh, Silvia Place & Krystal M. Ribot
2014. Properties of dual language input that shape bilingual development and properties of environments that shape dual language input. In Input and Experience in Bilingual Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 13], ► pp. 119 ff. DOI logo
Jia, Gisela, Jennifer Chen, HyeYoung Kim, Phoenix-Shan Chan & Changmo Jeung
2014. Bilingual lexical skills of school-age children with Chinese and Korean heritage languages in the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development 38:4 ► pp. 350 ff. DOI logo
Marek, Michael W. & Wen-Chi Vivian Wu
2014. Environmental factors affecting computer assisted language learning success: a Complex Dynamic Systems conceptual model. Computer Assisted Language Learning 27:6 ► pp. 560 ff. DOI logo
Munoz, C.
2014. Contrasting Effects of Starting Age and Input on the Oral Performance of Foreign Language Learners. Applied Linguistics 35:4 ► pp. 463 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne & Anna Kirova
2014. English second-language learners in preschool. International Journal of Behavioral Development 38:4 ► pp. 342 ff. DOI logo
Ryskin, Rachel A., Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Enriqueta Canseco-Gonzalez, Loretta K. Yiu & Elizabeth T. Nguyen
2014. Visuospatial perspective-taking in conversation and the role of bilingual experience. Journal of Memory and Language 74 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria
2014. Early, late or very late?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:3 ► pp. 283 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON, FROSO ARGYRI, LEONIE CORNIPS, AAFKE HULK, ANTONELLA SORACE & IANTHI TSIMPLI
2014. The role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch. Applied Psycholinguistics 35:4 ► pp. 765 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon, Liv Persson, Tineke Prins & Kees De Bot
2014. An investigation of factors affecting early foreign language learning in the Netherlands. Applied Linguistics ► pp. amt052 ff. DOI logo
Ågren, Malin, Jonas Granfeldt & Anita Thomas
2014.  Combined effects of age of onset and input on the development of different grammatical structures. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:4 ► pp. 462 ff. DOI logo
BLOM, ELMA & HARALD R. BAAYEN
2013. The impact of verb form, sentence position, home language, and second language proficiency on subject–verb agreement in child second language Dutch. Applied Psycholinguistics 34:4 ► pp. 777 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma & Johanne Paradis
2013. Past Tense Production by English Second Language Learners With and Without Language Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56:1 ► pp. 281 ff. DOI logo
BLOM, ELMA & JOHANNE PARADIS
2015. Sources of individual differences in the acquisition of tense inflection by English second language learners with and without specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics 36:4 ► pp. 953 ff. DOI logo
Ortega, Lourdes
2013. SLA for the 21st Century: Disciplinary Progress, Transdisciplinary Relevance, and the Bi/multilingual Turn. Language Learning 63:s1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne, Phyllis Schneider & Tamara Sorenson Duncan
2013. Discriminating Children With Language Impairment Among English-Language Learners From Diverse First-Language Backgrounds. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56:3 ► pp. 971 ff. DOI logo
PIERCE, LARA J., FRED GENESEE & JOHANNE PARADIS
2013. Acquisition of English grammatical morphology by internationally adopted children from China. Journal of Child Language 40:5 ► pp. 1076 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2013. Assessing the role of current andcumulativeexposure in simultaneous bilingual acquisition: The case of Dutch gender. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16:1 ► pp. 86 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
2013. Current Issues in Multilingual First Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Unsworth, Sharon
2014. Comparing the role of input in bilingual acquisition across domains. In Input and Experience in Bilingual Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 13], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2016. Early child L2 acquisition: Age or input effects? Neither, or both?. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 608 ff. DOI logo
Blom, Elma, Johanne Paradis & Tamara Sorenson Duncan
2012. Effects of Input Properties, Vocabulary Size, and L1 on the Development of Third Person Singular –s in Child L2 English. Language Learning 62:3 ► pp. 965 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra
2012. Why and how individual differences matter for linguistic theory and experimental research but not for UG. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2:3 ► pp. 298 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2011.  The impact of input factors on bilingual development. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1:1 ► pp. 67 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. The Development of English as a Second Language With and Without Specific Language Impairment: Clinical Implications. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2016. An agenda for knowledge-oriented research on bilingualism in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders 63 ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE
2017. Parent report data on input and experience reliably predict bilingual development and this is not trivial. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20:1 ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
Paradis, Johanne
2018. Language-level input factors are not enough to explain child bilingual acquisition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:6 ► pp. 753 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, Johanne
2023. Sources of individual differences in the dual language development of heritage bilinguals. Journal of Child Language 50:4 ► pp. 793 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2018. REFERENCES. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 83:1 ► pp. 91 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2023. , DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.