The experimental literature on the pragmatic abilities of bilinguals is rather sparse. The only study investigating adult second language (L2) learners (Slabakova, 2010) found an increase of pragmatic responses in that population relative to monolinguals. The results of studies on early bilingual children are unclear, some finding a significant increase in pragmatic responses in early bilingual children (preschoolers) relative to monolinguals (Siegal et al., 2007), while another (Antoniou and Katsos, 2017), testing school children, does not. We tested adult French L2 learners of English and Spanish (in their two languages) as well as French monolingual controls in Experiment 1 and Italian-Slovenian early bilingual children (in both languages) and Slovenian monolingual controls in Experiment 2. Our results were similar to those of Antoniou and Katsos (2017) in early bilingual children, but different from those of Siegal et al. (2007). We found no pragmatic bias in adult L2 leaners relative to adult monolinguals.
Antoniou, K., & Katsos, N. (2017). The effect of childhood multilingualism and bilectalism on implicatures understanding. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1–47.
Barner, D., Brooks, N., & Bale, A. (2011). Accessing the unsaid: The role of scalar alternatives in children’s pragmatic inference. Cognition, 1181, 84–93.
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Bialystok, E. (2011). Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 651, 229–235.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Green, D. & Gollan, T. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 101, 89–129.
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Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Peets, K. F., & Yang, S. (2010). Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 131, 525–531.
Bott, L., Bailey, T. M., & Grodner, D. (2012). Distinguishing speed from accuracy in scalar implicatures. Journal of Memory and Language, 661, 123–142.
Bott, L., & Noveck, I. A. (2004). Some utterances are underinformative: The onset and time course of scalar inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 511, 437–457.
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Chemla, E., & Spector, B. (2011). Experimental evidence for embedded scalar implicatures. Journal of Semantics, 281, 359–400.
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Cromdal, J. (1999). Childhood bilingualism and metalinguistic skills: Analysis and control in young Swedish-English bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 201, 1–20.
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Feeney, A., Scrafton, S., Duckworth, A., & Handley, S. J. (2004). The story of some: Everyday pragmatic inference by children and adults. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58/2, 121–132.
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Gualmini, A., Crain, S., Meroni, L., Chierchia, G., & Guasti, M. T. (2001). At the semantics/pragmatics interface in child language. In R. Hastings, B. Jackson, and Z. Zvolensky (eds.) Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT XI), (231–247). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
Guasti, M. T., Chierchia, G., Crain, S., Foppolo, F., Gualmini, A., & Meroni, L. (2005). Why children and adults sometimes (but not always) compute implicatures. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20:5, 667–696.
Hilbe, J. M. (2009). Logistic Regression Models. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall, CRC Texts in Statistical Science.
Horn, L. R. (2004). Implicature. In L. R. Horn, & G. Ward (Eds.), The Handbook of Pragmatics (3–28). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., & Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous Inference in General Parametric Models. Biometrical Journal, 50/3, 346–363.
Huang, Y. T., & Snedeker, J. (2009). Online interpretation of scalar quantifiers: Insight into the semantics-pragmatics interface. Cognitive Psychology, 581, 376–415.
Katsos, N., & Bishop, D. V. M. (2011). Pragmatic tolerance: Implications for the acquisition of informativeness and implicatures. Cognition, 1201, 67–81.
Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational Implicature. Language, Speech, and Communication. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Noveck, I. A. (2001). When children are more logical than adults: Experimental investigations of scalar implicatures. Cognition, 781, 165–188.
Noveck, I. A., & Posada, A. (2003). Characterizing the time course of an implicature. Brain and Language, 851, 203–210.
Noveck, I. A., & Sperber, D. (2007). The why and how of experimental pragmatics: The case of ‘scalar inferences’. In N. Burton-Roberts (Ed.), Advances in Pragmatics (pp. 184–212). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Oller, D., Pearson, B., & Cobo-Lewis, A. (2007). Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Applied Psycholinguistics, 281, 191–230.
Papafragou, A., & Musolino, J. (2003). Scalar implicatures: Experiments at the semantics-pragmatics interface. Cognition, 861, 253–282.
Papafragou, A., & Tantalou, N. (2004). Children’s computation of implicatures. Language Acquisition, 12/1, 71–82.
Pouscoulous, N., Noveck, I. A., Politzer, G., & Bastide, A. (2007). A developmental investigation of processing costs in implicature production. Language Acquisition, 14/4, 347–375.
Siegal, M., Matsuo, A., Pond, C., & Otsu, Y. (2007). Bilingualism and cognitive development: Evidence from scalar implicatures. In Y. Otsu (Ed.), Proceedings from the Eight Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.
Siegal, M., Iozzi, L., & Surian, L. (2009). Bilingualism and conversational understanding in young children. Cognition, 1101, 115–122.
Siegal, M., Surian, L., Matsuo, A., Geraci, A., Iozzi, L., Okumura, Y., & Itakura, S. (2010). Bilingualism accentuates children’s conversational understanding. PloS One, 5:2, e9004.
Skordos, D., & Papafragou, A. (2014). Scalar inferences in 5-year-olds: the role of alternatives. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Slabakova, R. (2010) Scalar implicatures in second language acquisition. Lingua, 1201, 2444–2462.
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Stateva, P., Déprez, V., Dupuy, L., Reboul, A., & Stepanov, A. (in preparation) Proportional modifiers and semantic universals.
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Geiss, Miriam, Maria F Ferin, Theo Marinis & Tanja Kupisch
2024. Rhetorical question comprehension by Italian–German bilingual children. Second Language Research 40:2 ► pp. 221 ff.
Gualapuro Gualapuro, Santiago David
2024. Quantity implicature interpretations in bilingual population: the case of Imbabura Kichwa. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 18
Khorsheed, Ahmed & Bob van Tiel
2024. Why second-language speakers sometimes, but not always, derive scalar inferences like first-language speakers: Effects of task demands. Language Acquisition► pp. 1 ff.
2024. Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Bilinguals: Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Acquisition of Quantifiers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 53:5
Schulz, Johannes & Elizabeth Wonnacott
2024. Pragmatic competence and pragmatic tolerance in foreign language acquisition—revisiting the case of scalar implicatures. Applied Psycholinguistics 45:4 ► pp. 717 ff.
Starr, Glenn & Emilie Destruel
2024. A bidirectional study in L2 acquisition of pragmatics: The case of (un-)bounded adjectival scales. Second Language Research
Nehls, Paul N., Kodai Aramaki & Tomohiro Fujii
2023. Is a quantifier mismatch a problem for L1 Japanese learners of English?. Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 9 ► pp. 133 ff.
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