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Epistemological issue with keynote article “Different speakers, different grammars: Individual differences in native language attainment” by Ewa Dabrowska
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2:3] 2012
► pp. 219–253
keynote-epistemological-article

Different speakers, different grammars

Individual differences in native language attainment

| Northumbria University
This article reviews several recent studies suggesting that — contrary to a widespread belief — adult monolingual native speakers of the same language do not share the same mental grammar. The studies examined various aspects of linguistic knowledge, including inflectional morphology, passives, quantifiers, and more complex constructions with subordinate clauses. The findings suggest that, in some cases, language learners attend to different cues in the input and end up with different grammars; in others, some speakers extract only fairly specific, ‘local’ generalizations which apply to particular subclasses of items while others acquire more abstract rules which apply ‘across the board’. At least some of these differences are education-related: more educated speakers appear to acquire more general rules, possibly as a result of more varied linguistic experience. These findings have interesting consequences for research on bilingualism, particularly for research on ultimate attainment in second language acquisition, as well as important methodological implications for all language sciences.
Keywords: individual differences, ultimate attainment, first language acquisition, second language acquisition, academic achievement, passive, quantifier, subordination, inflectional morphology
Article outline
  • Polish genitive singular masculine inflection
  • Polish dative singular inflection
  • Four complex English constructions
  • Passives
  • Quantifiers, and passives again
  • Competence or performance?
  • Reasons for individual differences
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 7 September 2012
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.3.01dab
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2020. From grammatical categories to processes of categorization. In Current Perspectives on Child Language Acquisition [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 27], ► pp. 91 ff. DOI logo
BEHRENS, Heike
2021. Constructivist Approaches to First Language Acquisition. Journal of Child Language 48:5 ► pp. 959 ff. DOI logo
De Smet, Isabeau & Freek Van de Velde
2020. Semantic differences between strong and weak verb forms in Dutch. Cognitive Linguistics 31:3 ► pp. 393 ff. DOI logo
Fonteyn, Lauren & Andrea Nini
2020. Individuality in syntactic variation: An investigation of the seventeenth-century gerund alternation. Cognitive Linguistics 31:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
Frank, Joshua
2020. The Effect of Silence and Distance: Evidence from Recomplementation in US Heritage Spanish. Languages 5:4 ► pp. 66 ff. DOI logo
Geeraert, Kristina , John Newman & R. Harald Baayen
2020. Variation Within Idiomatic Variation: Exploring the Differences Between Speakers and Idioms. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 7:2 DOI logo
Grant, Angela, Kristina Coulter & Natalie Phillips
2020. Current Perspectives on Aging and Bilingualism across the Life Span. In The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging, ► pp. 480 ff. DOI logo
Kidd, Evan & Seamus Donnelly
2020. Individual Differences in First Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Linguistics 6:1 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Koch, Nikolas, Antje Endesfelder Quick & Stefan Hartmann
2020. Individual differences in discourse priming. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 34 ► pp. 186 ff. DOI logo
Krause, Elif, Tanja Rinker & Carsten Eulitz
2020. Chapter 7. Investigating the effects of L1 proficiency and CLI. In Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Fatih Bayram & Michael Iverson
2020. Chapter 4. The effects of heritage language experience on lexical and morphosyntactic outcomes. In Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 60], ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
López-Beltrán, Priscila & Matthew T. Carlson
2020. How usage-based approaches to language can contribute to a unified theory of heritage grammars. Linguistics Vanguard 6:1 DOI logo
Smirnova, Elena & Lotte Sommerer
2020. Introduction. In Nodes and Networks in Diachronic Construction Grammar [Constructional Approaches to Language, 27], ► pp. 2 ff. DOI logo
Ströbel, Marcus, Elma Kerz & Daniel Wiechmann
2020. The Relationship Between First and Second Language Writing: Investigating the Effects of First Language Complexity on Second Language Complexity in Advanced Stages of Learning. Language Learning 70:3 ► pp. 732 ff. DOI logo
SUN, He, Siew Chin NG, Beth Ann O'BRIEN & Tom FRITZSCHE
2020. Child, family, and school factors in bilingual preschoolers’ vocabulary development in heritage languages. Journal of Child Language 47:4 ► pp. 817 ff. DOI logo
Tenbrink, Thora
2020. Cognitive Discourse Analysis, DOI logo
Uhrig, Peter
2020. Creative intentions — The fine line between ‘creative’ and ‘wrong’. Cognitive Semiotics 13:1 DOI logo
Vanhove, Jan
2020. When labeling L2 users as nativelike or not, consider classification errors. Second Language Research 36:4 ► pp. 709 ff. DOI logo
Vetchinnikova, Svetlana & Turo Hiltunen
2020. ELF and Language Change at the Individual Level. In Language Change, ► pp. 205 ff. DOI logo
Andringa, Sible & Ewa Dąbrowska
2019. Individual Differences in First and Second Language Ultimate Attainment and Their Causes. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Curcic, Maja, Sible Andringa & Folkert Kuiken
2019. The Role of Awareness and Cognitive Aptitudes in L2 Predictive Language Processing. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 42 ff. DOI logo
Davidson, Andrew
2019. Writing: the re-construction of language. Language Sciences 72 ► pp. 134 ff. DOI logo
DeLuca, Vincent, David Miller, Christos Pliatsikas & Jason Rothman
2019. Brain Adaptations and Neurological Indices of Processing in Adult Second Language Acquisition. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 170 ff. DOI logo
Diessel, Holger
2019. The Grammar Network, DOI logo
Garibyan, Armine, Evelin Balog & Thomas Herbst
2019. L2-constructions that go together – more on valency constructions and learner language. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 7:1 ► pp. 9 ff. DOI logo
Heyes, Cecilia
2019. Testing cognitive gadgets. Mind & Language 34:4 ► pp. 551 ff. DOI logo
Janda, Laura A.
2019. Quantitative perspectives in Cognitive Linguistics. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17:1 ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Janda, Laura A.
2021. Quantitative perspectives in Cognitive Linguistics. In Corpus Approaches to Language, Thought and Communication [Benjamins Current Topics, 119], ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Janda, Laura A. & Robert J. Reynolds
2019. Construal vs. redundancy: Russian aspect in context. Cognitive Linguistics 30:3 ► pp. 467 ff. DOI logo
Johns, Michael A, Jorge R Valdés Kroff & Paola E Dussias
2019. Mixing things up: How blocking and mixing affect the processing of codemixed sentences. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:2 ► pp. 584 ff. DOI logo
Mäkilähde, Aleksi
2019. Norms of correctness and rationality in research on code-switching. In Normativity in Language and Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series, 209], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Navarro-Torres, Christian A., Dalia L. Garcia, Vrinda Chidambaram & Judith F. Kroll
2019. Cognitive Control Facilitates Attentional Disengagement during Second Language Comprehension. Brain Sciences 9:5 ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Pajunen, Anneli & Esa Itkonen
2019. Intuition and beyond. In Normativity in Language and Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series, 209], ► pp. 213 ff. DOI logo
Perez-Cortes, Silvia, Michael T. Putnam & Liliana Sánchez
2019. Differential Access: Asymmetries in Accessing Features and Building Representations in Heritage Language Grammars. Languages 4:4 ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Fatih Bayram, Ian Cunnings & Jorge González Alonso
2019. Formal Linguistic Approaches to Adult L2 Acquisition and Processing. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language Learning, ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
Singleton, David
2019. Discussion. European Journal of Higher Education 9:3 ► pp. 343 ff. DOI logo
Vetchinnikova, Svetlana
2019. Phraseology and the Advanced Language Learner, DOI logo
Aalberse, Suzanne & Aafke Hulk
2018. Introduction to the special issue – Heritage language studies and early child bilingualism research: Understanding the connection. International Journal of Bilingualism 22:5 ► pp. 491 ff. DOI logo
Allen, Shanley E. M.
2018. Comparison as a fruitful way forward. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism ► pp. 668 ff. DOI logo
Azaz, Mahmoud & Joshua Frank
2018. Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in late bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:4 ► pp. 411 ff. DOI logo
Annick De Houwer & Lourdes Ortega
2018. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism, DOI logo
Dunn, Jonathan
2018. Finding variants for construction-based dialectometry: A corpus-based approach to regional CxGs. Cognitive Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 275 ff. DOI logo
Gonzales, Kalim, LouAnn Gerken & Rebecca L. Gómez
2018. How who is talking matters as much as what they say to infant language learners. Cognitive Psychology 106 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Hoffmann, Thomas
2018. Creativity and Construction Grammar: Cognitive and Psychological Issues. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 66:3 ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Hoffmann, Thomas
2022. Constructionist approaches to creativity. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 10:1 ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Ibbotson, Paul, Diana G. López & Alan J. McKane
2018. Goldilocks Forgetting in Cross-Situational Learning. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Kapatsinski, Vsevolod
2018. Learning Morphological Constructions. In The Construction of Words [Studies in Morphology, 4], ► pp. 547 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja & Jason Rothman
2018. Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 22:5 ► pp. 564 ff. DOI logo
Plath, Jennifer & Dominik Leiss
2018. The impact of linguistic complexity on the solution of mathematical modelling tasks. ZDM 50:1-2 ► pp. 159 ff. DOI logo
SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH & BETH ANN O'BRIEN
2018. Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:2 ► pp. 383 ff. DOI logo
Tyler, Andrea E. & Lourdes Ortega
2018. Chapter 1. Usage-inspired L2 instruction. In Usage-inspired L2 Instruction [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 49], ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Yang, Xiao, Utako Minai & Robert Fiorentino
2018. Context-Sensitivity and Individual Differences in the Derivation of Scalar Implicature. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Gablasova, Dana, Vaclav Brezina & Tony McEnery
2017. Exploring Learner Language Through Corpora: Comparing and Interpreting Corpus Frequency Information. Language Learning 67:S1 ► pp. 130 ff. DOI logo
Hall, Christopher J., Jack Joyce & Chris Robson
2017. Investigating the lexico-grammatical resources of a non-native user of English: The case of can and could in email requests . Applied Linguistics Review 8:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Linkov, Václav
2017. Psychology is not primarily Empirical Science: A Comparison of Cultures in the Lexical Hypothesis Tradition as a Failure of Introspection. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 51:2 ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Madlener, Karin, Katrin Skoruppa & Heike Behrens
2017. Gradual development of constructional complexity in German spatial language. Cognitive Linguistics 28:4 DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2017. Bilingual Acquisition. In The Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2021. Diversity and divergence in bilingual acquisition. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40:1 ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Street, James A.
2017. This is the native speaker that the non-native speaker outperformed: Individual, education-related differences in the processing and interpretation of Object Relative Clauses by native and non-native speakers of English. Language Sciences 59 ► pp. 192 ff. DOI logo
Street, James A.
2020. More lexically-specific knowledge and individual differences in adult native speakers' processing of the English passive. Language Sciences 78 ► pp. 101254 ff. DOI logo
van Hell, Janet G. & Fatemeh Abdollahi
2017. Individual variation in syntactic processing in the second language. In Developmental Perspectives in Written Language and Literacy, DOI logo
Zyzik, Eve
2017. Subject expression in L2 Spanish: Convergence of generative and usage-based perspectives?. Second Language Research 33:1 ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
Divjak, Dagmar, Ewa Dąbrowska & Antti Arppe
2016. Machine Meets Man: Evaluating the Psychological Reality of Corpus-based Probabilistic Models. Cognitive Linguistics 27:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Dyson, Bronwen Patricia
2016. Variation, individual differences and second language processing. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6:4 ► pp. 341 ff. DOI logo
Dąbrowska, Ewa
2016. Looking into introspection. In Studies in Lexicogrammar [Human Cognitive Processing, 54], ► pp. 55 ff. DOI logo
Dąbrowska, Ewa
2016. Cognitive Linguistics’ seven deadly sins. Cognitive Linguistics 27:4 ► pp. 479 ff. DOI logo
Dąbrowska, Ewa
2018. Experience, aptitude and individual differences in native language ultimate attainment. Cognition 178 ► pp. 222 ff. DOI logo
Dąbrowska, Ewa
2019. Experience, Aptitude, and Individual Differences in Linguistic Attainment: A Comparison of Native and Nonnative Speakers. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Flores, Cristina, Tanja Kupisch & Esther Rinke
2016. Linguistic Foundations of Heritage Language Development from the Perspective of Romance Languages in Germany. In Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Flores, Cristina, Tanja Kupisch & Esther Rinke
2018. Linguistic Foundations of Heritage Language Development from the Perspective of Romance Languages in Germany. In Handbook of Research and Practice in Heritage Language Education [Springer International Handbooks of Education, ], ► pp. 621 ff. DOI logo
Geeraerts, Dirk
2016. The sociosemiotic commitment. Cognitive Linguistics 27:4 ► pp. 527 ff. DOI logo
Hall, Joan Kelly
2016. A usage-based account of multi-competence. In The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multi-Competence, ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Koornneef, Arnout & Eric Reuland
2016. On the Shallow Processing (Dis)Advantage: Grammar and Economy. Frontiers in Psychology 7 DOI logo
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2016. Factors Affecting Grammatical and Lexical Complexity of Long‐Term L2 Speakers’ Oral Proficiency. Language Learning 66:2 ► pp. 354 ff. DOI logo
Matusevych, Yevgen, Afra Alishahi & Ad Backus
2016. Modelling verb selection within argument structure constructions. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31:10 ► pp. 1215 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2016. For a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 30 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2017. The development of non-deontic be bound to in a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar perspective. Lingua 199 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2019. The decline of the Deontic nci construction in Late Modern English. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6:1 ► pp. 22 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2019. The author and the text in radically usage-based diachronic construction grammar, or why historical linguists have started analysing text again. Functions of Language 26:1 ► pp. 56 ff. DOI logo
Noël, Dirk
2022. Individual differences in the decline of the Deontic nci construction. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 9:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pijpops, Dirk & Freek Van de Velde
2016. Constructional contamination: How does it work and how do we measure it?. Folia Linguistica 50:2 DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Diego Pascual y Cabo
2016. Formal linguistic approaches to heritage language acquisition. In Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 49], ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
Schmid, Monika S.
2016. Multi-factorial Studies: Populations and Linguistic Features. In Designing Research on Bilingual Development [SpringerBriefs in Linguistics, ], ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
Verhagen, Véronique & Maria Mos
2016. Stability of familiarity judgments: Individual variation and the invariant bigger picture. Cognitive Linguistics 27:3 ► pp. 307 ff. DOI logo
Zenner, Eline, Gitte Kristiansen & Dirk Geeraerts
2016. Individual differences and in situ identity marking. In Exploring Discourse Strategies in Social and Cognitive Interaction [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 262], ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Cacoullos, Rena Torres & Catherine E. Travis
2015. Gauging convergence on the ground: Code-switching in the community. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 365 ff. DOI logo
Cuza, Alejandro & Joshua Frank
2015. On the role of experience and age-related effects: Evidence from the Spanish CP. Second Language Research 31:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Foucart, Alice
2015.  Prediction is a question of experience . Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5:4 ► pp. 465 ff. DOI logo
Hager, Malin & Natascha Müller
2015. Ultimate attainment in bilingual first language acquisition. Lingua 164 ► pp. 289 ff. DOI logo
Hautasaari, Ari & Naomi Yamashita
2015. Emotion Detection in Non-native English Speakers’ Text-Only Messages by Native and Non-native Speakers. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2015 [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9296], ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Hulstijn, Jan H.
2015. Explaining phenomena of first and second language acquisition with the constructs of implicit and explicit learning. In Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages [Studies in Bilingualism, 48], ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Hulstijn, Jan H.
2019. An Individual‐Differences Framework for Comparing Nonnative With Native Speakers: Perspectives From BLC Theory. Language Learning 69:S1 ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Karczewski, Daniel & Olga Buivolova
2015. Sensitivity to extralinguistic cues to identify generic and non-generic meaning. Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies :10(3) ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Sullivan, Karen
2015. If you study a word do you use it more often? Lexical repetition priming in a corpus of Natural Semantic Metalanguage publications. Corpora 10:3 ► pp. 277 ff. DOI logo
Andringa, Sible
2014. THE USE OF NATIVE SPEAKER NORMS IN CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36:3 ► pp. 565 ff. DOI logo
Andrén, Mats
2014. Multimodal constructions in children. Gesture 14:2 ► pp. 141 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, J. & J. Treffers-Daller
2014. A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too!. Applied Linguistics 35:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
DeKeyser, Robert M.
2013. Age Effects in Second Language Learning: Stepping Stones Toward Better Understanding. Language Learning 63:s1 ► pp. 52 ff. DOI logo
Grüter, Theres
2013.  Individual differences and the nature of the processor. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3:3 ► pp. 312 ff. DOI logo
Young-Scholten, Martha
2013. Low-educated immigrants and the social relevance of second language acquisition research. Second Language Research 29:4 ► pp. 441 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2014. Introduction. In Phonological Development, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2015. Language Proficiency in Native and Non-native Speakers [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 41], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2015. Demonstratives and Possessives with Attitude [Human Cognitive Processing, 51], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Chapter 18. Conclusion. In Sensory Linguistics [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 20], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Sensory Linguistics [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, 20], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Cognitive Aphasiology – A Usage-Based Approach to Language in Aphasia [Constructional Approaches to Language, 31], DOI logo

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