This study investigates the phonetic production of Spanish-English insertional code-switches, constituents of an embedded language inserted within a discourse of a matrix language. While previous research on the phonetics of codeswitching has focused exclusively on the segmental properties, the current study provides a detailed examination of the suprasegmental features of code-switched tokens, including pitch height and duration. Code-switched productions are compared with non-code-switched tokens, and results indicate that insertional code-switched tokens are produced with a degree of hyper-articulation, evidenced by an increase in pitch height and duration. The results are discussed within Hyper- and Hypo-articulation Theory, drawing on the notion of a decreased local probability incurred by insertional code-switches.
Altenberg, E., & Ferrand, C. (2005). Fundamental frequency in monolingual English, bilingual English/Russian, and bilingual English/Cantonese young adult women. Journal of Voice, 20(1), 89–96.
Antoniou, M., Best, C., Tyler, M., & Kroos, C. (2011). Inter-language interference in VOT production by L2-dominant bilinguals: Asymmetries in phonetic code-switching. Journal of Phonetics, 391, 558–570.
Aylett, M., & Turk, A. (2004). The smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: A functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech. Language and Speech, 47(1), 31–56.
Beckman, M.E., Díaz-Campos, M., Tevis McGory, J., & Morgan, T.A. (2002). Intonation across Spanish, in the Tones and Break Indices framework. Probus, 141, 9–36.
Bell, A., Brenier, J., Gregory, M., Girand, C., & Jurafsky, D. (2002). Predictability effects on durations of content and function words in conversational English. Journal of Memory and Language, 60(1), 92–111.
Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2009). Praat: doing phonetics by computer. Version 5.1.07.[computer program], January 10, 2009, [URL]
.
Bullock, B., Toribio, A.J., González, V., & Dalola, A. (2006). Language dominance and performance outcomes in bilingual pronunciation. In M. O’Brien, C. Shea, & J. Archibald (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2006) (pp. 9–16). Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Bürki-Cohen, J., Grosjean, F., & Miller, J. (1989). Base-language effects on word identification in bilingual speech: Evidence from categorical perception experiments. Language and Speech, 321, 355–371.
Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G.H., Zurif, E.B., & Carbone, E. (1973). The acquisition of a new phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54(2), 421–428.
Chan, B.H. (2003). Aspects of the syntax, the pragmatics and the production of code-switching: Cantonese and English [Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics 51]. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Chincotta, D., & Underwood, G. (1998). Non-temporal determinants of bilingual memory capacity: The role of long-term representations and fluency. Bilingualism, 11, 117–130.
Clark, J., & Yallop, C. (1995). An introduction to phonetics and phonology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
de la Mota, C. (1997). Prosody of sentences with contrastive new information in Spanish. Proceedings of the ESCA workshop on intonation: Theory, models and applications. Athens, Greece.
Elman, J.L., Diehl, R., & Buchwald, S.E. (1977). Perceptual switching in bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 621, 971–974.
Flege, J.E., & Eefting, W. (1987). Production and perception of English stops by native Spanish speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 151, 67–83.
Flege, J., Yeni-Komshian, G., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 411, 78–104.
Flege, J.E., MacKay, I., & Piske, T. (2002). Assessing bilingual dominance. Applied Psycholinguistics, 231, 567–598.
Grosjean, F. (1988). Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 28(4), 267–283.
Grosjean, F. (1997). Processing mixed language: Issues, findings, and models. In A. De Groot, & J. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives, (pp. 225–254). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual’s language modes. In J. Nicol (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1–22). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grosjean, F., & Miller, J.L. (1994). Going in and out of languages: An example of bilingual flexibility. Psychological Science, 51, 201–206.
Gumperz, J.J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: University Press.
Hazan, V., & Boulakia, G. (1993). Perception and production of a voicing contrast by French-English bilinguals. Language and Speech, 361, 17–38..
Hedberg, N., & Sosa, J. (2007). The prosody of topic and focus in spontaneous English dialogue. In C. Lee, M. Gordon, & D. Büring (Eds.), Topic and focus: Cross-linguistic perspectives on meaning and intonation (pp. 101–120). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Heselwood, B., & McChrystal, L. (1999). The effect of age-group and place of L1 acquisition on the realisation of Punjabi stop consonants in Bradford: An acoustic sociophonetic study. In P. Foulkes (Ed.), Leeds working papers in linguistics and phonetics, 71 (pp. 49–68). Leeds, UK: University of Leeds.
Hualde, J.I. (2005). The sounds of Spanish. Cambridge: University Press.
Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term attainment of bilingual immigrants: Predictive variables and language group differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 231, 599–621.
Kehoe, M., Lleó, C., & Rakow, M. (2004). Voice onset time in bilingual German-Spanish children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 71, 71–88.
Lindblom, B. (1990). Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H&H theory. In W.J. Hardcastle, & A. Marchal (Eds.), Speech production and speech modeling (pp. 403–439). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Lleó, C., Rakow, M., & Kehoe, M. (2004). Acquisition of language-specific pitch accent by Spanish and German monolingual and bilingual children. In T. Face (Ed.), Laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology (pp. 3–27). New York: Mouton.
MacLeod, A., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2010). What is the impact of age of second language acquisition on the production of consonants and vowels among childhood bilinguals?International Journal of Bilingualism, 14(4), 400–421.
Magloire, J., & Green, K. (1999). A cross-language comparison of speaking rate effects on the production of voice onset time in English and Spanish. Phonetica, 561, 158–185.
Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 501, 940–967.
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of codemixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Dueling languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olson, D. (2010). Bilingual language modes and the effect on phonetic production. Presented at the 40th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Seattle, WA.
Olson, D., & Ortega-Llebaria, M. (2009). The perceptual relevance of code-switching and intonation in creating narrow focus. In M. Ortega-Llebaria (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology (pp. 57–68). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pluymaekers, M., Ernestus, M., & Baayen, R.H. (2005). Articulatory planning is continuous and sensitive to informational redundancy. Phonetica, 621, 146–159.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7/8), 581–618.
Queen, R.M. (2001). Bilingual intonation patterns: Evidence of language change from Turkish-German bilingual children. Language in Society, 301, 55–80.
Raymond, W.D., Dautricourt, R., & Hume, E. (2006). Word-internal /t,d/ deletion in spontaneous speech: Modeling the effects of extra-linguistic, lexical, and phonological factors. Language Variation and Change, 181, 55–97.
Simonet, M. (2008). Language contact in Majorca: An experimental sociophonetic approach. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Soares, C., & Grosjean, F. (1984). Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access. Memory and Cognition, 121, 380–386.
Thornburgh, D., & Ryalls, J. (1998). Voice onset time in Spanish-English bilinguals: Early versus late learners of English. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31(3), 215–228.
Zentella, A.C. (1997). Growing up bilingual. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Cited by (14)
Cited by 14 other publications
Lopez-Barrios, Wilmar
2024. Language-Specific Prosody in Statements of Palenquero/Spanish Bilinguals. Languages 9:4 ► pp. 132 ff.
Gosselin, Leah
2022. Bilinguals have a single computational system but two compartmentalized phonological grammars: Evidence from code-switching. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6:1
Reubold, Ulrich, Sanne Ditewig, Robert Mayr & Ineke Mennen
2021. The Effect of Dual Language Activation on L2-Induced Changes in L1 Speech within a Code-Switched Paradigm. Languages 6:3 ► pp. 114 ff.
Muldner, Kasia, Leah Hoiting, Leyna Sanger, Lev Blumenfeld & Ida Toivonen
2019. The phonetics of code-switched vowels. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:1 ► pp. 37 ff.
Amengual, Mark
2018. Asymmetrical interlingual influence in the production of Spanish and English laterals as a result of competing activation in bilingual language processing. Journal of Phonetics 69 ► pp. 12 ff.
de Prada Pérez, Ana
2018. Subject pronoun expression and language mode in bilingual Spanish
. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11:2 ► pp. 303 ff.
2016. The impact of code-switching, language context, and language dominance on suprasegmental phonetics: Evidence for the role of predictability. International Journal of Bilingualism 20:4 ► pp. 453 ff.
Olson, Daniel J.
2013. Bilingual language switching and selection at the phonetic level: Asymmetrical transfer in VOT production. Journal of Phonetics 41:6 ► pp. 407 ff.
OLSON, DANIEL J.
2016. The gradient effect of context on language switching and lexical access in bilingual production. Applied Psycholinguistics 37:3 ► pp. 725 ff.
Olson, Daniel J.
2019. Phonological processes across word and language boundaries: Evidence from code-switching. Journal of Phonetics 77 ► pp. 100937 ff.
Balukas, Colleen & Christian Koops
2015. Spanish-English bilingual voice onset time in spontaneous code-switching. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 423 ff.
Brown, Esther L.
2015. The role of discourse context frequency in phonological variation: A usage-based approach to bilingual speech production. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 387 ff.
Schwartz, Geoffrey, Anna Balas & Arkadiusz Rojczyk
2015. Phonological Factors Affecting L1 Phonetic Realization of Proficient Polish Users of English. Research in Language 13:2 ► pp. 180 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.