Cross-linguistic research suggests that the processing of multimorphemic words in a language is tuned by its morphological characteristics. This means the processing pattern of a language either as a first (L1) or a second language (L2) can be influenced by its morphological properties. In L2 acquisition, the question is whether learners demonstrate, like native speakers, a processing pattern that is shaped by the morphological structure of that language or whether they follow an L1-based processing route. The present study explores this via unprimed lexical decision data from L1-English and L1-Russian learners of L2 Turkish. The results revealed decomposition in Russian-speaking participants but not in Turkish speakers or English-speaking participants. This implies L2 proficiency-based differences in the extent of L1 transfer in processing inflection.
Alegre, M. & Gordon, P. 1999. Frequency effects and the representational status of regular inflections. Journal of Memory and Language 40: 41–61.
Baayen, R.H., Dijkstra, T. & Schreuder, R. 1997. Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model. Journal of Memory and Language 37: 94–117.
Babcock, L., Stowe, J.S., Maloof, C.J., Brovetto, C. & Ullman, M.T. 2012. The storage and composition of inflected forms in adult-learned second language: A study of the influence of length of residence, age of arrival, sex, and other factors. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15(4): 820–840.
Basnight-Brown, D.M., Chen, L., Hua, S., Kostić, A. & Feldmann, L. 2007. Monolingual and bilingual recognition of regular and irregular English verbs: Sensitivity to form similarity varies with first language experience. Journal of Memory and Language 57: 65–80.
Bertram, R., Laine, M. & Karvinen, K. 1999. The interplay of word formation type, affixal homonymy, and productivity in lexical processing: Evidence from a morphologically rich language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28(3): 213–226.
Bowden, H.W., Gelfand, M.P., Sanz, C. & Ullman, M.T. 2010. Verbal inflectional morphology in L1 and L2 Spanish: A frequency effects study examining storage versus composition. Language Learning 60(1): 44–87.
Butterworth, B. 1983. Lexical representation. In Language Production: Development, Writing, and Other Language Processes, Vol. 2, B. Butterworth (ed.), 257–294. London: Academic Press.
Caramazza, A., Laudanna, A. & Romani, C. 1988. Lexical access and inflectional morphology. Cognition 28: 297–332.
Carstairs-McCarthy, A. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and their Structure. Edinburgh: EUP.
Chernigovskaya T. & Gor, K. 2000. The complexity of paradigm and input frequencies in native and second language verbal processing: Evidence from Russian. Language and Language Behavior 3(2): 20–37.
Chialant, D. & Caramazza, A. 1995. Where is morphology and how is it processed? The case of written word recognition. In Morphological Aspects of Language Processing, L.B. Feldman (ed.), 55–76. Hove: Psychology Press.
Clahsen, H., Eisenbeiss, S. & Sonnenstuhl, I. 1997. Morphological structure and the processing of inflected words. Theoretical Linguistics 23(3): 201–249.
Clahsen, H., Felser, C., Neubauer, K., Sato, M. & Silva, R. 2010. Morphological structure in native and non-native language processing. Language Learning 60(1): 21–43.
Clahsen, H., Balkhair, L., Schutter, J.S. & Cunnings, I. 2013. The time course of morphological processing in a second language. Second Language Research 29(1): 7–31.
Comrie, B. 2009. Russian. In The World’s Major Languages, 2nd edn, B. Comrie (ed.), 274–288. London: Routledge.
Cubberly, P. 2002. Russian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
DeKeyser, R.M. 2005. What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues. Language Learning 55(1): 1–25.
Dressler, W.U. 2007. Introduction to: Early development of nominal and verbal morphology from a typological perspective. In Typological Perspectives on the Acquisition of Noun and Verb Morphology [Antwerp Papers in Linguistics 112], S. Laaha & S. Gillis (eds), 3–9. Antwerp: University of Antwerp.
Ellis, R. 2002. Does form-focused instruction affect the acquisition of implicit knowledge? A review of the research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24: 223–236.
Feldman, L.B. & Basnight-Brown. 2007. Origins of cross-language differences in word recognition. In The Mental Lexicon: Core Perspectives, G. Jarema & G. Libben (eds), 129–158. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Feldman, L.B., Kostic, A., Basnight-Brown, D.M., Filipovic-Durdevic, D. & Pastizzo, M. J. 2010. Morphological facilitation for regular and irregular verb formations in native and non-native speakers: Little evidence for two distinct mechanisms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13(2): 119–135.
Finegan, E. 2009. English. In The World’s Major Languages, 2nd edn, B. Comrie (ed.), 59–85. London: Routledge.
Frauenfelder, U. & Schreuder, R. 1992. Constraining psycholinguistic models of morphological processing and representation: The role of productivity. In Yearbook of Morphology, G. Booij & J. van Marle (eds), 165–183. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Frost, R. & Grainger, J. 2000. Cross-linguistic perspectives on morphological processing: An introduction. Language and Cognitive Processes 15(4–5): 321–328.
Gor, K. 2010. Introduction: Beyond the obvious: Do second language learners process inflectional morphology?Language Learning 60(1): 1–20.
Gor, K. & Chernigovskaya, T. 2001. Rules in the processing of Russian verbal morphology. In Current Issues in Formal Slavic Linguistics, G. Zybatow, U. Junghanns, G. Mehlhorn & L. Szucsich (eds), 528–535. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Gor, K. & Chernigovskaya, T. 2005. Formal instruction and the acquisition of verbal morphology. In Investigations in Instructed Second Language Acquisition, A. Housen & M. Pierrard (eds), 131–164. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Gor, K. & Cook, S. 2010. Nonnative processing of verbal morphology: In search of regularity. Language Learning 60(1): 88–126.
Gor, K. & Jackson, S. 2013. Morphological decomposition and lexical access in a native and second language: A nesting doll effect. Language and Cognitive Processes 28(7): 1065–1091.
Göksel, A. & Kerslake, C. 2005. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge
Gürel, A. 1999. Decomposition: To what extent? The case of Turkish. Brain and Language 68: 218–224.
Gürel, A. & Uygun, S. 2013. Representation of multimorphemic words in the mental lexicon: Implications for second language acquisition of morphology. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on Language Development, S. Baiz, N. Goldman & R. Hawkes (eds), 122–133. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.
Hahne, A., Mueller, J. & Clahsen, H.2006. Morphological processing in a second language: Behavioural and event-related potential evidence for storage and decomposition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18(1): 121–134.
Hankamer, J. 1989. Morphological parsing and the lexicon. In Lexical Representation and Process, W.D. Marslen-Wilson (ed.), 392–408. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Jacob, G., Fleischhauer, E. & Clahsen, H. 2013. Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing: A cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16(4): 924–933.
Katz, L., Rexer, K. & Lukatela, G. 1991. The processing of inflected words. Psychological Research 53: 25–32.
Kazanina, N., Dukova-Zheleva, G., Geber, D., Kharlamov, V. & Tonciulescu, K. 2008. Decomposition into multiple morphemes during lexical access: A masked priming study of Russian nouns. Language and Cognitive Processes 23(6): 800–823.
Kırkıcı, B. & Clahsen, H. 2013. Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing: Masked priming experiments on Turkish. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16: 776–791.
Kornfilt, J. 1997. Turkish. London: Routledge.
Kornfilt, J. 2009. Turkish and the Turkic languages. In The World’s Major Languages, 2nd edn, B. Comrie (ed.)519–544. London: Routledge.
Laine, M. 1996. Lexical status of inflectional and derivational suffixes: Evidence from Finnish. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 37: 238–248.
Laine, M. & Koivisto, M. 1998. Lexical access to inflected words as measured by lateralized visual lexical decision. Psychological Research 61: 220–229.
Laine, M., Vainio, S. & Hyönä, J. 1999. Lexical access routes to nouns in a morphologically rich language. Journal of Memory and Language 40: 109–135.
Lardiere, D. 1998. Case and tense in the ‘fossilized’ steady state. Second Language Research 14(1): 1–26.
Laudanna, A. & Burani, C. 1985. Address mechanisms to decomposed lexical entries. Linguistics 23: 775–792.
Lehtonen, M. & Laine, M. 2003. How word frequency affects morphological processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6(3): 213–225.
Lehtonen, M., Niska, H., Wande, E., Niemi, J. & Laine, M. 2006. Recognition of inflected words in a morphologically limited language: Frequency effects in monolinguals and bilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 35(2): 121–146.
Lukatela, G., Gligorijevic, B., Kostic, B. & Turvey, A. 1980. Representation of inflected nouns in the internal lexicon. Memory and Cognition 8: 415–423.
Marslen-Wilson, W.D. 2007. Morphological processes in language comprehension. In The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics, G. Gaskel (ed.), 175–193. Oxford: OUP.
Marslen-Wilson, W. & Tyler, L.K. 1998. Rules, representations, and the English past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (11): 428–435.
Morris, J. & Stockall, L. 2012. Early, equivalent ERP masked priming effects for regular and irregular morphology. Brain and Language 123(2): 81–93.
Münte, T.F., Say, T., Clahsen, H., Schiltz, K. & Kutas, M. 1999. Decomposition of morphologically complex words in English: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research 7: 241–253.
Neubauer, K. & Clahsen, H. 2009. Decomposition of inflected words in a second language: An experimental study of German participles. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31: 403–435.
Niemi, J., Laine, M. & Tuominen, J. 1994. Cognitive morphology in Finnish: Foundations of a new model. Language and Cognitive Processes 3: 423–446.
Pierce, J. 1960. A Frequency Count of Turkish Words. Ankara: Milli Egitim Mudurlugu.
Pinker, S. & Ullman, M.T. 2002. The past tense debate: The past and future of the past tense. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(11): 456–463.
Portin, M. & Laine, M. 2001. Processing cost associated with inflectional morphology in bilingual speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4(1): 55–62.
Portin, M., Lehtonen, M. & Laine, M. 2007. Processing of inflected nouns in late bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 28: 135–156.
Portin, M., Lehtonen M., Harrer, G., Wande, E., Niemi, J. & Laine, M. 2008. L1 effects on the processing of inflected nouns in L2. Acta Psychologica 128: 452–465.
Romanova, N. 2008. Mechanisms of verbal morphology processing in heritage speakers of Russian. Heritage Language Journal 6(1): 105–126.
Sakaguchi, K. 2006. Morphological processing of inflection in native speakers and second language learners of English: A masked priming study. MA thesis, University of Essex.
Say, B., Zeyrek, D., Oflazer, K. & Özge, U. 2004. Development of a corpus and a treebank for present-day written Turkish. In Current Research in Turkish Lingustics, K. İmer & G. Doğan (eds), 183–192. Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A. & Zuccolotto, A. 2002. E-Prime: Reference Guide.Pittsburgh PA: Psychology Software Tools.
Schreuder, R. & Baayen, R.H. 1995. Modelling morphological processing. In Morphological Aspects of Language Processing, L.B. Feldman (ed.), 131–154. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sereno, J.A. & Jongman, A. 1997. Processing of English inflectional morphology. Memory and Cognition 25(4): 425–437.
Silva, R. 2008. Morphological processing in a second language: Evidence from psycholinguistic experiments. PhD dissertation, University of Essex.
Silva, R. & Clahsen, H. 2008. Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 11(2): 245–260.
Stanners, R.F., Neiser, J.J., Hernon, W.P. & Hall, R. 1979. Memory representation for morphologically related words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 399–412.
Stemberger, J.P. & MacWhinney, B. 1986. Frequency and the lexical storage of regularly inflected forms. Memory and Cognition 14(1): 17–26.
Taft, M. 1979. Recognition of affixed words and the word frequency effect. Memory and Cognition 7: 263–272.
Taft, M. & Forster, K. 1975. Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14: 638–647.
Ullman, M.T. 1999. Acceptability ratings of regular and irregular past-tense forms: Evidence for a dual-system model of language from word frequency and phonological neighborhood effects. Language and Cognitive Processes 14: 47–67.
Ullman, M.T. 2005. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model. In Mind and Context in Adult Second Language Acquisition: Methods, Theory and Practice, C. Sanz (ed.), 141–178. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Vainio, S., Pajunen, A. & Hyönä, J. 2014. L1 and L2 word recognition in Finnish: Examining L1 effects on L2 processing of morphological complexity and morphophonological transparency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36: 133–162.
Vannest, J., Bertram, R., Järvikivi, J. & Niemi, J. 2002. Counterintuitive cross-linguistic differences: More morphological computation in English than Finnish. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 31(2): 83–106.
Cited by (7)
Cited by seven other publications
Durand-López, Ezequiel M. & Juan J. Garrido-Pozú
2024. Experimental increase in lexical frequency improves morphological computation of Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism
Rızaoğlu, Filiz & Ayşe Gürel
2022. Second language processing of English past tense morphology: The role of working memory. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:3 ► pp. 825 ff.
Durand López, Ezequiel M.
2021. A bilingual advantage in memory capacity: Assessing the roles of proficiency, number of languages acquired and age of acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 606 ff.
Durand López, Ezequiel M.
2021. Morphological processing and individual frequency effects in L1 and L2 Spanish. Lingua 257 ► pp. 103093 ff.
Uygun, Serkan & Harald Clahsen
2021. Morphological processing in heritage speakers: A masked priming study on the Turkish aorist. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 415 ff.
GÖYMEN, Dilek & Mehmet AYGÜNEŞ
2020. The Processing of Speech Formulas on Turkish: A Masked Priming Study. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi 31:2 ► pp. 207 ff.
Jacob, Gunnar, Duygu Fatma Şafak, Orhan Demir & Bilal Kırkıcı
2019. Preserved morphological processing in heritage speakers: A masked priming study on Turkish. Second Language Research 35:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.