古藏文的系動詞
7–10 世紀的吐蕃古藏文中具有 yin 和 lags 兩個系動詞,同時兩者還語法化為表達時體功能的助動詞。語用上,前者用於統稱,後者用於敬稱。句法上,系動詞在肯定性的陳述句中並非強制性的,而是可選性的,但當處於否定句,以及含有對比焦點時,往往不可省略。lags 的敬語功能使其通常用於他稱的語境中,這種句法環境和語用功能使其逐步獲得了「敘實」的示證意義。在此基礎上,經由語用推理,yin 便獲得了「向自我」的示證意義。後世大多數藏語支語言系動詞所表達的示證系統即在此基礎上發展而來。yin和 lags 在句法上的非強制性特徵,在其他藏緬語中也有表現,可以作為分析古藏文此類句法現象的有力佐證。
Keywords: 古藏文, 系動詞, 示證範疇, 向自我, 語法化
Article outline
- 1.緒論
- 1.1系動詞的定義和功能
- 1.2古藏文系動詞研究綜述
- 1.3既有研究之不足與本文框架
- 2.古藏文系動詞的形態句法特徵
- 2.1lags的形態句法特徵
- 2.1.1lags作系動詞
- 2.1.2lags 作時體助動詞
- 2.1.3lags向敬語助詞變化
- 2.2系動詞yin的形態句法特徵
- 2.2.1yin 作系動詞
- 2.2.2yin作時體助動詞
- 2.3yin、lags和'o功能關係
- 3.yin和’o詞源初探
- 4.與古藏文系動詞分布相似的其他藏緬語
- 5.結語
- 謝辭
- 笔记
-
參考文獻
Article language: Chinese
References (75)
參考文獻
Bielmeier, Roland. 2000. Syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic-epistemic functions of auxiliaries in Western Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2). 79–125.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chabvgag, Rtamgrin (ཆབ་འགག་རྟ་མགྲིན). 2012.
Bodyig Rdoring Zhibvjug
བོད་ཡིག་རྡོ་རིང་ཞིབ་འཇུག [A study of inscriptions of Tibetan]. Lhasa: Tibet Nationalities Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chen, Kang (陳康) & Wu, Da (巫達). 1998. Yiyu yufa (Nuosuhua) 彝語語法(諾蘇話) [A grammar of Nuosu]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chen, Jian (陳踐) & Wang, Yao (王堯). 1983. Tunhong nas Thonpa’i Gna’bo’i Bodyig Shogdril ཏུན་ཧོང་ནས་ཐོན་པའི་གནའ་བོའི་བོད་ཡིག་ཤོག་དྲིལ [A selection of Tibetan manuscripts from Dunhuang]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chen, Jian (陳踐). 2013. P.T.1047 hao he IOL Tib J763 hao yang jiagu bu xintan P.T.1047 號和IOL Tib J763號羊胛骨卜新探 [A new study of Old Tibetan divinations with sheep scapulas: P.T.1047 and IOL Tib J763]. Zhongguo Zangxue 中國藏學 [China Tibetology] S11. 3–44.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dai, Qingxia (戴慶廈). 2012. Jingpoyu cankao yufa 景頗語參考語法 [Reference grammar of the Jinghpaw]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
de Jong, Jan Willem. 1989. The story of Rāma in Tibet: Text and translation of the Tun-huang manuscripts. Tibetan and Indo-Tibetan Studies 1. 136.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DeLancey, Scott. 1985. Lhasa Tibetan evidentials and the semantics of causation. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 111.65–72.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Denwood, Philip. 1999. Tibetan. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Genetti, Carol E. 1986. The development of subordinators from postpositions in Bodic languages. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 121. 387–400. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Genetti, Carol E. 1991. From postposition to subordinator in Newari. In Traugott, Elizabeth Closs & Heine, Bernd (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization: Volume II. Types of grammatical markers, 227–255. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gong, Qunhu (龔群虎). 2007. Zhabayu yanjiu 扎巴語研究 [A grammar of the Zhaba language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
'Gos Chos’grub (འགོས་ཆོས་འགྲུབ). Mdzangsblun མཛངས་བླུན [Wisdom and foolishness]. In Dege Scripture Printing Lamasery (སྡེ་དགེའི་པར་མ།).
Haller, Felix. 2000. Verbal categories of Shigatse Tibetan and Themchen Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2). 175–191.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haller, Felix. 2004. Dialekt und Erzählungen von Themchen: Sprachwissenschaftliche Beschreibung eines Nomadendialektes aus Nord-Amdo [Dialect and folktales from Themchen: Linguistic description of a nomad dialect from north Amdo] (Beiträge zur tibetischen Erzählforschung 14 [Research on Tibetan Languages 14]). Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Held, Gudrun. 1992. Politeness in linguistic research. In Watts, Ricahrd J. & Ide, Sachiko & Ehlich, Konrad (eds.), Politeness in language: Studies in its history, theory and practice, 131–153. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hill, Nathan. 2010. Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan. Journal Asiatique 298(2). 549–571.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hong, Bo (洪波). 1991. Jianzhi daici de yuanshi jufa gongneng 兼指代詞的原始句法功能 [The original syntactic function of concurrent demonstrative pronoun]. Guhanyu Yanjiu 古漢語研究 [Research in Ancient Chinese Language] 101. 35–43.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hongladarom, Krisadawan. 2007. Evidentiality in Rgyalthang Tibetan. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 30 (2). 17–44.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hu, Tan (胡坦). 1993. Lasa Zangyu zhong de “shi” zi ju 拉薩藏語中的「是」字句 [The copula verb construction in Lhasa Tibetan].
Xinan Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao (Zangyuwen Yanjiu)
西南民族學院學報(藏語文研究) [Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities: A special issue of the Tibetan Studies]. 88–102.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Bufan (黃布凡) & Ma, De (馬德). 2000. Dunhuang Zangwen Tuboshi wenxian yizhu 敦煌藏文吐蕃史文獻譯注 [Translation and annotations on Dunhuang Tibetan manuscripts about the history of Tubo Period]. Lanzhou: Gansu Education Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Bufan (黃布凡). 2007. Lawurongyu yanjiu 拉塢戎語研究 [A grammar of Lavrong Language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Chenglong (黃成龍). 2007. Puxi Qiangyu yanjiu 蒲溪羌語研究 [Studies on Puxi Qiang]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, Chenglong (黃成龍). 2014. Zangyu yu Ximalaya yuyan zhong cunzailei dongci de gainian jiegou 藏語與喜馬拉雅語言中存在類動詞的概念結構 [Conceptual structures of copulas and locative-existential verbs in Tibetan and Himalayan languages]. Yuyan Kexue 語言科學 [Linguistic Sciences] 13(5). 520–534.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Iwao, Kazushi & Hill, Nathan W. & Takeuchi, Tsuguhito. 2009. Old Tibetan Inscriptions (Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series 2). Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacques, Guillaume (向柏霖). 2008. Jiarongyu yanjiu 嘉絨語研究 [A study of the rGyalrong language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacques, Guillaume. 2013. On pre-Tibetan semivowels. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76(2). 289–300. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jäschke, Heinrich August. 1881. A Tibetan-English dictionary. London: The Secretary of State for India in Council.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jiang, Di (江荻). 2005. Yiduyu yanjiu 義都語研究 [Studies on Yidu]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jin, Peng (金鵬). 1958. Zangyu Lasa, Rikaze, Changduhua de bijiao yanjiu 藏語拉薩、日喀則、昌都話的比較研究 [Comparative Studies of Lhasa, Gzhiskartse and Chabmdo Tibetan]. Beijing: Science Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jin, Peng (金鵬). 1981. Zangyu Lasahua panduan dongci he cunzai dongci de yongfa 藏語拉薩話判斷動詞和存在動詞的用法 [The grammatical structure of the copula and existential verbs in Lhasa Tibetan]. Xizang Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao 西藏民族學院學報 [Journal of Tibet University for Nationalities] 41. 71–82.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jin, Peng (金鵬). 1983. Zangyu jianzhi 藏語簡志 [Outline of the Tibetan language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jones, Eunice. 2009. Evidentiality and mirativity in Balti. London: SOAS. (Master’s thesis.)![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kitamura, Hajime & Namgyal, Kalsang & Lhawang, Kalsang & Hoshi, Michiyo. 1977. Glo skad: A material of a Tibetan dialect in the Nepal Himalayas. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Konow, Sten. 1909. Linguistic survey of India, Volume 3: Tibeto-Burman family, part 1: General introduction, specimens of the Tibetan dialects, the Himalaya dialects, and the North Assam group. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, India.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Li, Daqin (李大勤). 2002. Gemanyu yanjiu 格曼語研究 [Research on the Geman language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Michailovsky, Boyd & Mazaudon, Martine. 1994. Preliminary notes on the languages of the Bumthang group. In Kværne, Per (ed.), Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992, 545–557. Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nishida, Tatsuo (西田龍雄). 1987. Chibettogo no hensen to moji チベット語の変遷と文字 [History of the Tibetan language and its alphabet]. In Nagano, Yasuhiko (長野泰彥) & Tachikawa, Musashi (立川武藏) (eds.), Chibetto no gengo to bunka チベットの言語と文化 [The Tibetan language and culture], 108–169. Tokyo: Tojusha.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouyang, Jueya (歐陽覺亞) (ed.). 1985. Luobazu yuyan jianzhi 珞巴族語言簡志 [Outline of Lhopa languages]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Saxena, Anju. 1997. Aspect and evidential morphology in standard Lhasa Tibetan: A diachronic study. Cahiers de Linguistique-Asia Orientale 26(2). 281–306. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shao, Mingyuan (邵明園). 2014. Anduo Zangyu Arouhua de shizheng fanchou 安多藏語阿柔話的示證範疇 [Evidentiality in A-rig dialect of A-mdo Tibetan]. Tianjin: Universtiy of Nankai. (Doctoral dissertation.)![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shao, Mingyuan (邵明園). 2016. Zangyuzu xidongci red de yufahua 藏語組系動詞red的語法化 [The grammaticalization of the copula verb “red” in Tibetic languages]. Language and Linguistics 17(5). 679–715.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Simon, Walter. 1942. Tibetan “tang”, “cing”, “kyin”, “yin”, and” 'am”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 10(4). 954–975. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Simonsson, Nils. 1960. Sanskrit “na” and Tibetan “ma-yin”. Orientalia Suecana 91. 11–27.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skalbzang ‘Gyurmed (格桑居冕) & Skalbzang Dbyangscan (格桑央京). 2002. Zangyu fangyan gailun 藏語方言概論 [Outline of Tibetan dialects]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sumbha Dongrub Tshering (སུམ་བྷ་དོན་གྲུབ་ཚེ་རིང). 2013. Bod kyi Yulskad la Dpyadpavi Gtam Mutig Phrengba zhes byaba Bzhugs so བོད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་སྐད་ལ་དཔྱད་པའི་གཏམ་མུ་ཏིག་ཕྲེང་བ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་བཞུགས་སོ [Studies of Tibetan dialects]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sun, Hongkai (孫宏開) & Huang, Chenglong (黃成龍) & Brugmo Mtsho (周毛草). 2002. Rouruoyu yanjiu 柔若語研究 [Studies on Rouruo]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Suzuki, Hiroyuki (鈴木博之). 2014. Shilun dongfang zangqu Zangyu tuhua de yufa ditu: Yi panduan dongci yu cunzai dongci weili 試論東方藏區藏語土話的語法地圖:以判斷動詞與存在動詞為例 [Analysis of the linguistic geography of Eastern Tibetic languages: Take the copula and existential verbs as an example]. (Paper presented at the 3th International Symposium on Chinese Geographical Linguistics, Foshan, August 7–10 2014.)
Takeuchi, Tsuguhito (武內紹人). 1990. Chibetto-go no jutsubu ni okeru jodōshi no kinō to sono hattatsu kate チベット語の述部における助動詞の機能とその発達過程 [The function of auxiliary verbs in Tibetan predicates and their historical development]. In Sakiyama, Osamu (崎山理) & Sato, Akihiro (佐藤昭裕) (eds.),
Asia no syo-gengo to ippann-gengogaku
アジアの諸言語と一般言語學 [Asian languages and general linguistics], 6–16. Tokyo: Sanseido. (English version availables in Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines [Journal of Tibetan Studies] 311. 401–415.)![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Takeuchi, Tsuguhito (武內紹人). 2002. Ki gigun ki kara seika jidai no chibetto go bunsho to chibetto go shiy ō 帰義軍期から西夏時代のチベット語文書とチベット語使用 [The Tibetan language and Tibetan texts from the end of Tibetan domination over East Turkestan through the Tangut period (9th–12th century)]. Tohogaku 東方学 [Eastern Studies] 1041. 106–124.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thomas, Frederick William. 1951. Tibetan literary texts and documents concerning Chinese Turkestan. vol. 21, London: Royal Asiatic Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Toumadre, Nicolas. 1991. The rhetorical use of the Tibetan ergative. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 14(1). 93–107.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas & Konchok Jiatso. 2001. Final auxiliary verbs in literary Tibetan and in the dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 24(1). 49–111.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas. 2008. Arguments against the concept of “conjunct”/”disjunct” in Tibetan. In Huber, Brigitte & Volkart, Marianne & Widmer, Paul & Schwieger, Peter (eds.), Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65 Geburtstag [Qomolangma, Demawend and Kasbek: Commemorative volume for the 65th birthday of Roland Bielmeier], vol. 11, 281–308. Halle (Saale): International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmbH.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas & Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa & Gyurme Chodrak & Oisel, Guillaume. 2009. Sherpa-English and English-Sherpa dictionary with literary Tibetan and Nepali equivalents. Kathmandu: Vajra Publication.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas. 2010. The classical Tibetan cases and their transcategoriality: From sacred grammar to modern linguistics. Himalayan Linguistics 9(2). 86–125.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. The Tibetic languages and their classification. In Hill, Nathan W. & Owen-Smith, Thomas (eds.), Trans-Himalayan linguistics, 105–130. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ui, Hakuju (宇井伯壽) & Suzuki, Munetada (鈴木宗忠) & Kanakura, Yensho (金倉圓照) & Tada, Tokan (多田等觀) (eds.). 1985. Degeban Xizang Dazangjing zongmulu 德格版•西藏大藏經總目錄 [A complete catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Sdedge (Bka’-’gyur and Bstan-’gyur)]. Taipei: Huayu press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Guoxu (王國旭). 2011. Xinping Yiyu Laluhua yanjiu 新平彝語臘魯話研究 [A grammar of Lalu dialect of Yi language in Xinping]. Beijing: Minzu University of China. (Doctoral dissertation.)![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Yao (王堯). 1982. Tufan jinshi lu 吐蕃金石錄 [A collection of inscriptions on bronzes and stone tablets]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Yao (王堯) & Chen, Jian (陳踐). 1989. Tubo zhiguan kaoxinlu 吐蕃職官考信錄 [An annotated translation of political official system of the Tibetan empire]. Zhongguo Zangxue 中國藏學 [China Tibetology] 11. 102–117.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Yao (王堯) & Chen, Jian (陳踐). 2008. Dunhuang guzangwen wenxian tansuoji 敦煌古藏文文獻探索集 [A collection of Old Tibetan documents of Dunhuang]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Zhijing (王志敬). 2012. Dūnhuáng Zàngwén yǔfǎ yánjīu 敦煌藏文語法研究 [A study on the grammar of Dunhuang Tibetan]. Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xie, Guanghua (謝廣華). 1982. Zangyu dongci yufa fanchou 藏語動詞語法範疇 [The grammatical categories of the Tibetan verb].
Minzu Yuwen
民族語文 [Minority Languages of China] 41. 35–47.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yamaguchi, Zuihō (山口瑞鳳). 1986.
Rdzogs tshig no hataraki to youhou no hensen rdzogs tshig
の働きと用法の変遷 [A historical account of the functions of rdzogs tshig
]. In Yamaguchi, Zuihō (山口瑞鳳) (ed.), Chibetto no bukkyou to syakai チベットの仏教と社会 [Buddhism and society in Tibet], 697–736. Tokyo: Shunjusha Publishing Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yamaguchi, Zuiho (山口瑞鳳). 1998. Chibettogo bungo bunpō チベット語文語文法 [A grammar of written-Tibetan]. Tokyo: Shunjusha Publishing Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yamaguchi, Zuiho (山口瑞鳳). 2002. Gaisetsu Chibettogo bungo bunten 概説チベット語文語文典 [An outline of written-Tibetan grammar]. Tokyo: Shunjusha Publishing Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yasutoshi, Yukawa (湯川恭敏). 1971. Chibettogo no jyutubu no rinkaku チベット語の述部の輪郭 [Outline of Tibetan predicates]. In Yasutoshi, Yukawa (ed.), Genngogaku no kihonmondai 言語学の基本問題 [Basic problems in linguistics], 178–204. Tokyo: Taishūkan Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yasutoshi, Yukawa (湯川恭敏). 1975. Chibettogo no jyutugo チベット語の述語 [The predicates of Tibetan], Ajia Afurika Bunnpoukennkyuu アジア・アフリカ文法硏究 [Asian & African Linguistics] 41. 1–14.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yu, Min (俞敏). 1949. Hanyu de “qi” gen Zangyu de “gyi” 漢語的「其」跟藏語的gji [A comparative study of Chinese “qi其” and Tibetan “gyi”].
Yanjing Xuebao
燕京學報 [Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies] 371. 75–94.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zadoks, Abel. 2002. The Tibetan connection: Switch evidence and direct-inverse marking from old to middle Tibetan. (Paper presented at the 8th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Berne, 19–22, September 2002.)
Zeisler, Bettina. 2000. Narrative conventions in Tibetan languages: The issue of mirativity. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2). 39–77.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zeisler, Bettina. 2012. Evidentiality and inferentiality: Overlapping and contradictory functions of the so-called evidential markers in Ladakhi (West Tibetan). (Paper presented at The Nature of Evidentiality conference, Leiden, 14–16 June 2012.)
Zhai, Huifeng (翟會鋒). 2011. Sanguanzhai Yiyu cankao yufa 三官寨彝語參考語法 [A grammar of Sanguan Yi language]. Beijing: Minzu University of China. (Doctoral dissertation.)![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zhang, Jichuan (張濟川). 1986. Cangluo Menbayu jianzhi 倉洛門巴語簡志 [Outline of Cangluo Menba language]. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Drolma, Dawa & Hiroyuki Suzuki
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.