古漢語言說動詞「道」的語法化和詞彙化
本文從歷時觀點完整梳理言說動詞「道」在漢語史中的語法化和詞彙化,就具體詞例一一探討「X道」的生成途徑。由於詞義的抽象化,表認知義的「道」在「V道」格式中快速地語法化,並且開始有了複合詞「X道」的產生,這兩種演化路線共同交織出「道」的近代發展史。相較於漢語其他言說動詞的虛化演變,「道」的詞彙化可謂特別發達。當「道」一路語法化為附著詞屬性的標補詞,期間陸續有「V道」詞彙化的例子增生;而連詞、副詞與「道」複合成「X道」的詞例越多,就越容易重新分析出「道」這個構詞成分。漢語受孤立語類型特徵的限制,雖沒有典型的屈折形態語素,但不完全形態化的語素應是有的,依附於詞或短語的「道」即是一個顯明的例證。
Keywords: 言說動詞, 道, 語法化, 詞彙化, 標補詞, 附著詞
Article outline
- 1.前言
- 2.文獻回顧
- 3.「道」的語法化
- 3.1言說動詞>引語動詞
- 3.2引語動詞>引語標記
- 3.2.1「道」後置於言說動詞(saying verbs)
- 3.2.2「道」後置於認知動詞(cognitive verbs)
- 3.3引語標記>標補詞
- 3.3.1「道」後置於感官動詞(perception verbs)
- 3.3.2「道」後置於情感動詞(emotion verbs)
- 3.3.3「道」後置於情態動詞(modal verbs)
- 3.4標補詞「道」的定性思考
- 3.5「道」在語法化過程中所發生的詞彙化
- 4.「X道」的詞彙化
- 4.1唐宋成詞之例
- 4.2元以後成詞之例
- 「便道/便做道/更做道/更則道」
- 「暢道/唱道/暢好道/常好道」
- 「幾曾道/何曾道/不曾道」
- 「怕不道」
- 「做甚道」
- 「擅便道」
- 4.3情態動詞與「道」的詞彙化
- 5.結論
- 謝辭
- 笔记
-
參考文獻
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