焦點–重音原則與漢語的「把」字句
本文從焦點–重音匹配的角度來探討漢語日常口語中「把」字句謂語部分的複雜性。本文認為,與一般 [PP V] 結構不同,「把」字句是為了在句子層面上把位於「把」NP 後的謂語部分處理為資訊焦點而產生的一種特殊句式,而實現為資訊焦點的必要條件就是必須得到句法結構提供的核心重音。由於「把」字句中「把」後 NP 是謂語動詞的論元,其後的謂語部分只有在句法上形成分支結構才能夠得到核心重音,僅僅在韻律上形成分支結構是不夠的,因此光杆動詞和不形成句法分支的雙音節動詞都被排除在「把」字句之外。這個觀點也適用於其他動詞在尾的結構,例如被動句和「連…都」結構等。
Article outline
- 1.引言
- 2.核心重音原則與「把」字句
- 2.1經典核心重音原則與「把」字句
- 2.2修正的核心重音原則與「把」字句
- 3.焦點–重音原則與「把」字句
- 3.1焦點–重音原則
- 3.2漢語資訊焦點的實現手段
- 3.3焦點驅動與「把」字句的形成
- 3.3.1SVO 結構
- 3.3.2「把」字句
- 3.3.3資訊焦點 vs. 強調/對比焦點
- 4.其他動詞中心在尾結構
- 4.1被動句
- 4.2「(連)…都」結構
- 4.3[PP V] 結構
- 4.4小結
- 5.結語
- 謝辭
- 筆記
-
參考文獻
References (62)
參考文獻
Ayers, Gayle Marie. 1996. Nuclear Accent Types and Prominence: Some Psycholinguistic Experiments. Columbus: Ohio State University dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bolinger, Dwight L. 1965. Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Büring, Daniel. 2010. Towards a typology of focus realization. Information Structure: Theoretical, Typological, and Experimental Perspectives, ed. by Malte Zimmermann & Caroline Féry, 177–205. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Calhoun, Sasha. 2010. The centrality of metrical structure in signaling information structure: a probabilistic perspective. Language 86.1: 1–42. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chomsky, Noam. 1972. Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. The Hague: Mouton. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chomsky, Noam, & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1993. A null theory of phrase and compound stress. Linguistic Inquiry 24.2: 239–297.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cui, Xiliang ( 崔希亮). 1995. “Ba” ziju de ruogan jufa yuyi wenti 「把」字句的若干句法語義問題 [Some syntactic and semantic puzzles concerning the ba-construction]. Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue 世界漢語教學 [
Chinese Teaching in the World
] 1995.3: 12–21.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Duanmu, San ( 端木三). 2007. Zhongyin, zixun he yuyan de fenlei 重音、資訊和語言的分類 [Stress, information, and language typology]. Yuyan Kexue 語言科學 [
Linguistic Sciences
] 6.5: 3–16.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 1996. Lun Hanyu de yunlü jiegou jiqi dui jufa gouzao de zhiyue 論漢語的韻律結構及其對句法構造的制約 [On the prosodic structure of Chinese and its constraints on syntactic structure]. Yuyan Yanjiu 語言研究 [
Studies in Language and Linguistics
] 1996.1: 108–123.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 2000. Hanyu Yunlü Jufaxue 漢語韻律句法學 [
On Chinese Prosodic Syntax
]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 2001a. Yunlü kongzhi de ba ziju 韻律控制的把字句 [Prosodically constrained bare-verb in ba construction]. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao 中國語言學報 [
Journal of Chinese Linguistics
] 29.2: 243–280.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 2001b. Cong yunlü kan Hanyu “ci” “yu” fenliu zhi dajie 從韻律看漢語「詞」「語」分流之大界 [On the distinction between word and phrase in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 2001.1: 27–37.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli. 2003. Prosodically constrained postverbal PPs in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 41.6: 1085–1122. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 2010. Lun yuti de jizhi jiqi yufa shuxing 論語體的機制及其語法屬性 [On mechanisms of register system and its grammatical property]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 2010.5: 400–412.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Feng, Shengli ( 馮勝利). 2013. Hanyu de hexin zhongyin 漢語的核心重音 [The nuclear stress rule in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuxue 中國語學 [
Chuugoku Gogaku
] 2601: 6–24.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Genzel, Susanne, Shinichiro Ishihara, & Balázs Surányi. 2015. The prosodic expression of focus, contrast and givenness: a production study of Hungarian. Lingua 1651: 183–204. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 1983. Focus, mode and the nucleus. Journal of Linguistics 19.2: 377–417. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 1992. Sentence accents and argument structure. Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar, ed. by I. M. Roca, 79–106. Berlin & New York: Foris. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hayes, Bruce, & Aditi Lahiri. 1991. Bengali intonational phonology. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 9.1: 47–96. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hermes, Dik J., & H. H. Rump. 1994. Perception of prominence in speech intonation induced by rising and falling pitch movements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96.1: 83–92. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hsueh, Frank Feng-sheng ( 薛鳳生). 1987. Shilun “ba” ziju de yuyitexing 試論「把」字句的語義特性 [On the semantic characteristic of ba construction]. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 語言教學與研究 [
Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies
] 1987.1: 4–22.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jackendoff, Ray S. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Li, Kening. 2009. An OT analysis of informational focus in Mandarin Chinese. Proceedings of the 21st North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-21), Vol. 21, ed. by Yun Xiao, 566–583. Smithfield: Bryant University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Li, Yen-Hui Audrey. 2006. Chinese ba. The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Vol. 1, ed. by Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk, 374–468. Malden: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liberman, Mark, & Alan Prince. 1977. On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistics Inquiry 8.2: 249–336.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lin, Maocan ( 林茂燦). 2012. Hanyu Yudiao Shiyan Yanjiu 漢語語調實驗研究 [
An Experimental Study on Chinese Intonation
]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liu, Chengfeng ( 劉承峰). 2003. Neng jinru “Ba/Bei” ziju de guanggan dongci 能進入「被/把」字句的光杆動詞 [The bare verbs which can occur in Ba/Bei construction]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 2003.51: 422.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liu, Danqing ( 劉丹青), & Liejiong Xu ( 徐烈炯). 1998. Jiaodian yu beijing, huati ji Hanyu “lian” ziju 焦點與背景、話題及漢語「連」字句 [Focus, background, topic and Lian-sentences in Mandarin Chinese]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 1998.4: 243–252.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liu, Danqing ( 劉丹青). 2000. Yuyu jufa de leixingxue tedian粵語句法的類型學特點 [On the typological attributes of Cantonese syntax]. Yatai Yuwen Jiaoyu Xuebao 亞太語文教育學報 [
Asia Pacific Journal of Language in Education
] 3.2: 1–29.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liu, Feng-hsi. 1997. An aspectual analysis of ba. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6.1: 51–99. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Meng, Cong ( 孟琮), Huaide Zheng ( 鄭懷德), Qinghai Meng ( 孟慶海), & Wenlan Cai ( 蔡文蘭). (eds.) 1999. Hanyu Dongci Yongfa Cidian 漢語動詞用法詞典 [
A Dictionary of Verb Usage in Chinese
]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pierrehumbert, Janet Breckenridge. 1980. The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, & Jan Svartvik. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1995. Sentence prosody: intonation, stress and phrasing. The Handbook of Phonological Theory, ed. by John A. Goldsmith, 550–569. Cambridge: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2007. Contrastive focus, givenness and the unmarked status of “discourse-new”. The Notion of Information Structure, ed. by Caroline Féry, Gisbert Fanselow & Manfred Krifka, 124–145. Potsdam: University of Potsdam.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Terken, Jacques, & Dik Hermes. 2000. The perception of prosodic prominence. Prosody: Theory and Experiment: Studies Presented to Gosta Bruce, ed. by Merle Horne, 89–127. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 1995. Phonological Phrases: Their Relation to Syntax, Focus, and Prominence. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 1999. On the relation between syntactic phrases and phonological phrases. Linguistic Inquiry 30.2: 219–255. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2006. Phrasal stress. Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics (2nd edition), Vol. 91, ed. by Keith Brown, 572–579. Oxford: Elsevier. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. 1999. A typology of the interaction of focus structure and syntax. Typology and Linguistic Theory from Description to Explanation: For the 60th Birthday of Aleksandr E. Kibrik, ed. by E. V. Rachilina & J. G. Testelec, 511–524. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Li ( 王力). 1955. Zhongguo Yufa Lilun 中國語法理論 [
Grammatical Theory of Chinese
] (2 vols.1). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wang, Li ( 王力). 2004. Hanyu Shigao 漢語史稿 [
A Draft of the Chinese Language History
]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Jie ( 徐杰), & Ying-Che Li ( 李英哲). 1993. Jiaodian he liangge feixianxing yufa fanchou: fouding yiwen 焦點和兩個非線性語法範疇:「否定」「疑問」 [Focus and two non-linear grammatical categories: negation and question]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 1993.2: 81–92.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Liejiong. 2004. Manifestation of informational focus. Lingua 114.3: 277–299. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Liejiong ( 徐烈炯), & Haihua Pan ( 潘海華). 2005. Jiaodian Jiegou he Yiyi de Yanjiu 焦點結構和意義的研究 [
A Study on Focus Structure and Meaning
]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Yi. 1999. Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f0 contours. Journal of Phonetics 271: 55–105. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Yi, & Ching X. Xu. 2005. Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation. Journal of Phonetics 33.2: 159–197. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ye, Kuang ( 葉狂), & Haihua Pan ( 潘海華). 2012. Ba zi ju de kua yuyan shijiao 把字句的跨語言視角 [The Chinese “ba”(把)construction: a cross-linguistic perspective]. Yuyan Kexue 語言科學 [
Linguistic Sciences
] 11.6: 604–620.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yuan, Yulin ( 袁毓林). 2006. Shixi lian ziju de xinxi jiegou tedian 試析「連」字句的信息結構特點 [The information structure of the lian-construction in Mandarin]. Yuyan Kexue 語言科學 [
Linguistic Sciences
] 5.2: 14–28.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zhang, Bojiang ( 張伯江), & Mei Fang ( 方梅). 1996. Hanyu Gongneng Yufa Yanjiu 漢語功能語法研究 [
Functional Studies of Chinese Grammar
]. Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zhang, Bojiang ( 張伯江). 2001. Bei ziju he ba ziju de duichen yu buduichen 被字句和把字句的對稱與不對稱 [Symmetries and asymmetries between Bei construction and Ba construction]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 2001.6: 519–524.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zhou, Ren ( 周韌). 2007. Xinxiliang yuanze yu Hanyu jufa zuhe de yunlü moshi 信息量原則與漢語句法組合的韻律模式 [Principle of information and the prosodic patterns of Mandarin syntactic structures]. Zhongguo Yuwen 中國語文 [
Studies of the Chinese Language
] 2007.3: 208–222.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zhuang, Huibin ( 莊會彬). 2015. Hanyu de Jufaci 漢語的句法詞 [
The Syntactic Word in Chinese
]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zimmermann, Malte, & Edgar Onea. 2011. Focus marking and focus interpretation. Lingua 121.11: 1651–1670. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa. 1998. Prosody, Focus, and Word Order. Cambridge: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa, & Jean-Roger Vergnaud. 2000. Phrasal stress and syntax. Progress in Grammar: Articles at the 20th Anniversary of the Comparison of Grammatical Models Group in Tilburg, ed. by Marc van Oostendorp & Elena Anagnostopoulou. Available at [URL] (accessed 1 Feburary 2015).
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa, & Jean R. Vergnaud. 2006. Phrasal stress and syntax. The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Vol. 31, ed. by Martin Everaert & Henk Van Riemsdijk, 522–568. Malden: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Zhang, Niina Ning
2019.
Complex indefinites and the projection of DP in Mandarin Chinese.
Journal of East Asian Linguistics 28:2
► pp. 179 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.