A note on labeling, Berber states
and VSO order
Berber nouns appear in two syntactically-conditioned morphological forms. Subjects in VSO configurations, objects of (most) prepositions and clitic-doubled direct objects manifest the construct state, CS. Elsewhere, nouns appear in the free state, FS. I argue that CS is the form of a noun that merges with a head K, situated above vP and below T. Following Chomsky (2013), the subject phrase must raise out of vP in order for vP to get labeled. K is its target. From Kayne (2002, 2004), I borrow the idea that P is configured above vP and attracts a noun to a twinned head K. Clitic-doubled objects, unlike non-doubled ones, are also on the edge of vP and labeling requirements force them to raise higher, again to K.
References (28)
References
Alexiadou, Artemis, and Elena Anagnostopoulou. 2001. “The Subject-in-Situ Generalization and the Role of Case in Driving Computations.” Linguistic Inquiry 32 (2): 193–231. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 1988. “The Case of Unaccusatives.” Linguistic Inquiry 19 (1): 1–34.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belletti, Adriana. 1999. “Italian/Romance Clitics: Structure and Derivation.” In Clitics in the Languages of Europe, ed. by Henk van Riemsdijk, 543–579. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bendjaballah, Sabrina, and Martin Haiden. 2013. “The Representational Anomalies of Floating Markers: Light Prepositions in Taqbaylit of Chemini.” In Principles of Linearization, ed. by Teresa Biberauer, and Ian Roberts, 331–375. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cecchetto, Carlo. 2000. “Doubling Structures and Reconstruction.” Probus 12 (1): 93–126. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chomsky, Noam. 2013. “Problems of Projection.” Lingua 130: 33–49. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cornilescu, Alexandra. 2006. “On Clitic Doubling and Parasitic Gaps in Romanian.” Revue roumaine de linguistique 51: 23–42.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Everett, Daniel L. 1987. “Pirahã Clitic Doubling.” Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 5 (2): 245–276. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guerssel, Mohand. 1992. “On the Case System of Berber.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics 37: 175–195.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guerssel, Mohand. 1995. “Berber Clitic Doubling and Syntactic Extraction.” Revue québecoise de linguistique 24: 112–133.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, Richard. 2002. “On Some Prepositions That Look DP-internal: English “of” and French “de”.” Catalan Journal of Linguistics 1: 71–115.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, Richard. 2004. “Prepositions as Probes.” In Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, vol. 3, ed. by Adriana Belletti, 192–212. New York: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCloskey, James. 1996. “Subjects and Subject Positions in Irish.” In The Syntax of the Celtic Languages, ed. by Robert Borsley, and Ian Roberts, 241–283. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouali, Hamid. 2008. “On C-to-T ø-transfer: The Nature of Agreement and Anti-agreement in Berber.” In Agreement Restrictions, ed. by Roberta D’Alessandro, Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson, and Susann Fischer, 159–180. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouhalla, Jamal. 1988. The Syntax of Head Movement: A Study of Berber. London: University College Ph.D. dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouhalla, Jamal. 1993. “Subject-Extraction, Negation and the Anti-Agreement Effect.” Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 11 (3): 477–518. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouhalla, Jamal. 1996. “The Construct State in Berber.” In Studies in Afroasiatic Grammar, ed. by Jacqueline Lecarme, Jean Lowenstamm, and Ur Shlonsky, 278–301. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouhalla, Jamal. 1997. “Genitive Subjects and VSO Order.” In Studies on Universal Grammar and Typological Variation, ed. by Artemis Alexiadou, and T. Alan Hall, 197–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ouhalla, Jamal. 2003. “VSO, Agreement and Anti-agreement.” Ms., Dublin: University College.
Pesetsky, David. 1989. “Language-Particular Processes and the Earliness Principle.” [URL]
Pesetsky, David, and Esther Torrego. 2004. “Tense, Case, and the Nature of Syntactic Categories.” In The Syntax of Time, ed. by Jacqueline Guéron, and Jacqueline Lecarme, 495–538. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, Luigi. 2013. “Cartography, Criteria, and Labeling.” Paper presented at the
Cartographic Workshop
, Geneva, June 7, 2012.
Roberts, Ian G. 2005. Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case Study in Welsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rouveret, Alain. 2010. “On Verb-Subject Languages.” Lingua 120 (2): 232–263. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shlonsky, Ur. 2004. “Enclisis and Proclisis.” In The Structure of CP and IP, ed. by Luigi Rizzi, 329–353. New York: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shlonsky, Ur. 2013. “Subject Positions, Subject Extraction, EPP and the Subject Criterion.” In Locality, ed. by Enoch O. Aboh, Maria Teresa Guasti, and Ian Roberts, 58–86. New York: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Torrego, Esther. 1998. The Dependency of Objects. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Uriagereka, Juan. 1995. “Aspects of the Syntax of Clitic Placement in Western Romance.” Linguistic Inquiry 26: 79–123.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Stegovec, Adrian
2024.
The third way: object reordering as ambiguous labeling resolution.
The Linguistic Review 41:1
► pp. 187 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Bošković, Željko
2018.
On Movement out of Moved Elements, Labels, and Phases.
Linguistic Inquiry 49:2
► pp. 247 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.