(No) variation in the grammar of alternatives
The paper reports the results of an in-depth crosslinguistic study of intervention effects and the grammar of
alternatives in a typologically diverse sample of five languages: Palestinian Arabic (Afro-Asiatic, Semitic), Russian
(Indo-European, Slavic), Samoan (Austronesian, Oceanic), Turkish (Altaic, Turkic), and Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Defoid). In all of
these languages, we find an interesting asymmetry in that focus evaluation interrupts question evaluation and causes an
intervention effect, but not vice versa. We take our data to inform the crosslinguistic analysis of two alternative-evaluating
operators, the squiggle operator and the question operator. To capture the observed absence of variation, we propose two semantic
universals: The squiggle operator unselectively evaluates all alternatives in its scope. The question operator, on the other hand,
is selective.
Article outline
- Introduction
- 1.The grammar of alternatives – Informal version
- 1.1Association with alternatives
- 1.2Intervention effects
- 1.3Other associations with Q
- 1.4Crosslinguistic variation in the grammar of alternatives
- 2.The data from the crosslinguistic study
- 2.1Methodology
- 2.2The crosslinguistic data
- 2.2.1Palestinian Arabic
- Preliminaries and structural prerequisites
- Intervention data
- 2.2.2Russian
- Preliminaries and structural prerequisites
- Intervention data
- 2.2.3Samoan
- Preliminaries and structural prerequisites
- Intervention configurations
- 2.2.4Turkish
- Preliminaries and structural prerequisites
- Intervention configurations
- 2.2.5Yoruba
- Preliminaries and structural prerequisites
- Intervention configurations
- 2.3Summary of results
- 3.Analysis
- 3.1Technical implementation using distinguished variables
- 3.2Applying the framework to the crosslinguistic data
- Example 1.Intervention effect in a wh-in-situ question in Turkish
- Example 2.Absence of intervention in focus association across a question in Russian
- 4.Connecting the analysis to literature on the grammar of alternatives
- 5.Discussion and conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Notes
- Abbreviations
-
References
References (119)
References
Adesola, Oluseye. 2005. Pronouns
and null operators: A-bar dependencies and relations in Yoruba. New Brunswick: Rutgers The State University of New Jersey dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Adesola, Oluseye. 2006. On
the absence of superiority and weak-crossover effects in Yoruba. Linguistic
Inquiry 27(2). 309–318. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Alonso-Ovalle, Luis. 2006. Disjunction
in alternative semantics. Amherst: University of Massachusetts dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arslan, Zekiye C. 1999. Approaches to
wh-structures in
Turkish. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi M.A. thesis.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1978. Essentials
of Yoruba grammar. Ibadan: Oxford University Press Nigeria.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Aygen, Gülşat. 2007. Q-Particle. Journal
of Linguistics and
Literature 4(1). 1–30.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bade, Nadine, & Konstantin Sachs. 2019. EXH
passes on alternatives: a comment on Fox and Spector (2018). Natural Language
Semantics 27(1). 19–45. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bailyn, John F. 2012. The syntax of
Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baker, Carl L. 1968. Indirect questions in
English. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baker, Carl L. 1970. Notes on the description of
English questions: The role of an abstract question morpheme. Foundations of
Language 6(2). 197–219.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baker, Mark C. 2010. Formal generative
typology. The Oxford handbook of linguistic
analysis, 285–312.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bamgbose, Ayo. 2000. A
grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bechhofer, Robin. 1985. WHO
said WHAT to WHOM? … in Turkish. In Susumo Kuno (ed.), Harvard
studies in syntax and
semantics, 349–404. Cambridge: Department of Linguistics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beaver, David & Brady Clark. 2003. Always
and only: Why not all focus-sensitive operators are alike. Natural Language
Semantics 11(4). 323–362. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beaver, David I. & Brady Z. Clark. 2008. Sense
and sensitivity: How focus determines
meaning. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid. 1996.
Wh-constructions
and transparent Logical Form. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid. 2006. Intervention
effects follow from focus interpretation. Natural Language
Semantics 14(1). 1–56. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid. 2016. Focus-sensitive
operators. In Caroline Féry & Shinichiro Ishihara (eds.), The
Oxford handbook of information
structure, 227–250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid. To
appear. Parameters of crosslinguistic variation in
semantics. In Daniel Gutzmann, Lisa Matthewson, Cecile Meier, Hotze Rullmann & Thomas Zimmermann (eds.), The
Blackwell companion to
semantics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Beck, Sigrid & Shin-Sook Kim. 2006. Intervention
effects in alternative questions. Journal of Comparative Germanic
Linguistics 9(3). 165–208. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid; Toshiko Oda & Koji Sugisaki. 2004. Parametric
variation in the semantics of comparison: Japanese versus English. Journal of East Asian
Linguistics 13(4). 289–344. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beck, Sigrid & Shravan Vasishth. 2009. Multiple
focus. Journal of
Semantics 26(2). 159–184. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berezovskaya, Polina. 2020. Comparing comparatives: new perspectives from fieldwork and processing. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berezovskaya, Polina & Anna Howell. 2020. (No)
variation in the grammar of alternatives: Intervention effects in Russian. Proceedings of
Formal Approaches to Slavic
Linguistics 261, 1–19.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berezovskaya, Polina & Vera Hohaus. 2015. The
crosslinguistic inventory of phrasal comparative operators: Evidence from Russian. Proceedings
of Formal Approaches to Slavic
Linguistics 221. 1–22.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Biezma, Maria & Kyle Rawlins. 2015. Alternative
questions. Language and Linguistics
compass 9(11). 361–406. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bochnak, M. Ryan. 2013. Crosslinguistic variation in
the semantics of
comparatives. Chicago: University of Chicago dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bochnak, M. Ryan; Vera Hohaus & Anne Mucha. 2019. Variation
in tense and aspect, and the temporal Interpretation of complement clauses. Journal of
Semantics 36(3). 407–452. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bošković, Željko. 2002. On
Multiple Wh-Fronting. Linguistic
Inquiry 33(3). 351–383. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bowler, Margaret. 2016. The
status of degrees in Warlpiri. Proceedings of
TripleA 21. 1–17.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Braun, Julia. 2016. Intervention
effects in Palestinian Arabic. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen B.A. thesis.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Braun, Julia. 2018. Intervention
effects in Palestinian Arabic: How question formation becomes degraded. Proceedings of
TripleA 41. 65–78.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bruening, Benjamin & Vivan Lin. 2001. Discontinuous
QPs and LF interference effects in Passamaquoddy. Proceedings of the Semantics of
Under-Represented Languages of the
Americas 51. 20–28.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Büring, Daniel & Katharina Hartmann. 2001. The
syntax and semantics of focus-sensitive particles in German. Natural Language & Linguistic
Theory 19(2). 229–281. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cable, Seth. 2010. The
grammar of Q: Q-Particles, wh-Movement, and
pied-piping. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cable, Seth. 2013. Beyond
the past, present, and future: Towards the semantics of graded tense in Gĩkũyũ. Natural
Language
Semantics 21(3). 219–276. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Calhoun, Sasha. 2015. The
interaction of prosody and syntax in Samoan focus
marking. Lingua 165(2). 205–229. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Calhoun, Sascha. 2017. Exclusives,
equatives and prosodic phrases in
Samoan. Glossa 2(1), 111. 1–43. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chen, Sihwei; Vera Hohaus, Rebecca Laturnus, Meagan Louie, Lisa Matthewson, Hotze Rullmann, Ori Simchen, Claire K. Turner & Jozina Vander Klok. 2017. Past
possibility crosslinguistically: Evidence from 12 languages. In Ana Arregui, Maria-Luisa Rivero & Andres P. Salanova (eds.), Modality
across syntactic
categories, 235–287. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dayal, Veneeta. 1996. Locality
in wh-quantification: Questions and relative clauses in
Hindi. London: Kluwer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Deal, Amy Rose & Vera Hohaus. 2019. Vague
predicates, crisp judgments. Proceedings of Sinn und
Bedeutung 231. 347–364.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Drubig, H. Bernhard. 1994. Island constraints and
the syntactic nature of focus and association with focus. Arbeitspapiere des
Sonderforschungsbereichs 340 “Sprachtheoretische Grundlagen für die
Computerlinguistik” 511. 1–62.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Durmaz, Şehriban. 2016. Echo
questions and the grammar of alternatives: A contrastive
analysis. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Zulassungsarbeit.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Durmaz, Şehriban. 2017. Echo
questions and the grammar of alternatives: A contrastive
analysis. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen M.A. thesis.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eilam, Aviad. 2011. Explorations
in the informational
component. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eisenberg, Peter. 2013. Grundriss
der deutschen
Grammatik. Berlin: Metzler.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Erlewine, Michael Y. & Hadas Kotek. 2017. Movement
and alternatives don’t mix: Evidence from Japanese. Proceedings of the Amsterdam
Colloquium 211. 245–254.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Erlewine, Michael. Y. & Hadas Kotek. 2018. Focus
association by movement: Evidence from Tanglewood. Linguistic
Inquiry 49(3). 441–463. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fox, Danny. 2007. Free
choice and the theory of scalar implicatures. In Uli Sauerland & Penka Stateva (eds.), Presupposition
and Implicature in Compositional
Semantics, 71–120. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fox, Danny & Benjamin Spector. 2018. Economy
and embedded exhaustification. Natural Language
Semantics 26(1). 1–50. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Göksel, Aslı & A. Sumru Özsoy. 2003.
dA:
A focus/topic-associated clitic in
Turkish. Lingua 113(11). 1143–1167. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gracanin-Yüksek, Martina. 2016. Alternative
questions in Turkish. Dilbilim
Arastirmalari 2016/11. 39–68.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haida, Andreas. 2007. The
indefiniteness and focusing of
wh-words. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haida, Andreas & Sophie Repp. 2013. The
intervention effect: Focus alternatives or indefinite alternatives? Experimental
evidence. Proceedings of the Amsterdam
Colloquium 191. 131–138.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hamblin, Charles L. 1973. Questions in Montague
English. Foundations of
Language 10(1). 41–53.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Heim, Irene & Angelika Kratzer. 1998. Semantics
in generative
grammar. Malden: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hohaus, Vera. 2015. Context
and composition: How presuppositions restrict the interpretation of free
variables. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hohaus, Vera & Anna Howell. 2015. Alternative
semantics for focus and questions: Evidence from Samoan. Proceedings of the Austronesian Fomal
Linguistics
Association 211. 69–86.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hohaus, Vera & M. Ryan Bochnak. 2020. The
grammar of degree: Gradability across languages. Annual Reviews in
Linguistics 61. 235–259. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Honcoop, Martin. 1998. Dynamic
excursions on weak islands. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Horn, Laurence R. 1972. On the semantic properties of
logical operators in English. Los Angeles: University of California dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Howell, Anna. 2020. Alternative semantics across languages: case studies on disjunctive questions and free choice items in Samoan and Yoruba. Tübingen: Eberhard Karls Universität dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Howell, Anna. 2016. A
Hamblin semantics for alternative questions in Yoruba. Proceedings of Sinn und
Bedeutung 201. 359–376.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Huang, C. T. James. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese
and the theory of
grammar. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Isleem, Nasser M. 2010. Colloquial Palestinian Arabic: An
introduction to the spoken
dialect. Norwell: Alucen.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
İşsever, Selçuk. 2003. Information
structure in Turkish: The word order–prosody
interface. Lingua 113(11). 1025–1053. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
İşsever, Selçuk. 2009. A
syntactic account of wh-in situ in
Turkish. In Sıla Ay, Özgür Aydın, İclâl Ergenç, Seda Gökmen, Selçuk İşsever & Dilek Peçenek (eds.), Essays
on Turkish
linguistics, 103–112. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacobs, Joachim. 1983. Fokus
und
Skalen. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kamali, Beste & Lena Karvovskaya. 2013.
Also
in Turkish and Ishkashimi. Proceedings of the Workshop on Altaic Formal
Linguistics 81. 181–186.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Karttunen, Lauri. 1977. Syntax
and semantics of questions. Linguistics and
Philosophy 1(1). 3–44. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kelepir, Meltem. 2001. Topics
in Turkish syntax: Clausal structure and
scope. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kim, Shin-Sook. 2002. Intervention
effects are focus effects. Japanese/Korean
Linguistics 101. 615–628.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kitagawa, Yoshihisa; Katsuo Tamaoka and Satoshi Tomioka. 2013. “Prosodic
Matters in Intervention Effects in Japanese: An Experimental
Study,” Lingua 1241, 41–63. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
König, Ekkehard. 1991. The
meaning of focus particles: A comparative
perspective. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
König, Ekkehard. 1993. Focus
particles. In J. Jacobs, Arnim von Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld & Theo Vennemann (eds.), Syntax:
Ein internationales
Handbuch, 978–987. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kornfilt, Jaklin. 1984. Case
Marking, Agreement, and Empty Categories in Turkish. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University doctoral dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kornfilt, Jaklin. 1997a. Turkish
grammar. London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kornfilt, Jaklin. 1997b. On
the syntax and morphology of relative clauses in Turkish. In Yazı Kuruluadına & Ahmet Kocaman (eds.), Dilbilim
Ara
̧stırmaları, 24–51. Ankara: Kebıkeç Yayınları.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kornfilt, Jaklin; Susumu Kuno & Engin Sezer. 1980. A
note on criss-crossling double dislocation. Harvard Studies in Syntax and
Semantics 31. 185–242.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kotek, Hadas & Michael Y. Erlewine. 2016. Covert
pied-piping in English multiple wh-questions. Linguistic
Inquiry 47(4). 669–693. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kratzer, Angelika. 1991. The
representation of focus. In Arnim von Stechow & Michael Herwig (eds.), Semantik:
Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen
Forschung, 825–835. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Krifka, Manfred. 1992. A
compositional semantics for multiple focus constructions. In Joachim Jacobs (ed.), Informationsstruktur
und
Grammatik, 17–53. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Krifka, Manfred. 1999. Additive
particles under stress. Proceedings of
SALT 81. 111–128. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Krifka, Manfred. 2006. Association
with focus phrases. In Valerie Molnar & Susanne Winkler, The
architecture of
focus, 105–136. Berlin: De Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kural, Murat. 1993. Scrambling
and mixed positions in Turkish. Proceedings of the North East Linguistic
Society 221. 259–272.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lutz, Uli; Gereon Müller & Arnim von Stechow. (2000, eds.). Wh-scope
marking. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa. 2004. On
the methodology of semantic fieldwork. International Journal of American
Linguistics 70(4). 369–451. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa. 2006. Temporal
semantics in a superficially tenseless language. Linguistics and
Philosophy 6(29). 673–713.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa. 2011. Methods
in crosslinguistic formal semantics. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger & Paul H. Portner (eds.), Semantics:
An international handbook of natural language
meaning, vol. 11, 268–284. Berlin: De Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa & Kai von Fintel. 2008. Universals
in semantics. The Linguistic
Review 25(1–2). 139–201.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mayr, Clemens. 2013. Consequences
of an alternatives semantics for the analysis of intervention
effects. In Anamaria Fălăuş (ed.), Alternatives
in semantics, 123–149. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mayr, Clemens. 2014. Intervention
effects and Additivity. Journal of
Semantics 31(4). 513–554. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McLoughlin, Leslie J. 1982. Colloquial Arabic
(Levantine). London: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mosel, Ulrike & Even Hovdhaugen. 1992. Samoan
reference grammar. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Özçelik, Öner & Miho Nagai. 2011. Multiple
subject positions: A case of perfect match between syntax and prosody. Proceedings of
WCCFL 281. 303–312.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Özsoy, Sumru & Aslı Göksel. 2003. Focus
in
Turkish. Lingua 113(11): 1021–1023. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ogihara, Toshiyuki & Yael Sharvit. 2012. Embedded
tenses. In Robert I. Binnick (ed.), The
Oxford handbook of tense and
aspect, 638–668. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pesetsky, David. 2000. Phrasal
movement and its kin. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Renans, Agata; Malte Zimmermann & Markus Greif. 2011. Questionnaire
on focus semantics. Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rooth, Mats. 1985. Association
with focus. Amherst: University of Massachusetts dissertation.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rooth, Mats. 1992. A
theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language
Semantics 1(1). 75–116. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rooth, Mats. 1996. Focus. In Shalom Lappin (ed.), The
handbook of contemporary semantic
theory, 271–298. Malden: Blackwell.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ruangjaroon, Sugunya. 2002. Thai
wh in-situ
. Paper presented at the 14th
Northwest Linguistics Conference, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby.
Rudin, Catherine. 1988. On
multiple questions and multiple wh-fronting. Natural Language and Linguistic
Theory 6(4). 445–501. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Shlonsky, Ur. 1997. Clause
structure and word order in Hebrew and Arabic: An essay in comparative semitic
syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
von Stechow, Arnim. 1991. Focusing
and background operators. In Werner Abraham (ed.), Discourse
particles: Descriptive and theoretical investigations on the logical, syntactic and pragmatic properties of discourse
particles in
German, 37–83. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stepanov, Arthur. 1998. On
wh-fronting in Russian. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of North East
Linguistic
Society 281. 453–467.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tomioka, Satoshi. 2007. Pragmatics
of LF intervention effects: Japanese and Korean wh-interrogatives. Journal of
Pragmatics 39(9). 1570–1590. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tomioka, Satoshi. 2017. Maximality
mimics exhaustivity: A case study of dake ‘only’ in Japanese. Poster
presented at
GLOW in Asia XI, University of
Singapore, Singapore.
Tonhauser, Judith. 2011. Temporal
reference in Paraguayan Guaraní, a tenseless language. Linguistics and
philosophy 34(3). 257–303. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tonhauser, Judith. 2015. Crosslinguistic
temporal references. Annual Review of
Linguistics 11. 129–154. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Uegaki, Wataru. 2014. Japanese
alternative questions are disjunctions of polar questions. Proceedings of Semantics and
Linguistic Theory 241. 42–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wagner, Michael. 2006. Association
by movement: Evidence from NPI-licensing. Natural Language
Semantics 14(4). 297–324. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winans, Lauren. 2019. Alternatives
and disjunction in Egyptian Arabic. In Klaus von Heusinger, V. Edgar Onea Gaspar & Malte Zimmermann (eds.), Questions
in
discourse, 231–285. Leiden: Brill.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wold, Dag. 1996. Long
distance selective binding: The case of focus. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic
Theory 61. 311–328. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zifonun, Gisela; Ursula Brauße, Ludger Hoffmann, Bruno Strecker, & Joachim Ballweg. 1997. Grammatik
der deutschen
Sprache, vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zimmermann, Malte & Edgar Onea. 2011. Focus
marking and focus
interpretation. Lingua 121(11). 1651–1766. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Hohaus, Vera
2024.
Language change and the Degree Semantics Parameter.
Natural Language & Linguistic Theory ![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.