Recent work on the acoustic properties of complex words has found that morphological information may influence the
phonetic properties of words, e.g. acoustic duration. Paradigm uniformity has been proposed as one mechanism that may cause such
effects. In a recent experimental study Seyfarth et al. (2017) found that the stems of
English inflected words (e.g. frees) have a longer duration than the same string of segments in a homophonous
mono-morphemic word (e.g. freeze), due to the co-activation of the longer articulatory gesture of the bare stem
(e.g. free). However, not all effects predicted by paradigm uniformity were found in that study, and the role of
frequency-related phonetic reduction remained inconclusive. The present paper tries to replicate the effect using conversational
speech data from a different variety of English (i.e. New Zealand English), using the QuakeBox Corpus (Walsh et al. 2013). In the presence of word-form frequency as a predictor, stems of plurals were not
found to be significantly longer than the corresponding strings of comparable non-complex words. The analysis revealed, however, a
frequency-induced gradient paradigm uniformity effect: plural stems become shorter with increasing frequency of the bare stem.
Baayen, R. Harald. (2008). Analyzing linguistic data: a
practical introduction to statistics using
R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baayen, R. Harald, W. Levelt, Robert Schreuder & Mirjam Ernestus. (2007). Paradigmatic
structure in speech production. In Proceedings from the annual
meeting of the Chicago linguistic
society, vol. 431, 1–29. Chicago Linguistic Society.
Baayen, R. Harald & Elnaz Shafaei-Bajestan. (2019). languageR:
Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics. [URL] (20April, 2020).
Bauer, Laurie, Rochelle Lieber & Ingo Plag. (2015). The
Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford University Press.
Bell, Alan, Jason M. Brenier, Michelle Gregory, Cynthia Girand & Dan Jurafsky. (2009). Predictability
effects on durations of content and function words in conversational English. Journal of Memory
and
Language 60(1). 92–111.
Bell, Alan, Daniel Jurafsky, Eric Fosler-Lussier, Cynthia Girand, Michelle Gregory & Daniel Gildea. (2003). Effects
of disfluencies, predictability, and utterance position on word form variation in English
conversation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America. Acoustical Society of America 113(2). 1001–1024.
Bell, Melanie J., Sonia Ben Hedia & Ingo Plag. (2019). How
morphological structure affects phonetic realization in English compound nouns.
Ben Hedia, Sonia. (2019). Gemination
and degemination in English affixation: Investigating the interplay between morphology, phonology and
phonetics. Studies in Laboratory Phonology. (30September, 2019).
Ben Hedia, Sonia & Ingo Plag. (2017). Gemination
and degemination in English prefixation: Phonetic evidence for morphological
organization. Journal of
Phonetics 621. 34–49.
Bethin, Christina Y. (2012). On paradigm uniformity and
contrast in Russian vowel reduction. Natural Language & Linguistic
Theory 30(2). 425–463.
Blazej, Laura J. & Ariel M. Cohen-Goldberg. (2015). Can
We Hear Morphological Complexity Before Words Are Complex?Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and
Performance 41(1). 50–68.
Boersma, Paul & David Weenink. (2015). Praat:
doing Phonetics by Computer. (Version 6.0.08). [URL]
Bonami, Olivier, Gilles Boyé, Matthew Baerman, Oliver Bond & Andrew Hippisley. (2019). Paradigm
uniformity and the French gender system. Perspectives on morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, to appear.
Braver, Aaron. (2014). Imperceptible
incomplete neutralization: Production, non-identifiability, and non-discriminability in American English
flapping. Lingua 1521. 24–44.
Byrd, D., J. Krivokapic & S. Lee. (2006). How
far, how long: On the temporal scope of prosodic boundary effects. Journal Of The Acoustical
Society Of
America 120(3). 1589–1599.
Byrd, Dani. (1994). Relations
of sex and dialect to reduction. Speech
Communication 15(1–2). 39–54.
Caselli, Naomi K., Michael K. Caselli & Ariel M. Cohen-Goldberg. (2016). Inflected
words in production: Evidence for a morphologically rich lexicon. The Quarterly Journal of
Experimental
Psychology 69(3). 432–454.
Dell, Gary S. (1986). A spreading-activation theory of
retrieval in sentence production. Psychological
review. American Psychological Association 93(3). 283.
Eddington, David. (2006). Paradigm
uniformity and analogy: The capitalistic versus militaristic debate. International Journal of
English
Studies 6(2). 1–18.
Engemann, U. Marie & Ingo Plag. (2020). Paradigm
uniformity effects in spontaneous speech. submitted to The Mental
Lexicon.
Engemann, U. Marie, Ingo Plag & Julia Zimmermann. (2019). Paradigmatic
effects in speech production: Do bare stems influence the pronunciation of suffixed
forms? In MoProc 2019 – International Morphological Processing
Conference. Tübingen, Germany.
Ernestus, Mirjam & Harald Baayen. (2007). Paradigmatic
effects in auditory word recognition: The case of alternating voice in Dutch. Language and
Cognitive
Processes. Routledge 22(1). 1–24.
Ernestus, Mirjam & R. Harald Baayen. (2006). The
functionality of incomplete neutralization in Dutch: The case of past-tense
formation. (Ed.) L. Goldstein, D. H. Whalen & C. T. Best. LabPhon 81. 27–49.
Fougeron, C. & P. A. Keating. (1997). Articulatory
strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 101(6). 3728–3740.
Fox, John & Sanford Weisberg. (2011). Multivariate
linear models in R. An R Companion to Applied Regression. Los Angeles: Thousand Oaks.
Frazier, Melissa. (2006). Output-output
faithfulness to moraic structure: Evidence from American
English. In PROCEEDINGS-NELS, vol. 36, 1.
Fromont, Robert & Jennifer Hay. (2012). LaBB-CAT:
an Annotation Store. In Proceedings of Australasian Language
Technology Association
Workshop, 113–117. Australasian Language Technology Associatio. [URL] (6May, 2019).
Gafos, Adamantios I. (2006). Dynamics in grammar: Comment on
Ladd and Ernestus & Baayen* Adamantios I. Gafos. Laboratory
phonology 8(4). 51.
Gahl, Susanne. (2008). “Time”
and “thyme” are not homophones: the effect of lemma frequency on word durations in spontaneous
speech. Language 84(3). 474–496.
Gahl, Susanne, Yao Yao & Keith Johnson. (2012). Why
reduce? Phonological neighborhood density and phonetic reduction in spontaneous speech. Journal
of Memory and
Language 66(4). 806.
Goldrick, Matthew. (2006). Limited
interaction in speech production: Chronometric, speech error, and neuropsychological
evidence. Language and Cognitive
Processes. Routledge 21(7–8). 817–855.
Goldrick, Matthew. (2014). Phonological
processing: The retrieval and encoding of word form information in speech
production. In The Oxford handbook of language
production, 228–244. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Goldrick, Matthew & Sheila E. Blumstein. (2006). Cascading
activation from phonological planning to articulatory processes: Evidence from tongue
twisters. Language and Cognitive Processes. Taylor & Francis 21(6). 649–683.
Goldrick, Matthew, H. Ross Baker, Amanda Murphy & Melissa Baese-Berk. (2011). Interaction
and representational integration: Evidence from speech
errors. Cognition 121(1). 58–72.
Green, Christopher R. (2009). Paradigm uniformity in Luwanga
derived nouns. In 6th World Congress on African Linguistics, Cologne,
Germany. August, 17–21.
Hay, Jennifer. (2003). Causes
and Consequences of Word Structure (Outstanding Dissertations in
Linguistics). Psychology Press.
Hay, Jennifer. (2007). The
phonetics of ‘un.’ Lexical creativity, texts and
contexts 39–57.
Hothorn, Torsten, Kurt Hornik, Carolin Strobl & Achim Zeileis. (2020). party:
A Laboratory for Recursive Partytioning. [URL] (20April, 2020).
Kemps, Rachel J. J. K., Mirjam Ernestus, Robert Schreuder & R. Harald Baayen. (2005). Prosodic
cues for morphological complexity: the case of Dutch plural nouns. Memory &
Cognition 33(3). 430.
Kenstowicz, Michael & Hyang-Sook Sohn. (2008). Paradigmatic
uniformity and contrast: Korean liquid verb stems. Phonological
Studies 111. 99–110.
Kiparsky, Paul. (2015). Stratal
OT: A Synopsis and FAQs. In Capturing phonological shades within and
across languages, 2–44. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Klatt, Dennis H. (1976). Linguistic uses of segmental
duration in English: Acoustic and perceptual evidence. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 59(5). 1208–1221.
Labov, William. (1972). Sociolinguistic
Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Laks, Lior, Evan-Gary Cohen & Stav Azulay-Amar. (2016). Paradigm
uniformity and the locus of derivation: The case of vowel epenthesis in Hebrew
verbs. Lingua 1701. 1–22.
Lee-Kim, Sang-Im, Lisa Davidson & Sangjin Hwang. (2013). Morphological
effects on the darkness of English intervocalic /l/. Laboratory
Phonology 4(2). 475–511.
Levelt, Willem J. M., Ardi Roelofs & Antje S. Mayer. (1999). A
theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences 22(1). [URL].
Lohmann, Arne. (2017). Phonological
properties of word classes and directionality in conversion. Word
Structure. Edinburgh University Press The Tun-Holyrood Road, 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry
… 10(2). 204–234.
Lohmann, Arne. (2018). Cut
(n) and cut (v) are not homophones: Lemma frequency affects the duration of noun–verb conversion
pairs. Journal of
Linguistics 54(4). 753–777.
Lõo, Kaidi, Juhani Järvikivi, Fabian Tomaschek, Benjamin V. Tucker & R. Harald Baayen. (2018). Production
of Estonian case-inflected nouns shows whole-word frequency and paradigmatic
effects. Morphology 28(1). 71–97.
Mackenzie, Sara, Erin Olson, Meghan Clayards & Michael Wagner. (2018). North
American/l/both darkens and lightens depending on morphological constituency and segmental
context. Laboratory Phonology. Ubiquity Press 9(1).
Marian, Viorica. (2012). CLEARPOND:
Cross-Linguistic Easy-Access Resource for Phonological and Orthographic Neighborhood
Densities. United States, North America: Public Library of Science (PLoS).
McMillan, Corey T., Martin Corley & Robin J. Lickley. (2009). Articulatory
evidence for feedback and competition in speech production. Language and Cognitive
Processes. Routledge 24(1). 44–66.
Park, Sunwoo. (2006). Paradigm
uniformity effects in Korean phonology. PhD
dissertation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
Peterson, R. R. & P. Savoy. (1998). Lexical
selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded
processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology.
Plag, Ingo & Sonia Ben Hedia. (2018). The
phonetics of newly derived words: Testing the effect of morphological segmentability on affix
duration.
Plag, Ingo, U. Marie Engemann & Gero Kunter. (2018a). The
effect of morphological boundaries on stem vowel duration in
English. In 40. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft.
Plag, Ingo, U. Marie Engemann & Gero Kunter. (2018b). The
effect of morphological boundaries on stem vowel duration in
English. In LabPhon 16 – Variation, development and impairment:
Between phonetics and phonology. Lisbon: Association for Laboratory Phonology.
Plag, Ingo, Julia Homann & Gero Kunter. (2017). Homophony
and morphology: The acoustics of word-final S in English. Journal of
Linguistics 53(1). 181–216.
Plag, Ingo, Arne Lohmann, Sonia Ben Hedia & Julia Zimmermann. (2020a). An
<s> is an <s’>, or is it? Plural and genitive-plural are not
homophonous. In To appear in Livia Körtvélyessy & Pavel Stekauer
(eds.) Complex Words. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Plag, Ingo, Arne Lohmann, Sonia Ben Hedia & Julia Zimmermann. (2020b). What
is the difference between _boys_ and_boys’_? The phonetics of plural vs. genitive-plural in English and its implications for
morphological theory. In 19th International Morphology
Meeting. Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria.
Pluymaekers, Mark, Mirjam Ernestus & R. Harald Baayen. (2005a). Articulatory
planning is continuous and sensitive to informational
redundancy. Phonetica. Karger Publishers 62(2–4). 146–159.
Pluymaekers, Mark, Mirjam Ernestus & R. Harald Baayen. (2005b). Lexical
frequency and acoustic reduction in spoken Dutch. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 118(4). 2561–2569.
Pluymaekers, Mark, Mirjam Ernestus, R. Harald Baayen & Geert Booij. (2010). Morphological
effects on fine phonetic detail: The case of Dutch-igheid. (Ed.) C. Fougeron, B. Kühnert, M. D’Imperio & N. Vallée. Laboratory
phonology 101. 511–531.
R Core Team. (2015). R: A Language and
Environment for Statistical Computing. (Version 3.2.1). Vienna, Austria. [URL]
Raffelsiefen, Renate. (2004). Paradigm
Uniformity Effects Versus Boundary Effects. In Paradigms in
Phonological Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [URL] (10April, 2019).
Ramig, Lorraine A. & Ringel, Robert L. (1983). Effects of Physiological
Aging on Selected Acoustic Characteristics of Voice. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 26(1). 22–30.
Rapp, B. & M. Goldrick. (2000). Discreteness
and interactivity in spoken word production. Psychological review.
Rebrus, Péter & Miklós Törkenczy. (2005). Uniformity
and contrast in the Hungarian verbal paradigm. na.
Riehl, Anastasia K. (2003). American English flapping:
Perceptual and acoustic evidence against paradigm uniformity with phonetic features. Working
Papers of the Cornell Phonetics
Laboratory 151(271–337).
Roettger, T. B. (2014). Assessing
incomplete neutralization of final devoicing in German. Journal of
Phonetics 431. 11.
Roettger, Timo B., Bodo Winter, S. Grawunder, J. Kirby & M. Grice. (2014). Assessing
incomplete neutralization of final devoicing in German. Journal of
Phonetics 431. 11–25.
Schmitz, Dominic, Ingo Plag & Dinah Baer-Henney. (2020). How
real are acoustic differences between different types of final /s/ in English? Evidence from
pseudowords. In 19th International Morphology
Meeting. Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria.
Seyfarth, Scott, Marc Garellek, Gwendolyn Gillingham, Farrell Ackerman & Robert Malouf. (2017). Acoustic
differences in morphologically-distinct homophones. Language, Cognition and
Neuroscience 33(1). 32–49.
Seyfarth, Scott, Jozina Vander Klok & Marc Garellek. (2019). Evidence
against interactive effects on articulation in Javanese verb paradigms. Psychonomic bulletin
& review 1–7.
Skoog Waller, Sara, Mårten Eriksson & Patrik Sörqvist. (2015). Can
you hear my age? Influences of speech rate and speech spontaneity on estimation of speaker
age. Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers 6. . [URL] (22April, 2020).
Sproat, Richard & Osamu Fujimura. (1993). Allophonic
variation in English/l/and its implications for phonetic implementation. Journal of
phonetics 21(3). 291–311.
Steriade, Donca. (2000). Paradigm
Uniformity and the Phonetics-Phonology Boundary. (Ed.) Edited Michael Broe & Janet Pierrehumbert. Papers
in Laboratory Phonology 51.
Tabain, Marija. (2003). Effects
of prosodic boundary on /aC/ sequences: articulatory results. The Journal of the Acoustical
Society of
America 113(5). 2834–2849.
Tomaschek, Fabian, Peter Hendrix & R. Harald Baayen. (2018). Strategies
for addressing collinearity in multivariate linguistic data. Journal of
Phonetics 711. 249–267.
Tomaschek, Fabian, Ingo Plag, Mirjam Ernestus & R. Harald Baayen. (2019). Modeling
the duration of word-final S in English with Naive Discriminative Learning. submitted to
Journal of Linguistics.
Torreira, Francisco & Mirjam Ernestus. (2009). Probabilistic
effects on French [t] duration. In 10th Annual Conference of the
International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech
2009), 448–451. Causal Productions Pty Ltd.
Van Oostendorp, Marc. (2008). Incomplete
devoicing in formal phonology. Lingua.
Elsevier 118(9). 1362–1374.
Walsh, Liam, Jen Hay, Derek Bent, Jeanette King, Paul Millar, Viktoria Papp & Kevin Watson. (2013). The
UC QuakeBox Project: Creation of a community-focused research archive. [URL] (20November, 2018).
Wightman, Colin W., Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel, Mari Ostendorf & Patti J. Price. (1992). Segmental
durations in the vicinity of prosodic phrase boundaries. The Journal of the Acoustical Society
of
America 91(3). 1707–1717.
Winter, Bodo & Timo B. Roettger. (2011). The
nature of incomplete neutralization in German: Implications for laboratory phonology. Grazer
Linguistische
Studien 761. 55–74.
Zee, Tim. (2019). Morphological
effects on the acoustics of Dutch /s/. In 15. Phonetik und Phonologie
Tagung. Düsseldorf, Germany.
Zimmermann, Julia. (2016). Morphological
Status and Acoustic Realization: Findings from NZE. In C. Carignan & M. D. Tyler (eds.), Proceedings
of the 16th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and
Technology, 6–9. Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
Zuraw, Kie & Sharon Peperkamp. (2015). Aspiration
and the gradient structure of English prefixed
words. In ICPhS.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Stein, Simon David & Ingo Plag
2022. How relative frequency and prosodic structure affect the acoustic duration of English derivatives. Laboratory Phonology 13:1
Schmitz, Dominic, Dinah Baer-Henney & Ingo Plag
2021. The duration of word-final /s/ differs across morphological categories in English: evidence from pseudowords. Phonetica 78:5-6 ► pp. 571 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.