Subject index
A
- accuracy2, 9, 11, 13, 33, 41, 52, 61, 65, 72, 75–76, 80, 84–85, 87, 92, 96, 98, 104, 125, 165, 169, 172, 190, 192–193, 195, 243, 255
- acquisitionxv, 2–4, 8–9, 11, 25–27, 29, 34–35, 39–40, 42–46, 49, 52–56, 58, 61–62, 65, 67, 69–71, 77, 80–85, 88–90, 92, 95, 98, 100, 104, 107–113, 115, 118–119, 123, 126–127, 132, 189, 200, 210, 216, 219, 236, 238, 241, 245, 249–256
- adolescent102, 123, 126,; see also secondary aged
- ADV20, 22, 77–79, 260–264
- annotation80–81, 87, 92–94, 98
- argument-structure18–19, 20, 80
- aspect15, 68–69, 87–89, 92, 97, 118–119, 123, 149, 152, 155, 193, 223, 225, 228, 231, 244–245
- a-structuresee argument-structure
- Aux2nd20–22, 25, 68, 70–71, 73–74, 76, 82, 88–93, 112, 117–118, 126–127, 129–132, 134, 136, 139–141, 144–147, 167, 170–177, 179–190, 208, 215–217, 222–223, 226–227, 231, 233–234, 244, 260–264see developmental feature
- auxiliary omissionsee omission
- Aux + ing22, 79, 95–98, 104, 123, 166, 192, 193, 196, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 216, 217, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 235, 259
- Aux + V_besee contexts of contexts of developmental style
- Aux + V_havesee contexts of developmental style
- avoidancesee variational option
B
- Base Aux in 2nd90–91, 93, 121, 171–182, 184–185, 187–190, 216, 222, 226–227, 231, 234, 244
C
- Cancel Inversion22, 25, 147
- canonical order4, 7, 12, 18, 20, 22, 25, 73–74, 77, 79, 87, 89, 92–94, 173–177, 179, 182–185, 187–189, 200, 202, 216–217, 221–223, 227, 230–231, 234, 244, 256
- capability continuum paradigm41
- category proceduresee processing procedure
- change1–3, 13–15, 29–34, 37–39, 41–43, 48, 50–51, 53–56, 63, 65–66, 97, 101–103, 105, 107, 120, 122–123, 125, 169, 217, 219–221, 223, 225, 230, 232, 236–239, 241–242, 245–247, 252
- change over time31, 38, 43, 50, 53, 245
- choice1, 3, 6–7, 8, 10, 13–14, 16, 21, 28–29, 31, 36–37, 41, 43, 54–55, 61, 63, 66, 67–68, 75–76, 78, 86–87, 83, 92, 101–102, 104, 120, 126, 127, 131, 136, 142, 148, 164, 215, 238, 243, 245–247, 251
- chunk94, 175, 178see also formulae
- CMEOsee core-meaning-elements-only style
- cognitive16, 36, 47–48, 52, 54, 245, 251
- communication strategies244, 255
- communicative tasks15, 122
- Complexity Theory35, 49, 101, 246
- constituent-structure18ff, 80, 88
- constraint1, 17, 31, 36–37, 39, 40–41, 43, 66, 80–81, 102, 111, 125, 223, 243, 246, 251–252, 254, 256
- context
- discourse context42, 103, 122, 220, 222
- linguistic context7, 27–28, 40, 42, 62, 67, 70, 100, 103, 112, 122, 129, 220, 222, 224
- morphological context27, 69, 118, 149, 151–152, 155, 157, 159, 162, 167
- numeric context100, 115, 195
- situational context42, 103, 122, 220
- social context25–26, 28, 42, 252
- syntactic context14, 69, 74, 95, 98, 144, 167
- contexts of developmental style
- contexts of 3sg-s: V_3sg95, 97–98, 192–193, 198, 201, 207, 224, 228, 231–232, 235
- contexts of Aux + ing: Aux + V_be95, 97, 98, 192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 224, 228, 230, 232, 235
- contexts of NPagr: PL + N99, 100, 194, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 231, 233, 236
- contexts of PL-s: NPLref99–100,, 194–195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 236
- contexts of PL-s: NUM + N99, 100, 194, 195, 197, 199, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 233, 235, 236
- contexts of PossPro: SubjPro100, 194, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 233, 236
- contexts of Tense agreement: Aux + V_have95, 97, 98, 192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 224, 228, 232, 235
- continuum2, 13–15, 34, 38, 41–42, 56–58, 60–63, 65, 76, 82–83, 85–87, 94, 98, 100, 105, 169, 171, 190–191, 208, 210, 215–216, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 255
- contrast
- morphological contrast115
- copula12, 14, 22, 25, 28, 59–60, 62, 69, 77, 84, 101, 141, 251
- Copula Inversion25, 69, 141
- copula omissionsee omission
- core-meaning-elements-only style
- and developmental change226, 230
- and noun morphology94–95, 98–101, 170, 190–209
- and verb morphology94–98, 170, 190–209
- and Wh- questions with lexical verbs90–94, 170, 171ff
- definition13, 82, 87–88, 104
- operationalization121, 169–171
see also developmental style
- c-structuresee constituent structure
D
- data collection1, 111–112, 114, 123, 126–127, 243
- development
- morphological development19, 21, 26, 63, 82, 195, 199, 208
- syntactic development20, 24, 27, 77, 126, 191, 211–214, 256, 260–264
see also dimension
- developmental conflict77, 128, 132, 134, 150–152, 155see also developmental problem
- developmental feature
see ADV, Aux2nd, Aux + ing, Cancel Inversion, Copula Inversion, Do2nd, Do/Aux2nd, Do-Fronting, Neg+V, Noun Phrase agreement, Past-ed, plural-s, possessive pronoun, possessive -s, SVO, Tense agreement, Third person singular -s, V-ing, Wh-Fronting, Yes/No Inversion
- developmental gap8–9, 62, 70–71, 127, 136, 139, 144, 152, 160–161, 242
- developmental problem
- morphological problem67–69, 73, 117, 149, 152–153, 155–164, 166, 243
- syntactic problem9, 67, 69–70, 73, 126–127, 131, 134, 137–142, 144–145, 148, 171, 174, 178, 242
see also developmental conflict
- developmental scout8–9, 65, 71, 77, 104, 111, 117–120, 125, 126–127, 131–134, 136–137, 139–142, 149–150, 152–157, 159, 161, 165–166, 174, 242
- developmental stage3–5, 10–11, 13, 16, 26–27, 29, 31, 40, 46, 53–56, 59, 61, 70, 81, 85, 87, 101, 114–116, 128, 169, 217, 219, 241–242, 253
- developmental style13–15, 18, 29–30, 34, 65–66, 82–83, 85–88, 90–95, 97–100, 107, 112, 114, 120, 121, 123, 169, 170, 179–180, 185, 187, 209, 215, 217, 219, 236, 238, 241–245, 250see also core-meaning-elements-only style and elaborative style
- developmental trailer6, 8–9, 11, 13, 66, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82, 104, 111, 117–120, 125, 126, 144–146, 150, 156, 162–163, 164, 242
- developmental trajectory3, 5–9, 16, 44, 45, 46, 48–49, 50, 51, 53, 70, 101, 117, 242
- diacritic feature16, 96–97, 99
- dimension
- developmental dimension2, 5–6, 14, 16, 26, 31, 57, 61, 65, 101, 105, 125, 166
- variational dimension2, 5–6, 9, 14–16, 24, 28–29, 58, 60, 62–63, 65–66, 72, 101, 125, 244
- distributional analysis93, 129
- Do2nd22, 25, 73, 91; see also Do/Aux2nd
- Do/Aux2nd20–21, 25, 70–71, 74, 82, 89–93, 112, 117–118, 126–127, 129–132, 134, 136, 139–141, 144–145, 147, 167, 170–177, 179–190, 208, 215–217, 222–223, 226–227, 231, 233–234, 244, 260–264; see also Aux2nd and Do2nd
- Do-Fronting7–9, 12, 21, 24, 71, 145
- dynamic1–4, 6, 13, 15–16, 26–32, 34–36, 40, 43, 47, 49, 52, 54–55, 61, 63, 65, 76, 78, 86, 100–101, 104, 107, 110, 114, 123, 125, 149, 164–165, 169–172, 190–191, 215–216, 219–220, 238–239, 241–242, 244–246, 249–250, 252–253, 255
- dynamic system2–3, 13, 15, 35, 49, 55, 101, 104, 239, 241, 246, 250, 252, 255
- Dynamic Systems Theory3, 35, 49, 101, 239, 246, 250
E
- Elaborated style
- and developmental change226, 230
- and noun morphology94–95, 98–101, 170, 190–209
- and verb morphology94–98, 170, 190–209
- and Wh- questions with lexical verbs90–94, 170, 171ff
- definition13, 21, 82, 87, 89, 104
- operationalization121, 169–171
see also developmental style
- emergence
- and developmental change14, 31, 102ff, 122ff, 219ff
- and developmental problem67ff, 116ff
- and developmental stages115ff
- and developmental style82ff, 86ff, 120ff, 171ff
- emergence criterion4, 14, 26–28, 61, 102–103, 115, 117, 120, 122, 166, 217, 219, 223, 238, 246, 253
- in Multidimensional Model61ff
- in Usage Based Linguistics45ff, 54
- English4, 7, 14–16, 18–22, 24–25, 28, 30–31, 38–42, 45–46, 48, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60–62, 67–68, 71, 73, 78–82, 84, 88–90, 92, 99, 107–109, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 123, 125–126, 165, 169–171, 189, 193, 209–210, 226, 238–239, 249–253, 255–256
- environment28–29, 31, 37, 46, 52, 54, 58, 60, 94, 113
- error8–9, 41, 45, 50, 68–70, 72, 75, 78, 79, 100, 127, 131, 133, 138, 147, 151, 165, 174, 176, 193
- error avoidance
- ESL21, 79, 84, 250, 254; see also English
- exchange of grammatical information17, 18, 23, 68, 93, 96–97, 99
- exemplar44, 46–48, 245, 251
- expressiveness9, 11, 13, 75–76, 87, 104, 165, 169, 172, 192, 195
see variational option
F
- factor
- psycholinguistic factor29, 42–43
- socio-cognitive factor47, 52
- falsifiability9–10, 15, 66, 70, 241, 243–244
- feature unification18–20, 99
- formulae22–24, 80–81, 91–93, 121, 144, 171–173, 177, 179, 182–189, 192, 194, 196–199, 201, 203–207, 209, 216–217, 221–222, 224, 226–229, 231–236; (see also chunk)
- formulaic pattern91, 93, 173, 175, 177, 179–180, 182, 184–185, 187–189, 221–222, 227, 231, 234
- frequency36, 44–45, 47–48, 77, 119, 129, 174, 210
- free variationsee variation
- fronting4, 7–9, 12, 20–22, 24, 67–69, 71–72, 78–79, 89–93, 117–118, 121, 126–127, 129, 131–134, 136, 139, 141, 145, 148, 166, 170–177, 179–190, 211, 215–217, 219, 221–223, 226–227, 230–231, 233–234, 244–245
- function-structure19–20, 88
- F-structuresee function-structure
G
- generative entrenchment101
- German21, 26, 46–47, 55, 57–59, 62, 77–78, 80, 90, 102, 108–110, 116, 138–139, 144, 255
- grammatical information17–19, 70, 93
H
- hypothesis
- bad choice hypothesis14, 101–102
- developmental change hypothesis13–15, 29, 34, 65–66, 101, 103, 107, 122, 219, 236, 241–242, 246
- developmental style hypothesis13–15, 18, 34, 65, 82–83, 86–88, 90, 92, 94–95, 97–98, 100, 112, 114, 120, 169, 209, 215, 238, 241–244
- teachability hypothesis15
- variational options hypothesis6, 11–13, 15, 34, 65–66, 72, 76–78, 82, 86–87, 90, 92–94, 97, 100, 104–105, 112–113, 116, 119, 123, 125, 129, 135, 147–148, 164–167, 169, 171, 174, 180, 216–217, 238, 241–244
- Hypothesis Space4–5, 15, 67, 76, 246
I
- Imperfective68–69, 75, 96–97, 119
- implicational development169
- implicational order6, 9, 14, 63, 238, 242
- implicational scaling26–27, 31, 61, 115, 120
- individual1, 3, 5–6, 10–11, 15–16, 26, 28, 32, 38–41, 43–47, 49–54, 56, 60–61, 80–81, 84–85, 108, 114, 125, 250–251, 256
- Individual learner3, 5–6, 10, 15, 28, 43, 45, 52, 56, 80, 84–85, 125
- inflection2, 4, 83, 93, 96, 208
- interlanguage2, 5, 8–9, 14–15, 31–32, 60, 67, 70, 76, 78, 101–102, 135, 249–252, 255–256
- interphrasal information23
- interphrasal morphologysee morphology
- invariant22, 69, 81, 85, 90, 93, 95–97, 99, 104, 166, 169, 175, 177, 192, 194, 196–209, 216, 224, 226, 228–229, 232–233, 235–236
- inversion22, 25, 28, 48, 57–59, 69–70, 77–78, 129, 138, 141, 147, 216, 245
L
- L134, 39–40, 43, 47–48, 53, 108–110, 122, 126, 131, 133, 136, 139, 141, 144–145, 220
- L2 acquisition3, 29, 34, 46, 53, 80–81, 83, 100, 107–109, 111–112, 200, 245, 256
- L2 change13, 14, 31, 101, 219, 238, 242, 246
- L2 English7, 14–16, 18, 20–22, 24–25, 28, 30, 38–41, 55, 58, 60–62, 67–68, 71, 73, 78–82, 84, 88, 90, 92, 112, 114–115, 117, 125–126, 165, 169–171, 209–210, 238, 256see also English
- L2 processing11, 16, 65, 85, 87, 108, 241
- L2 variation2–3, 12, 14–15, 29–38, 40–42, 44–46, 49, 53, 55, 63, 66, 125, 169, 190, 208, 217, 219, 241–242, 247
- language background3, 84, 108–109, 123, 125, 139, 238
- language backgrounds25–26, 33, 46, 84, 108–109, 125, 165, 247
- language change29–32, 48, 101
- language processing1–2, 4, 15, 26, 30, 54–55, 107, 219, 250–251, 254
- language variationsee variation
- language varieties4, 7, 26, 32–33, 35, 37, 241
- learner language2, 7, 40–41, 80, 83, 105, 250, 252
- learner orientation6, 10, 62, 69, 76, 120, 149, 166
- and Predictive Framework62
- and variational options hypothesis76ff, 149ff
see also orientation
- lemma4, 18, 22, 81, 91, 95, 99
- lexical entry16, 19, 81–82, 87, 94, 98, 216
- Lexical Functional Grammar16, 18–21, 80, 87, 99, 250
- lexical information18, 23
- lexical morphologysee morphology
- lexical verb25, 68–69, 73–74, 88, 97, 117, 135, 148–149, 224
- lexicon16, 23–24, 27, 80–81, 89, 96, 99, 104, 216–217, 244
- LFGsee Lexical Functional Grammar
- linguistic variable14, 32, 42, 103, 122, 219–222, 224–225, 228
- longitudinal data14–15, 110–111, 215
M
- marked word order4, 22, 25, 91, 173, 177, 179, 182, 185, 187–188, 227, 231, 234
- mental lexicon80–81, 96, 99, 104, 216–217, 244
- methodology2, 16, 26, 35, 50
- grammatical morphemes83–85, 256
- lexical morphemes75, 83–85
- morphological contrastsee contrast
- morphological feature13, 80, 82–83, 89, 101, 210, 215, 219
- morphology
- interphrasal morphology4, 7, 92, 121, 191, 204, 212, 215, 244
- lexical morphology4, 18, 89. 95, 204
- phrasal morphology4, 7, 89, 193, 196, 198, 205, 208, 212–213, 215
- morphosyntax3, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99, 104, 170–171, 176–177, 180–181, 183, 185–190, 198, 200, 216, 226, 244, 252
- morphosyntactic approach186
- morphosyntactic encoding216
- morphosyntactic feature82
- morphosyntactic processing45
- morphosyntactic stage85, 169
- Multidimensional Model12, 34, 55–58, 60–63, 73, 110
N
- native speaker3, 24, 36, 38–39, 47, 53, 251
- negation14, 38, 42, 50, 52, 255
- non-native speaker36, 47, 53
- norm-oriented10, 62, 104see also standard and standardizing
- noun morphology82, 86, 94, 98–100, 104, 112–114, 121, 169–170, 190–192, 194–195, 197, 199–209, 216, 220, 226, 229, 233, 235–239, 244
- Noun Phrase agreement115, 193, 195, 200, 210, 216; see also NPagr
- NPagr99–100, 194–195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 231, 233, 236
- past-ed22, 23, 84, 95, 96, 119, 192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 224, 228, 230, 232, 235,
- plural-s61, 69–70, 122, 149, 152, 155, 166
- NP subject omission138; see also omission
- NPLrefsee contexts of developmental style
- NUM19, 88–89, 96, 99–100, 194–195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 226, 229, 233, 235–236; see also number
- Number11, 19, 27–28, 43–44, 50, 62, 76, 82, 88, 97, 110, 118, 128, 136–137, 149, 179, 194–196, 245 [
- NUM + Nsee contexts of developmental style
O
- omission
- auxiliary omission74, 91–92, 94, 127–140, 142–143, 147–148, 165, 167, 174, 221
- omission of the copula14, 69, 101
- omission of the NP subject94, 138, 128ff
see also variational option
- orientation
- simplifyingsee simplifying orientation
- solution 110, 72, 76, 78, 126, 150
- solution 210, 72, 76, 78, 126, 133, 150, 193
- standard37, 55–56, 58–60, 62–63, 76, 79, 232, 236, 238–239
- standardizing
- Type A10, 76–78, 120, 125–127, 130–134, 136, 139–141, 149–150, 152–157, 159, 164–166, 242–243
- Type B10, 76, 78, 120, 125, 147–148, 153, 161, 164–165, 242–243
see also learner orientationsee standardizing orientation
P
- past-ed22, 23, 84, 95, 96, 119, 192, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 224, 228, 230, 232, 235,
- past irregular69, 97, 118–119, 149, 151–152, 155, 166, 192–193, 198–199, 208, 223, 225, 228, 230–231, 234, 258see also Past Ir
- path29, 39, 45–46, 47, 84, 125, 165–166, 171, 187, 212
- PERFECTIVE68–69, 71, 75, 97, 117–119, 148–149, 166, 225
- person2, 7, 9, 19, 23, 28, 41, 45, 67–69, 71, 73, 75, 84, 88, 90, 92–93, 96–97, 103, 113, 117–119, 148–149, 151, 155, 157, 167, 170, 180, 183, 199, 208, 223
- phrasal agreement23, 205, 213–214
- phrasal morphologysee morphology
- phrasal procedure4, 18, 21–23, 91, 95, 99; see also processing procedure
- PL + Nsee contexts of developmental style
- PL-s83, 99–100, 102, 118–119, 149, 193–195, 197, 199–203, 205, 207, 209, 225–226, 229, 231, 233, 235–236
- plural-s61, 69–70, 122, 149, 152, 155, 166; see also PL-s
- possessive pronoun18, 22, 23, 61, 99, 193, 195, 197, 199, 202, 204, 208, 212, 225, 229, 231; see also PossPro
- PossPro99–100, 170, 191, 193–195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 225–226, 229, 233, 236
- Predictive Framework9–10, 34, 55–56, 60–63, 66
- probability28, 31, 39, 44, 116
- probabilistic analysis39, 54, 77, 119
- procedural skill8, 17 [Bron, I’ve reordered the following group of highlighted entries]
- processabilityxv, 1–4, 10, 12–15, 28–29, 31–32, 35, 41, 55, 65, 76, 82, 93, 97, 100–105, 107, 112–114, 122–123, 125, 169, 192–193, 200, 209, 219–220, 238, 241–242, 245–247, 249–256
- Processability Theoryxv, 1, 3, 28, 35, 55, 65, 76, 93, 102, 112, 125, 169, 209, 219, 241, 249–256
- processing1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 11–13, 15–18, 22–23, 26, 28–30, 38, 41, 43, 45, 48, 53–55, 57, 65–68, 70–71, 75–76, 79, 85, 87, 89, 91–92, 94, 98–99, 101–102, 107–108, 118, 125–126, 145, 148, 167, 175, 179, 181, 190, 198, 208, 219–220, 222, 224, 238, 241, 245, 250–251, 253–256
- processing capacity5, 7, 67–68, 85, 87, 94, 98
- processing procedure
- category procedure4, 18, 22–23, 91, 95, 99
- phrasal procedure4, 18, 21–23, 91, 95, 99
- sentence procedure4, 18, 22–23, 25, 91, 95, 99
- subordinate clause procedure4, 12, 18, 22, 24–25
- progressive75ff, 87ff, 96–97, 118–119, 129, 157, 193, 223, 225, 228, 231, 244see also PROG
- psycholinguistic development56–57, 61, 63
- psycholinguistic variationsee variation
R
- root-to-apex12–13, 22, 65, 82–83, 90, 97, 100, 105, 107, 167, 169, 171, 173, 176, 178, 180, 184, 186, 190, 195–196, 208, 215–217, 243–245
- rule8, 14, 21, 26–28, 31, 40, 45–46, 57–60, 62, 71, 75–77, 79, 92, 115, 127, 223
S
- scoutsee developmental scout
- Second Language Acquisitionxv, 2, 40, 55, 65, 104, 241, 249–256
- second language development1, 13, 53, 108, 241, 253–256
- second language variation2
- sentence proceduresee processing procedure
- simplification1, 12, 59–63, 65, 90, 92, 104, 126, 138, 148–149, 164–166, 176, 193, 241–244, 250, 253
- simplified28, 74, 148, 164
- simplifying orientation
- and bad choice hypothesis14, 101
- and developmental change hypothesis239
- and developmental style hypothesis171, 184
- and Multidimensional Model56ff
- and Predictive Framework69ff
- and variational options hypothesis72ff, 76, 78, 126ff, 242–243
see also orientation and learner orientation
- singular2, 7, 9, 19, 23, 41, 45, 67–69, 71, 73, 75, 82, 84, 88–89, 90, 92, 96–97, 100, 103, 113, 117–119, 148–149, 151, 155, 157, 166–167, 170, 196, 199, 223; see also SG
- SLA2–3, 14, 30–31, 33, 35, 38, 43–44, 49–51, 55–56, 65, 84, 241, 244, 250, 254–255see also Second Language Acquisition
- sociolinguistics29–30, 35–37, 40–41, 44, 50, 53, 251
- socio-cognitive factor47, 52
- solution 210, 72, 76, 78, 126, 133, 150, 193see orientation
- speech16–17, 26, 31, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 44–45, 48, 53, 57, 112, 114, 122, 241, 251–253
- stage
- Stage 1 word12, 66, 80, 169, 191–193, 195, 197, 220, 222–224, 229,
- Stage 2 category170, 192–193
- Stage 3 phrasal7, 21, 89, 170, 192–193
- Stage 4 interphrasal121, 170, 192
- Stage 5 subordinate clause12
- syntactic stage21, 24, 126, 191, 227, 257–258
see also developmental stage
- standardizing orientation
- and bad choice hypothesis14, 101
- and developmental change hypothesis239
- and developmental style hypothesis243
- and Multidimensional Model56ff
- and Predictive Framework62ff
- and variational options hypothesis72ff, 76, 78, 126ff, 242–243
see also orientation, learner orientation, norm-oriented and standardsee standard
- subject7–9, 18–19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 57, 68–69, 71, 73–75, 78, 82, 84, 88–89, 93–94, 97, 103, 108, 113, 117, 119, 135, 138, 148–149, 151, 171, 175, 183–184, 186, 189–190, 193, 196, 223–224, 228, 234, 244
- subject-verb agreement7–9, 25, 28, 68, 71, 73, 82, 84, 88–89, 93–94, 103, 113, 171, 175, 184, 189–190, 193, 224, 228, 244
- SubjProsee contexts of developmental style
- subordinate clause4, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24–25, 65
- subordinate clause procedure4, 12, 18, 22, 24–25see also processing procedure
- SVO18, 20, 22, 24, 61, 89, 91–92, 173, 176–177, 179, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 195, 197, 199–200, 208, 221–222, 227, 230–231, 233–234, 260–264see also canonical order
- syntactic feature13, 82, 209–210
- syntactic procedure16–17, 18
- syntactic structure16, 90, 100–101, 113
- syntax2, 4, 8, 11, 13, 15–16, 18, 20–22, 24–28, 40, 59, 61, 67–71, 73, 75–76, 78, 80–81, 83, 85–96, 98–100, 102, 104, 111, 115–118, 120–122, 125–126, 128, 133, 135–137, 141, 143, 145–146, 149, 153, 161, 164, 166–167, 169–174, 176–177, 179–188, 190–217, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238–239, 241, 244–246, 249–250, 252, 255
- systematic1–4, 6, 13, 15–16, 28–33, 36–37, 39–42, 44, 46, 51, 53–56, 59, 63, 66, 76, 78, 101, 105, 107, 125, 165, 167, 169, 215–216, 219–220, 225, 241–245, 247
- systematic variation2, 29–32, 37, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 66, 125, 165, 169, 215, 219–220, 242, 244–245
T
- target language36–38, 43–44, 53, 75, 90, 93, 107, 167, 193, 224, 228
- target-like31, 75, 84, 176, 186
- tense22–23, 25, 28, 39–40, 68–69, 82, 85, 88–89, 93, 96–98, 114, 118–119, 149, 152, 155, 157, 166, 180, 192–193, 208, 225, 228, 235
- Tense agreement22–23, 96–98, 119, 192–193, 208, 235see also Tnsagr
- Tnsagr95, 192, 196, 198, 201, 203–204, 206–207, 224, 228, 232, 235
- 3SG-s19–20, 22, 68–71, 75–76, 84, 90–92, 95–96, 98, 112–113, 117–118, 148–150, 152–155, 157, 159–163, 170–172, 174, 176–177, 180–181, 185–188, 190, 192–193, 196, 198, 200–208, 213, 215–216, 223–226, 228, 230–232, 235
- Third person singular -s2, 19–20, 22, 23, 41, 68–71, 75–76, 84, 90, 92, 95–96, 98, 103, 112–113, 117–118, 148–150, 152–155, 157, 159–163, 167, 170–172, 174, 176–177, 180–181, 185–188, 190, 192–193, 196, 198, 200–208, 213, 215–216, 223–226, 228, 230–232, 235
- timing2, 8, 13–15, 65, 70, 72, 76, 81–82, 86, 89–90, 92, 94, 98–99, 104, 107, 127, 141, 155, 157, 160, 169, 171–172, 174, 176, 179, 181, 185, 187, 190–195, 198, 200, 202, 205–206, 208–209, 215–217, 241–242
- trailersee developmental trailer
- trajectorysee developmental trajectory
- Type A10, 76–78, 120, 125–127, 130–134, 136, 139–141, 149–150, 152–157, 159, 164–166, 242–243; see also orientation
- Type B10, 76, 78, 120, 125, 147–148, 153, 161, 164–165, 242–243; see also orientation and learner orientation
U
- underpinned variation15, 103–104, 122–123, 220–229, 231–236, 238–239, 246; see also variation
- universal11, 31, 46, 82, 255
- unmarked word order3, 4, 24–25
- unsystematic variation14, 29, 31–32, 39, 42, 54, 66, 167, 243; see also variation
- Usage Based Linguistics3, 35, 44, 49, 245
V
- V_3sgsee contexts of developmental style
- variability29–30, 32–33, 36, 41, 46–47, 49–53, 84, 251–253, 255
- variable14, 28, 32, 37, 38, 41–42, 50, 52, 103, 108–109, 122, 220–222, 224–225, 228, 246
- variable competence model42, 251
- variable rule28, 37, 39, 74, 250
- variant1, 9, 14, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 39, 42, 51–52, 65, 94, 102–103, 122, 167, 169, 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 190, 215–216, 219–223, 224, 225, 227–231, 230, 233, 235–236, 238–239, 245–247
- variation
- a priori definition66, 78
- cross-linguistic variation32
- dynamic variation1, 28, 36, 65, 78, 100, 104, 107, 114, 123, 125, 169–170, 172, 190–191, 241–242
- individual variation3, 45, 84
- inherent variation30–31, 36, 55, 63, 217, 238
- interlanguage variation2, 249
- inter-learner variation1, 10, 15, 32–33, 36, 49–50, 99, 220, 238, 242, 250
- intra-learner variation1, 10, 32–33, 36, 38, 133, 136, 139, 147
- free variation2, 14–15, 29, 31–33, 40, 42, 48, 50–52, 54, 65, 101–105, 122–123, 217, 219–236, 238–239, 241–242, 246–247, 251
- language variation2–3, 36, 39, 44–45, 249
- learner variation1, 10, 12–13, 15, 32–33, 36–38, 44, 49–50, 54, 61, 69, 80, 82, 95, 98–99, 108, 133, 136, 139, 147, 220, 238, 241–242, 250, 253–254
- morphological variation154, 166
- psycholinguistic variation37, 41, 56, 58–59, 61–63
- quite systematic variation125, 215, 244–245
- systematic variation2, 29–32, 37, 39, 41, 51, 54–55, 66, 125, 165, 169, 215, 219–220, 242, 244–245
- underpinned variation15, 103–104, 122–123, 220–229, 231–236, 238–239, 246
- unsystematic variation14, 29, 31–32, 39, 42, 54, 66, 167, 243
see also unsystematic variationsee also random variation
- variational features62, 63, 66, 72, 78–79
- error avoidance9–10, 12, 72–79, 91, 93, 95, 97, 104, 120, 126, 130, 132, 138–139, 142, 144–151, 155, 163, 174, 242
- omission9–10, 12, 14, 69, 72–79, 91–92, 94, 101, 104, 120, 125–143, 145–148, 165–167, 173–174, 177, 179, 182–188, 221, 242
- violation9–10, 12, 72–79, 91–92, 95, 97, 104, 119–120, 125–126, 128, 130, 133–141, 143, 145–146, 148–156, 158–167, 173, 177, 179, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 193, 242
- variationism29–30, 35–42, 44, 50, 53
- verb morphology69, 82, 95–98, 104, 114, 121, 169, 190–193, 196, 198–199, 201–207, 224–225, 228, 230, 232, 234–235, 237–239, 246, 255
- Verb Phrase procedure21; (see also processing procedures)
- V-ing22–23, 69, 95–97, 104, 119, 122–123, 149, 166, 176, 192–193, 196, 198, 200–201, 203–208, 223–225, 228, 230–232, 234–235
- Violationsee variational options
W
- waves of change29, 55, 63, 66, 219, 242, 245
- Wh-Final93, 173–174, 176–177, 179, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 222, 227, 230–231, 233–234
- Wh-Fr91–94, 173, 175, 177–179, 182–188, 219, 221–223, 226–227, 230–231, 234, 260–264
- Wh-Fr + AuxC91, 94, 173, 175, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 219, 222, 227, 231, 234
- Wh-Fr– NP+94, 173, 186, 188, 222, 227, 230–231, 234
- Wh-Fronting24, 67–69, 71–72, 78–79, 89–93, 117–118, 121, 126–127, 129, 131–134, 136, 139, 141, 145, 148, 166, 170–174, 176–177, 179–190, 215–217, 219, 221–223, 226–227, 230–231, 233–234, 244–245; see also Wh-Fr
- Wh- questions with lexical verb67, 82, 86, 88, 90–92, 104, 112–113, 121–122, 129–130, 135–136, 147, 169, 172–173, 176–177, 179, 182–185, 187–188, 190, 216, 219–222, 226–227, 230–231, 234, 237–238, 244
- Wh- word in situ74, 130, 147
- word level80–81, 85, 95–96, 98–99, 121, 190–191, 195, 200, 204, 206, 208, 216, 231, 244; see also Stage 1 words
- word order2, 4, 16, 22, 24–25, 46–48, 57–59, 61, 91, 173, 177, 179, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 197, 222, 227, 231, 234, 253
X
- XP adjunction22, 89, 91–92, 173, 177, 179, 182, 184–185, 187–188, 222, 227, 231, 234
Y
- Yes/No Inversion25, 129, 216; see also Y/NInv
Z
- ZISA55, 57, 59, 61–63, 102