Subject index

• acknowledgment 86, 154, 163–165, 167, 169, 172–173, 186–187, 195, 204, 211

• acknowledgment of receipt of email See acknowledgment

• acquisition
  • second language4
  • of internal modifiers 211–213
  • of linguistic action27
  • of politeness strategies/forms 28–29
  • of pragmalinguistic competence 32, 214
  • of pragmatic competence 29–31
  • of pragmatic knowledge 211, 213–214
  • of sociolinguistic rules29
  • of sociopragmatic competence 29, 32, 214
  • pragmatic 30, 213

• address terms 31–33, 35, 77, 81, 87, 94, 97, 105, 107, 113, 145–147, 167–168, 181, 186, 189, 223 ; See also titles

• alternatives 26, 36–37, 49, 55, 82–83, 157, 165–169, 172, 174–175, 186–188, 194–195, 200, 204–205, 209

• apology 1, 21, 29, 31, 42, 47–48, 51, 53–56, 59, 80–82, 89, 97, 113–117, 142, 146–147, 150–151, 154–157, 163–166, 169–170, 172, 175, 178–180, 183, 186–189, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–201, 206, 209–211, 213, 217–218, 223, 225 ; See also regret

• appealer 77, 94, 105, 107, 145, 147, 212

• appropriateness 8, 34, 37, 40, 45, 218–219

• autonomy 3, 18, 202–203

• best wishes 78–79, 97–98, 109–110, 126–127, 146, 148, 154, 157, 161–162, 172, 175–176, 186–187, 192–195, 199–200, 204–205, 218

• cajoler 87, 154, 156, 167–168, 186, 194

• Chinese culture 20, 38, 48, 179, 182, 203–205, 208

• closings 40–42, 72, 78–79, 82, 98, 108–111, 126, 133, 135, 148, 153, 157, 160–162, 172, 175–176, 179, 183, 187–188, 191–195, 199–201, 204–205, 218 ; See also best wishes; farewells; defining relationship

• collectivism 2, 203–204, 207–208 ; See also group cohesion; harmony; interdependence; solidarity

• competence
  • communicative 7–9, 43, 60, 219
  • discourse 8–9
  • grammatical 8–9, 219
  • illocutionary 9–10
  • language 9, 130
  • linguistic 8, 210
  • organizational9
  • pragmalinguistic 9, 29–30, 214–215
  • pragmatic 3, 5, 7–10, 29–31, 39, 42, 46, 52, 54, 57, 62–63, 191, 210, 216, 219–220, 228
  • psychophysiological9
  • sociolinguistic 8–10
  • sociopragmatic 10, 29–30, 214–215, 220
  • strategic 8–9
  • textual9

• compliment 1, 17, 41–42, 48, 51, 127–128, 138–139, 144, 152, 197–198, 206, 210, 218, 223, 225

• conditional clause 22, 54, 76, 94, 103–104, 145, 147

• continuous aspect 22, 41, 46, 75, 94–95, 102–104, 119, 145, 147, 192, 202, 212, 217

• control of processing 30, 210

• conventional indirectness 17, 23–24, 29, 31–35, 42, 73–74, 92–93, 99–102, 147, 192, 198, 202, 204, 209, 211, 215, 217, 222

• cost minimizer 22, 80, 113–117, 142–143, 146–147, 150–151, 192–193, 197, 199, 201–202, 217, 223

• Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) 21–24, 33–34, 40, 45, 59, 72, 75, 222

• deductive approach 42, 221

• deductive pattern 34, 225–226

• defining relationship 109–111, 132–135, 148, 150, 161–163, 178–179, 186–189, 193–194, 196–197, 199, 201, 205, 211, 221

• development
  • language2
  • of pragmatic competence 5, 54, 57, 63, 191, 210, 228
  • pragmalinguistic 29–30, 34, 214–216
  • pragmatic 2, 5, 28–29, 31, 34, 42, 52, 54, 191, 209, 228
  • sequence216
  • sociopragmatic 29–30, 34, 214–216

• directness 1, 3, 20, 22–24, 33, 35, 37–38, 40, 42, 45–47, 50, 53–54, 73, 82, 92–93, 99–101, 123, 145–146, 152–154, 157–159, 166, 177–178, 182, 185–186, 188–189, 192, 194, 198–199, 201, 203, 209, 215, 217, 221

• discourse completion test (DCT) 3, 21, 25, 35, 41, 45, 47–49, 53–55, 57–61

• downtoner 34, 41, 76, 94, 96, 104–106, 145, 147, 192, 202, 211, 225

• egalitarianism 3, 206

• email communication 3–4, 21, 39, 41–42, 59, 63, 68, 94, 224, 228 ; See also oral communication; written communication

• email discourse 3, 38–39, 42, 226–227

• email literacy 42, 221

• email production questionnaire (EPQ) 4, 62–63, 66–70, 90, 191, 227

• ethnographic approach 3, 51, 58, 61–62, 228

• excuse 25–26, 48, 50, 82, 89, 173

• explicit instruction 42, 219–221 ; See also implicit instruction

• explicit request for response 80, 97–98, 112–114, 116–117, 143, 146–147, 150–151, 192, 198–199, 201, 211

• external modifiers 1, 3, 22–24, 29–30, 32–35, 42, 45–47, 52, 54, 72, 78, 82, 85, 87, 89, 91, 97, 99, 108–109, 111–113, 115–116, 118, 121–123, 126–127, 130–137, 141–154, 157, 160–161, 163–165, 167, 169–173, 176–178, 180, 185–202, 206, 209, 211–212, 217, 220, 223–225

• face 15–21, 36–38, 51, 83, 201–205, 207–208
  • liǎn 19, 203–204
  • miànzi 19–20, 203–204
  • negative 15–16, 18–20, 37, 202
  • positive 15–16, 19, 86, 202, 204–205
  • wants 15–16, 18, 202, 204, 217

• face-saving theory 13, 15–17, 20, 201

• face-threatening act (FTA) 3, 15–18

• facework 17, 19, 34, 41, 79, 196, 223, 225

• farewells 79, 97–98, 109–110, 146, 148, 154, 157, 161, 186–187, 192, 194, 200, 211

• good wishes 84, 154, 156–157, 167–170, 186–187, 194, 211

• gratitude 37, 40, 49, 61, 78, 80–81, 86, 127–128, 133–134, 138–139, 149–150, 165, 167, 169, 178–180, 183–184, 186–189, 193, 196–197, 200–201, 206, 210–211, 218, 223, 225

• greeting 40–42, 47, 78, 86, 126–128, 138–139, 144, 152, 181, 183, 196, 206, 225

• grounder 22, 30, 40, 47–48, 79, 113, 127, 129–130, 137, 139–140, 146, 149–151, 193, 196, 199–200, 210, 213, 225

• group cohesion 2, 20, 205

• harmony 2, 20, 37, 86–87, 205

• head act 22–23, 29, 35, 47–48, 72–74, 78–79, 82, 85, 94–95, 107–108, 119, 134, 157–159, 178, 191, 211, 213, 216, 221, 224–226

• hedge 22, 52, 85, 159–160, 185–186, 194, 199, 202, 209

• hierarchical solidarity 20, 207

• honorific pronoun 33, 76, 94–95, 103–104, 119, 212, 217

• illocutionary act 10–11, 14, 74

• illocutionary force 12, 22, 44, 73, 75, 77, 82–83, 94–95, 97, 103–104, 107, 114, 123, 125, 155, 167, 183, 202

• implicit instruction219

• independence 3, 18, 40, 203

• indirectness 1, 3, 14–17, 19, 23, 26, 28, 33, 37, 47, 56, 82, 89, 153–154, 157–159, 194, 201–202, 222, 224–225 ; See also conventional indirectness; nonconventional indirectness

• individualism 2, 201–203 ; See also autonomy; independence; privacy

• inductive approach 42, 221

• inductive pattern 34, 225–226

• information sequencing 3, 33–35, 41, 47, 256 See deductive pattern; inductive pattern

• intensifiers 53, 55, 78, 85, 108, 133–134, 142, 149–151, 159, 181–183, 189, 195, 197, 200–201, 206–207, 210

• interdependence 2, 203, 207–208

• interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) 1–4, 12, 21, 24, 27–28, 45, 57–58, 60–61, 209, 228

• internal modifiers 22, 29, 31–35, 39–42, 46–47, 72, 74–75, 77, 82, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 102, 108, 118–120, 123–124, 130–132, 134–136, 142–146, 148–151, 153–154, 157, 159, 170, 172, 176, 180, 185–186, 189–202, 211–213, 215, 217, 220–221, 223–225

• interrogatives 12, 22, 24, 46, 54, 75, 94, 103–104, 145, 147

• invitation 1, 11, 16, 18, 20, 36, 48, 50, 55–56, 68, 71, 82–87, 90, 158–159, 162–164, 171, 173, 176–184, 187–189, 194, 196–197, 201–206, 208, 210, 218–219, 229

• L1 influence 4, 27, 35–36, 38, 43, 45, 47, 50, 93, 95, 112, 162, 164–165, 212

• L1 interference 42, 47, 93–94, 100, 103–105, 110, 112–113, 116–117, 119, 129, 161, 163, 166–168, 170, 213

• language proficiency 2, 4–5, 7, 43, 52–57, 62–63, 90–91, 145, 149, 153, 173, 185, 188, 198, 200, 209, 214–215, 228

• lexical/phrasal downgraders 22, 29, 31, 33, 40, 52, 74–77, 94–96, 102, 104–106, 119–120, 124–125, 136, 147, 192, 198, 202, 212

• mitigators 30, 102, 107, 112, 166, 168, 212

• mood derivable 22, 32, 47, 73, 92, 100–101, 202

• naturally occurring data 4, 58–60, 62–63, 226–227 See ethnographic approach

• negative ability/willingness 53, 82, 157–159, 185–186, 194, 199

• negative consequence 83, 163–164, 186, 194

• negative correlation view 2, 56–57, 209

• nonconventional indirectness 16–17, 23–24, 33, 73–74, 92, 100–101

• norm 1, 3–4, 20, 27–29, 31, 38, 45, 49, 51–53, 55, 59, 114–115, 117, 130, 133–134, 136, 148–149, 151–152, 156, 160, 163, 166, 179, 181–182, 188–189, 201, 203–204, 206, 210 –211, 213, 215–216, 218

• offer of suggestion 112, 146, 148, 192–193

• openings 41–42, 72, 78, 82, 108, 126, 137, 147, 153–154, 160, 180, 185, 188–189, 191, 194, 197, 199–201 ; See also address terms; salutation

• oral communication 3, 41, 59, 61–62, 94, 223–224, 226, 228

• particles 33, 76, 94–95, 103–104, 119, 212, 217, 224

• passive negative willingness 82, 157–159, 185–186, 194, 199

• past tense 22, 41–42, 46, 52, 75, 94–95, 102–104, 119, 145, 147, 192, 202, 212, 215, 217

• performative 10–11, 22, 54, 73, 82, 92–93, 100–101, 157–158, 175, 195

• politeness See also face
  • as relational work18
  • deference 48, 55, 77, 81, 87, 107, 137, 162, 181–183, 196, 206–208, 210, 217
  • degree of 26, 33, 78, 81, 217
  • formality 26, 47, 55, 87, 137, 180
  • in Chinese 19–21, 32–37, 179
  • negative 20, 32, 47, 115, 166, 202, 204, 217
  • positive 19–20, 42, 47, 116, 134, 163, 165, 168–169, 202, 204, 224
  • principle and maxims 13–15
  • respect 20, 26, 37, 48, 76–77, 81, 107, 130, 138, 151, 162, 177, 183, 197, 203, 206–208, 217
  • theories of 5, 7, 62
  • universality 17–18, 20, 201

• politeness marker 22–23, 28, 32–33, 35, 40, 42, 47, 73, 77, 94, 96, 104–106, 124–125, 132, 144–151, 192–193, 195, 198–201, 206–208, 210–211, 213, 223

• positive correlation hypothesis 2, 53–54, 56, 209

• positive expectation of response 80, 116–117, 133, 135, 146, 148–150, 196, 200, 225

• positive opinion/feelings 25, 36, 48, 50, 55, 57, 86, 115, 154–155, 163, 165, 172, 180–182, 186–187, 189, 194, 197, 200–201, 204, 206, 209–211, 213, 223, 226

• postponement 55–56, 82–83, 154, 156–157, 165, 167–168, 186–187, 194, 200, 209

• pragmalinguistic failure 28, 43, 217

• pragmalinguistics 9, 28, 34, 43, 214

• pragmatic awareness 220, 249–250

• pragmatic failure 3, 9, 28, 31, 39–40, 43–44, 46, 213, 216–218 ; See also pragmalinguistic failure; sociopragmatic failure

• pragmatic features 5, 87–91, 99, 123, 130–131, 144–148, 152–153, 157, 176, 185, 187–192, 195–201, 209

• pre-commitment 79, 97, 113–117, 146–147, 192, 199

• preparing the ground 79, 81, 97, 112, 116, 146–147, 192, 199

• privacy 38, 202–203, 218

• production questionnaires 4, 57–62, 228 ; See also DCT

• query preparatory 22–24, 28, 32–33, 35–36, 41–42, 45, 47, 74–75, 93–94, 99–102, 124, 145–148, 192–193, 198, 202, 204, 209, 211, 215

• rank of imposition 1, 32, 67 See size of imposition

• reason 25–26, 34, 36–38, 41–42, 49–51, 57, 79, 82, 89, 129–130, 140, 154–157, 163–166, 172–174, 186–187, 194–195, 200, 203–205, 209–211, 218–219, 224–226 ; See also excuse

• reassurance 82, 84, 165, 167, 186

• reduplication of verbs 76, 94–95, 103, 119, 212

• referring to relationship 81, 113, 142–143, 146, 150–151, 201

• re-gratitude 150, 177–178, 189, 196, 200–201, 206 See repetition of gratitude

• regret 25, 31, 48–49, 82, 154–156, 163–166, 169–170, 175, 178–179, 183, 186, 188–189

• relative power 1, 4, 15, 17, 21, 23–24, 29, 32, 37, 44, 62, 67–68, 90, 130–135, 141, 144, 149–151, 176–182, 195–198, 200, 206–207, 211, 213–214, 226, 228 See social status

• repetition of apology 81, 154, 163, 165, 186, 194

• repetition of gratitude 81, 133–134, 143, 149, 151, 165, 167, 177, 186–188

• repetition of request 81, 113–116, 132–133, 135, 146–147, 149–150, 206

• request for empathy 83, 154, 163–164, 186

• rules of speaking 27, 43, 135, 140, 169, 188, 217, 219, 229

• salutation 34, 41, 78, 81, 87, 108–109, 126, 137–138, 145–147, 149–151, 160–161, 177, 180–181, 186–187, 189, 196–197, 199–201, 206, 210, 213, 218, 221, 223, 225

• self-introduction 47, 79, 112, 132–133, 142, 146, 148–151, 196–197, 199–201

• sincerity 20, 33, 203–204

• size of imposition 21, 44, 62, 67–69, 90, 131, 141–144, 149–151, 195, 197–198, 200–201, 206–207, 226, 228

• small talk 33–34, 79, 86, 97, 113–116, 127–128, 133–134, 137–139, 144, 146–147, 149–152, 165–167, 169, 177–178, 180, 183–189, 192–194, 196–201, 204, 206, 209–211, 213, 218, 221, 223–226

• social hierarchy 2, 130, 206–207

• social status 24–27, 29, 36, 47–49, 52, 55, 67, 90, 131–141, 176–184, 188–189, 195–197, 206–208, 210, 213, 218

• sociopragmatic failure 9, 28, 43, 218, 220

• sociopragmatics 9, 28, 34, 43, 214

• solidarity 2, 15–16, 18, 20, 33, 37, 47, 81, 87, 162, 203–205, 207 ; See also hierarchical solidarity

• specificity
  • culture201
  • of reasons 38, 48, 173, 210
  • perception of language 51, 228

• speech act 1, 3, 5, 7, 10–13, 15–17, 20–22, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 37–38, 42–45, 51–52, 57–60, 62, 67–68, 89, 91, 178, 191, 198, 202, 206, 209, 215–216, 220, 222, 227–229

• statement of empathy 86, 169–170, 179, 186–189, 194, 197, 201, 206

• stereotype 39, 52, 216

• subjectivizer 22, 39–40, 76, 94, 96, 104–106, 124–125, 132–133, 142, 145–151, 192–193, 195, 197, 199–202, 206, 209, 211–212, 215, 217

• supportive moves 22, 30, 33–35, 37, 41–42, 45–48, 54, 72, 78–82, 85, 97–98, 110, 112–117, 126–129, 133–135, 142–143, 147–150, 153–157, 160, 163–170, 172, 179–180, 187, 189, 191–192, 196, 200–201, 204, 206, 211, 224–226 ; See also external modifiers

• sweetener 52, 80, 97, 115, 132–133, 146, 148–150, 192, 196, 199–200, 204, 206, 211

• syntactic downgraders 22, 29, 31–33, 40, 42, 52, 54, 74–76, 94–95, 102–103, 119–121, 136, 146–148, 150–151, 192, 196, 198–200, 202, 212, 217

• teacher-student relationship 37, 207–208

• titles 37, 40, 77–78, 81, 97, 107–109, 137–138, 145, 147, 151, 154, 160, 177, 181, 185–186, 188–189, 194, 196, 199, 201, 206, 210, 223

• transfer
  • language53
  • negative 44, 52–53, 56, 87–88, 209, 211, 215, 227–228
  • positive 44, 52, 56, 87, 227–228
  • pragmalinguistic 4–5, 43–44, 88–91, 118, 121, 123, 130, 145–147, 152–153, 160, 170, 172, 185–188, 192–195, 198–200, 209, 214–215, 217
  • pragmatic 1–5, 7, 25–26, 38, 43–57, 59, 61–63, 87–100, 102, 104, 106–122, 124–128, 130, 139, 145, 147–149, 152–175, 185, 187–188, 190–195, 198–200, 209, 211, 215–220, 227–228 ; See also L1 influence; L1 interference
  • sociopragmatic 4–5, 43–44, 49–50, 56, 62, 88–91, 130–145, 149–153, 176–185, 188–190, 195–198, 200–201, 213–215, 217–218

• understater 22, 52, 76, 85, 94, 105, 107, 119, 145, 147, 159, 212, 217

• upgraders 22, 24, 56, 74–75, 78, 85, 94, 108, 120

• vertical collectivism207 See also hierarchical solidarity

• want statements 22, 33–35, 39–42, 47, 92–93, 99–102, 123–124, 145–146, 148, 192–193, 198–199, 202, 207, 209, 211, 215, 217–218, 223

• willingness 86, 154–155, 165, 167, 169, 180, 182, 186–187, 189, 194, 197, 201, 204, 208, 211, 213, 223–224, 226

• written communication 33, 41, 226