“Are men sexually harassed?”
Enacting the discourse of hegemonic masculinity in the evaluation of stories of male sexual harassment on Kenyan talk radio
Since
MacKinnon’s (1979) ground-breaking work in which she coined the term sexual harassment, there has been very little consensus as to what it actually is. Using callers’ stories of male sexual harassment taken from Kenyan talk radio, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the in situ production of an emic definition of (male) sexual harassment. Further, using positioning theory as a methodology, this paper aims (1) to make visible the gendered identity work that defining, or not defining, an event as male sexual harassment occasions and (2) to show how hegemonic masculinity is achieved through stories and their evaluation by the radio host and other callers who talk certain masculinities into being as normative and others as deviant.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review
- 3.Method: Positioning theory
- 4.The data
- 4.1Talk radio as institutional interaction
- 4.2The radio show
- 5.Analysis
- 5.1Story one
- 5.2Story two
- 5.3Story three
- 6.Discussions and conclusion
- Notes
-
References
References (62)
References
Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1982. “Understanding formality: the categorization and production of ‘formal’ interaction.” British Journal of Sociology 331: 86–117.
Bamberg, Michael. 2004. “Considering counter narrative”. In Considering counter-narratives: Narrating, resisting, making sense, ed. by Michael Bamberg and Molly Andrews, 351–372. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bamberg, Michael. 2011. “Narrative practice and identity navigation”. In Varieties of narrative analysis ed. by James Holstein and Jaber Gubrium, 99–124. London: Sage.
Bamberg, Michael, and Alexandra Georgakopoulou. 2008. “Small stories as a new perspective in narrative and identity analysis”. Text & Talk 28(3): 377–396.
Bamberg, Michael, Anna De Fina, and Deborah Schiffrin. 2011. “Discourse and identity construction”. In Handbook of identity theory and research ed. by Seth Schwartz, Koen Luyckx and Vivan Vignoles, 177–199. Berlin & New York: Springer.
Beach, Wayne. 1993. “Transitional regularities for ‘casual’ “okay” usages”. Journal of Pragmatics 19(4): 325–352.
Berdahl, Jennifer. 2007. “Harassment based on sex: Protecting social status in the context of gender hierarchy”. Academy of Management Review 32(2): 641–658.
Bingham, Shereen. 1994. “Introduction: Framing sexual harassment – defining a discursive focus of study”. In Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice ed. by Shereen Bingham, 1–16. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
Bonuke, Paul. 2016. End of Maina Kageni and Mwalimu King’ang’i. Business Today (June 25th). Available at: [URL]
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clair, Robin. 1994. “Hegemony and harassment: A discursive practice”. In Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice ed. by Shereen Bingham, 59–70. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
Connell, R. W. [Raewyn] 1995. Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
De Fina, Anna. 2015. “Narrative and identities”. In The Handbook of Narrative Analysis ed. by Anna De Fina and Alexandra Georgakopoulou, 351–368. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell,
De Fina, Anna and Alexandra Georgakopoulou. 2008. “Analysing narratives as practices”. Qualitative Research 8(3): 379–387.
Dougherty, Debbie. 1999. “Dialogue through standpoint understanding women’s and men’s standpoints of sexual harassment”. Management Communication Quarterly 12(3): 436–468.
Dworkin, Andrea. 1987. Intercourse. New York: Free Press.
Eglin, Peter, and Stephen Hester. 1992 “Category, predicate and task: The pragmatics of practical action.” Semiotica 881: 243–68.
Eyre, Linda. 2000. “The discursive framing of sexual harassment in a university community”. Gender and Education 12(3): 293–307.
Fitzgerald, Louise. 1996. “Sexual harassment: the definition and measurement of a construct”. In Sexual Harassment on College Campuses: Abusing the Ivory Power (2nd edition) ed. by Michele Paludi, 25–47. New York: SUNY Press,
Fitzgerald, Richard, and William Housley. 2002. “Identity, categorization and sequential organization: the sequential and categorial flow of identity in a radio phone-in””. Discourse & Society 13(5): 579–602.
Gee, James. 1999. An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London & New York: Routledge.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. London: Lawrence Wishart,
Grauerholz, Elizabeth. 1994. “Gender socialization and communication: The inscription of sexual harassment in social life”. In Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice ed. by Shereen Bingham, 33–42. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.
Hakim, Catherine. 2010, “Erotic capital”. European Sociological Review 2(5): 499–518.
Hale, Angela, and Maggie Opondo. 2005. “Humanising the cut flower chain: Confronting the realities of flower production for workers in Kenya.” Antipode 37 (2): 301–323.
Heritage, John. 1997. “Conversation analysis and institutional talk: analysing data”. In Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice ed. by David Silverman, 161–182. London: Sage.
Hutchby, Ian. 1992. “Confrontation talk: Aspects of ‘interruption’ in argument sequences on talk radio”. Text and Talk 12(3): 343–372.
Hutchby, Ian. 1996. “Power in discourse: The case of arguments on a British talk radio show”. Discourse & Society 7(4): 481–497.
Hutchby, Ian. 2006. Media talk: Conversation analysis and the study of broadcasting. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
Jefferson, Gail. 1978. “Sequential aspects of storytelling in conversation”. In Studies in the organization of conversational interaction ed. by Jim Schenkein 219–248. New York: Academic.
Kameri-Mbote, Patricia. 2000. “Violence against women in Kenya: an analysis of law, policy and institutions”. International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC) Working Paper.
Kiesling, Scott. 2006. “Hegemonic identity making in narrative”. In Discourse and identity ed. by Anna De Fina, Deborah Schiffrin, and Michael Bamberg, 261–297. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiesling, Scott. 2007. “Men, masculinities, and language”. Language and Linguistics Compass 1(6): 653–673.
Kitzinger, Celia, and Alison Thomas. 1995. “Sexual harassment: A discursive approach”. In Feminism and discourse: Psychological perspectives ed. by Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger, 32–48. London: Sage.
Labov, William, and Joshua Waletzky. 1967. “Narrative Analysis”, In Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, ed. by June Helm, 12–44. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Landis-Schiff, Tom. 1996. “Sexual harassment: Why men don’t understand it”. Initiatives 57(2): 15–25.
Lee, Deborah. 2000. “Hegemonic masculinity and male feminisation: The sexual harassment of men at work”. Journal of Gender Studies 9(2): 141–155.
Lukes, Steven. 1974. Power: A radical view. Vol. 11. Macmillan, London.
MacKinnon, Catharine. 1979. Sexual harassment of working women: A case of sex discrimination. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Mahugu, Mary, Wanjiku Jennifer Khamasi, Kisilu Kitainge, G. Were, Rachel Karei, Fatuma Karei and Hosea Kiplagat. 2013. “Reversed roles? Sexual harassment of male students by female colleagues”. Journal of African Studies in Educational Management and Leadership 21:23–38
Media Council of Kenya 2014. Free Speech or Cheap Talk. Assessing the application of ethical standards and professionalism in talk radio. Media Council of Kenya. Nairobi. Kenya. Available at: [URL].
Montemurro, Beth, and Jenna Marie Siefken. 2014. “Cougars on the prowl? New perceptions of older women’s sexuality”. Journal of Aging Studies 281: 35–43
Muasya, Juliet. 2014. “Effects of sexual harassment on women student’s access to opportunities and facilities: a case study of the University of Nairobi, Kenya”. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 31: 83–90
Muir, Janette and Kathryn Mangus. 1994. “Talk about sexual harassment: women’s stories on a woman’s story”. In Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice ed. by Shereen Bingham, 91–106. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers
Onsongo, Jane. 2006. “Gender inequalities in universities in Kenya.” In Gender inequalities in Kenya eds. by Colin Creighton and Felicia Yieke, 31–48. UNESCO
Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. “Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes.” In Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis ed. by J. M. Atkinson and John Heritage, 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Psathas, George. 1995. Conversation analysis: The study of talk-in-interaction. London: Sage.
Peräkylä, Anssi. 2011. “Validity in research on naturally occurring social interaction.” In Qualitative research ed. by David Silverman (Third Edition), 365–382. London: Sage.
Pina, Afroditi, Theresa Gannon, and, Benjamin Saunders. 2009. “An overview of the literature on sexual harassment: Perpetrator, theory, and treatment issues”. Aggression and Violent Behavior 14(2): 126–138.
Quinn, Beth. 2002. “Sexual harassment and masculinity. The power and meaning of “girl watching”. Gender & Society 16(3): 386–402.
Sacks, Harvey. 1974. “An analysis of the course of a joke’s telling in conversation”. In Explorations in the ethnography of speaking ed. by Richard Bauman & Joel Sherzer, 337–353. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, Harvey. 1992. Lectures on conversation. Oxford & Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Scarduzio, Jennifer, and Patricia Geist-Martin. 2010. “Accounting for victimization: Male professors’ ideological positioning in stories of sexual harassment”. Management Communication Quarterly 24(3): 419–445.
Sifuna, Daniel N. 2006. “A review of major obstacles to women’s participation in higher education in Kenya.” Research in Post‐Compulsory Education 11(1): 85–105.
Stivers, Tanya. 2008. “Stance, alignment, and affiliation during storytelling: When nodding is a token of affiliation.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 41(1): 31–57.
Thornborrow, Joanna. 2007. “Narrative, opinion and situated argument in talk show discourse.” Journal of Pragmatics 39(8): 1436–1453.
Vohlídalová, Marta. 2011. “The perception and construction of sexual harassment by Czech university students”. Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review 61: 1119–1147.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Adikaram, Arosha S. & Subashini Weerakotuwa
2024.
Taking it Like a Man! Reactions of Male Employees to Sexual Harassment in Workplaces.
South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management
Clifton, Tim, Jonathan Clifton & Natalia Velikova
2021.
“That’s not a man’s drink”. The construction of gendered identities through stories of wine consumption in Kenya.
International Journal of Wine Business Research 33:3
► pp. 377 ff.
Jones, Karen & Jonathan Clifton
2018.
Rendering sexism invisible in workplace narratives. A narrative analysis of female entrepreneurs’ stories of not being talked to by men.
Gender, Work & Organization 25:5
► pp. 557 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 15 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.