Index

• Action research273

• Activity Theory9, 13, 31, 101, 149, 152, 272

• Applied Instructed Second Language Acquisition (ISLA)63, 75, 76, 108

• Appraisal218

• Aptitude133, 204, 378

• Argumentative essays88, 110, 168, 169

• Argumentative genre205, 209, 214

• Argumentative goals22, 202, 205, 206, 211, 375

• Argumentative moves22, 205–211, 219

• Argumentative strategies216, 217

• Argumentative tasks38, 63, 88, 110, 204

• Argumentative texts22, 63, 169, 202, 206

• Audio-logs90

• Automated writing evaluation (AWE)64.; see also Grammarly

• Awareness61, 62, 73, 76, 77, 106, 116, 123, 156, 238, 261, 369, 376, 377
  • digital awareness146
  • levels of19, 20, 24, 66–71, 73, 115, 116, 300, 340, 349, 351, 352
  • metalinguistic awareness60, 61, 292, 358
  • metamodal awareness273

• AZERTY keyboard172

• Blogs64

• Blueberry Flash Recorder148

• Burst36, 47–50, 149, 168, 170, 225, 230
  • Formulation burst48
  • P-burst38, 42, 47–49, 51, 169, 170. 256
  • R-burst42, 47, 49, 51, 170

• Camtasia148, 276, 279, 281, 284, 286

• CAQDAS150–152

• Case study designs/research62, 64, 91, 93, 144, 179, 183, 273, 373

• Causal model of writing processes34, 36, 38–45, 51, 52, 58

• Classroom observation65, 72, 285

• Clausal transitions309–310

• Clausal units299, 309, 310, 312

• Clause299–301, 305–310, 327
  • Pre-clause299, 309–310
  • Proto-clause299, 307–310

• Cognitive validity (of writing tests)22, 249, 250, 265

• Cognitive (writing) processes/processing60, 74, 87, 91, 105, 123, 131, 135, 143, 152, 156, 185, 203, 210, 224, 229, 317–319

• Cognitive (writing) strategies68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 87, 95, 151

• Collaborative dialogue23, 70, 292, 293, 295, 312, 340, 367, 369, 374
  • collaborative dialogue protocols23, 293, 295, 312

• Collaborative talk107, 295, 300

• Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)90, 130, 251, 341

• Composing
  • Dynamics/temporal development of40–42, 52
  • Space and visual elements while composing21, 145, 152

• Composing actions/moves19, 40–43, 45–48, 50, 51, 53

• Composing processes.See Writing Processes

• Composing strategies.See Writing Strategies

• Comprehended input300, 308

• Computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments315

• Computer-mediated communication (CMC) feedback316–317

• Computer-mediated communication (CMC) technology316

• Concurrent data elicitation methods & procedures19, 66, 60–71, 104, 109, 116.; see also Think-aloud protocols, Noticing tables, Written languaging tables

• Construct validity.See Validity framework

• Copy task function (of Inputlog)231, 263

• Correlational designs/studies16, 62, 94

• CyWrite163, 186, 187

• Depth of processing (DoP)14, 24, 61, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 106, 112, 115, 116, 132, 312, 338–340, 343–359,

• Descriptive studies16, 77, 194, 378

• Diaries20, 123, 125
  • Digital diaries92
  • Learning diaries91
  • Time-use diaries91

• Digital composing/writing10, 11, 16–18, 21, 27, 60, 76, 148, 161, 167, 168, 183, 187, 195, 196, 231, 235, 241, 260, 270, 272, 275, 279, 316

• Digital composing/writing processes187, 195, 196, 260

• Digital feedback19, 23, 64, 76

• Digital genres64; see also Blogs, Digital stories, Tweets

• Digital L2 literacies76

• Digital multimodal composing76, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277, 280, 282

• Digital multimodal composing processes272

• Digital screen capture67, 68, 70,

• Digital stories64

• Digital tools (to capture/record writing processes)see also Eye-tracking, Keystroke logging, Inputlog, Screen capture

• Digital tools (for writing)141, 161, 270, 272, 286

• Draft revisions257

• Dual writing process model43

• Ecological validity19, 97, 147, 149, 194, 195, 233, 315, 331, 371, 378

• Elaboration12, 14, 61, 73, 86, 115, 132, 202, 211, 218, 243

• ELAN151–153

• Electronic writingSee digital writing

• Emergent bilinguals (EBs)23, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 286, 287

• End revisions170, 257

• Engagement with feedback16, 19, 23, 62, 64, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 292, 294, 295, 340, 346, 347, 350–353, 357, 378

• Error correction.see also Written corrective feedback 111, 132, 183, 294, 311, 346, 348, 352

• Ethnographic research and methods13, 144, 272, 273, 278, 273, 295

• Event detection algorithm186, 193, 195

• European Writing Survey (EUWRIT project)85

• Experimental designs/research61, 62, 109, 112, 162, 177, 183, 187, 195, 196, 330

• Explicit planning episodes/processes257, 258

• Exploratory designs/research63, 94, 183, 187, 311, 317

• Ex post facto designs196

• External validity371–373.; see also Validity framework

• Eye & Pen184, 186, 194

• EyeLink185

• Eye–mind hypothesis184

• Eye-tracking65, 68, 70, 71, 115, 116, 183–196, 219, 234, 247, 250, 252, 366, 368–370, 374.; see also EyeWrite, Event detection algorithm, Gaze, Fixations, Saccades, Smooth pursuit

• Eye tracking glasses192

• EyeWrite163, 184, 186, 187

• FAU-word162

• Features noticed68, 73, 303

• Feedback, , , , , , , See Engagement with feedbackFeedback and language learningFeedback literacyFeedback processingFeedback processing frameworkFeedback processing studiesMultimodal feedbackWritten corrective feedback;Written corrective feedback timing;Written corrective feedback types

• Feedback and language learning60, 62–64, 69, 71, 74, 77, 116, 292–295, 304–313, 316, 320, 330–332, 338

• Feedback literacy74, 76, 77

• Feedback processing10, 14, 16, 60, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 112, 131–133, 137, 293. 294, 297, 306, 310, 313, 337–340, 353, 355, 358, 359, 365.; see also Depth of processing, Engagement with feedback.

• Feedback Processing Framework339

• Feedback processing model339

• Feedback processing studies19, 60–65, 67, 68
  • Interventionists19, 60–65
  • Non-interventionists19, 60–64

• Feedback scope63, 319, 320

• Feedback types63, 111, 133, 319, 320.; see also Models, Reformulations

• Fixations67, 185, 187, 193–195

• Fluency36–38, 46, 48, 53, 106, 109, 170, 171, 189, 190, 230, 238, 241, 257, 259, 299

• Formulation (as writing process)11, 22, 36, 46, 47, 30–53, 205, 259, 260, 261, 264, 296.; see also Transcription

• Gaze183–187, 189–197

• GenoGraphiX-Log163

• Genre22, 54, 63, 202–205, 209, 214, 218, 368, 374, 376.; see also Argumentative

• Global planning233, 240

• Goals20, 22, 36, 39, 40, 44–46, 51, 75–77, 125, 132, 152, 202–206, 209–219, 249, 282, 375.; see also Argumentative goals

• Grammarly64

• IKI (Interkeystroke interval)230, 236

• Individual differences11, 76, 90, 115, 133, 146, 168, 169, 260, 338, 378.; see also Learner factors/variables

• Input variables/factors39, 233

• Inputlog37, 163, 165, 166, 169–175, 177, 184, 194, 225, 226, 229–243, 249, 251. 253, 254, 257

• Inputlog analyses
  • General analysis165, 225
  • Summary analysis225
  • Pause analysis166, 225, 236
  • Revision analysis225–226
  • Source analysis233

• Instructed Second Language Acquisition (ISLA)-applied63, 75

• Interkeystroke interval (IKI)230

• Internal validity116, 331.; see also Validity framework

• Interviews89, 91, 94, 96–99, 367
  • Open-ended interviews151
  • Retrospective interviews89, 146, 162, 179, 234
  • Retrospective design interviews269, 272, 275, 277, 280–282, 286
  • Screenside-shadowing interviews273
  • Semi-structured interviews89, 142, 251
  • Stimulated recall interviews142, 251, 253
  • Structured interviews89
  • Unstructured interviews89

• Inventory of Processes of College Composition (IPIC) Questionnaire86

• Journals20, 90, 91, 94, 125, 129, 132, 286

• Keyboard gazers189, 194

• Keystroke logging37, 50, 51, 67, 68, 70, 161–163, 165, 167–179, 183, 184, 189, 194, 224, 225, 233, 238, 242, 247, 248, 249, 250, 256–259, 265, 366, 369, 372, 373–375, 378

• L1 use
  • in L2 writing36, 38, 48, 92, 156, 298–301, 309, 312, 353, 355,
  • in verbalizations/reporting106, 112, 127, 130–132, 135, 138, 342, 346, 349, 350, 365, 367

• Language-related episodes73, 74, 345,

• Language-related problem spaces74

• Language testing (and writing processes)247–250, 255, 264,

• Languaging65–70, 72, 123, 125, 136, 337–346, 345, 351, 352, 355, 358, 365, 377

• Learner factors/variables38, 39, 133, 312, 331.; see also Aptitude, Cognitive styles, Motivation, Learner strategies, Working memory

• Learner strategies.See Strategies

• Learning diaries.See Diaries

• Lexical searches205, 212, 213, 217, 296, 298, 307

• Likert scale85, 88

• Linguaskill writing test250, 251,

• Literacy., , , , , , , , Computer LiteracyFeedback literacyLiteracy approachesLiteracy developmentLiteracy eventsLiteracy practicesMultimodal literacyOnline literaciesTranslingual literacy

• Literacy approaches25

• Literacy development9, 13

• Literacy events146, 147,

• Literacy practices7, 13

• Logs
  • Audio-logs90
  • Process logs84, 90, 91–94, 97, 99, 146, 367, 372, 373
  • Scripted logs144
  • Writing logs142, 172

• Metacognitive processes36, 40, 67, 69, 72, 143.; see also Writing processes

• Metacognitive think-aloud protocols24, 69, 104, 110, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342. 344–346, 350–352, 355–358.; see also Think aloud protocols

• Metalinguistic awareness.See Awareness

• Metalinguistic analysis/reasoning/reflection69, 74, 131, 294, 300, 301

• Metalinguistic explanation/information (or errors)72, 115, 132, 311, 342, 348, 349, 351–353, 355

• Metalinguistic feedback63

• Metalinguistic knowledge65, 351

• Mixed methods designs/approaches61, 64, 94, 152, 191, 249, 250

• Mobile head-mounted systems192

• Mobile technologies20, 91, 92, 99

• Modal/multimodal affordances23, 269, 270, 272–275, 282, 287

• Modalities (as resources for meaning making)271–273, 276, 280–283, 286, 287

• Models/Model texts22, 23, 63, 70, 124, 131, 227, 228, 292–295, 300—312, 374

• Monitoring processes12, 37, 49, 90, 262, 318, 319

• Morae148, 151

• Morphological search74, 296, 298

• Motivation (as a learner factor/variable)38, 62, 86, 94, 115, 131, 162, 204, 312, 378

• Multilingual resources/strategies (while composing)156, 262, 269, 272

• Multimodal codemeshing273

• Multimodal composing.See Digital multimodal composition

• Multimodal compositions23, 64, 76, 269–277, 280, 283, 286

• Multimodal concordance charts271

• Multimodal feedback19, 76, 143

• Multimodal literacy processes146

• Multimodal lived experiences273

• Multimodal longitudinal journaling91

• Multimodal strategies93

• Multimodal timescapes23, 269, 272, 276, 277, 282–286

• Multimodal workshops275, 276, 286, 287

• Non-concurrent data elicitation procedures19, 66, 71–73.; see also Stimulated recalls

• Non-metacognitive think-aloud protocols67, 69, 72, 110

• Note-taking (as data collection instrument)65, 67, 68, 70, 257, 258, 293

• Noticing60–62, 66, 70, 73, 77, 92, 113, 116, 123, 153, 228, 238, 292–296, 300, 302–304, 306, 309, 310, 312, 318, 351, 352.; see also Noticing strategies, Noticing tables

• Noticing strategies300–301, 307, 312

• Noticing tables67–68

• NVivo151–152

• Online behaviours (as processes)7, 11, 17, 25,

• Online editing platforms316

• Online literacies16

• Online planning204, 210, 211, 212, 214, 217

• Online resources (use of while writing)12, 21, 145–146

• Online revisions170

• Open Broadcaster Software148

• Oral verbalizations., See Stimulated recallsThink-aloud protocols

• P-burst.See Burst

• Pauses.see also Burst, Inputlog Analsyses
  • Pause criteria163, 174, 175, 176
  • Pause distribution144, 168
  • Pause duration/length22, 50, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 196, 225, 228, 229, 231, 140–242, 248, 255, 256, 265
  • Pause frequency225, 228, 231, 236, 238, 256
  • Pause location22, 167, 174, 175, 176, 196, 228, 229, 231–234, 236, 238, 240, 242
  • Pause threshold22, 225, 229, 240, 242, 255, 256
  • Pause time163–165, 167, 168, 177, 197, 236, 241
  • Pause type251

• Pause Logging File (of Inputlog)231, 232, 236, 240, 241

• Pausing/pausological behavior168, 169, 224–230, 235, 236, 238–243, 256, 372

• Parameters (of the construct of writing processes)19, 34, 39, 45, 53, 55

• Planning (as writing process)36, 37, 115, 169, 318, 319.; see also Explicit planning episodes/processes, Global planning, Online planning, Planning episodes, Planning strategies, Pre-writing planning, Rhetorical planning, Synthetic content planning

• Planning episodes., , See Explicit planning episodesOnline planningPre-writing planning

• Planning strategies87

• Pre-writing planning204, 209

• Problem solving12–14, 40, 74, 77, 104, 205, 292–294, 296–298, 301, 307, 312

• Process learner corpus153

• Process logs.See logs

• Quasi-experimental designs/research61, 318, 330

• Questionnaires84–89.; see also IPIC Questionnaire, Writing Process Questionnaire

• QWERTY keyboard172, 263

• Reaction times116, 184

• Reactivity15, 19, 20, 68–72, 107–115, 124, 130–137, 176, 179, 365, 370, 371, 377,

• R-burst.See Burst

• Reformulations (as feedback).63, 111, 112, 295, 311

• Refutation strategies215

• Reliability19, 25, 58, 69, 70, 72, 77, 92, 96, 98, 150, 195, 257, 282, 312, 367, 375

• Research designs., , , , , See Case study designs/researchCorrelational designs/researchExperimental designs/researchExploratory designs/researchMixed methods designs/researchQuasi-experimental designs/research

• Retrospective design interviews.See Interviews

• Retrospective verbal reports.See Stimulated recalls.

• Revision36, 37, 47, 62, 169–176, 178, 179, 189, 210, 257, 259–260, 263, 317–319, 368, 372, 378.; see also Draft revisions, End revisions, Inputlog analyses, Online revisions, R-burst, Revision-based Linear Analysis, Writing styles

• Revision-based Linear Analysis233

• Revision strategies87

• Rhetorical knowledge88

• Rhetorical planning43

• Rhetorical transfer88, 94

• Saccades185, 186, 193

• Screen capture technologies/software67, 68, 70, 115–117, 141. 142, 144, 146–151, 154, 269, 279, 281, 284, 366, 369, 372, 373, 375, 377

• Screen recordings89, 93, 94, 152, 153, 235, 277

• Screencast-O-Matic148

• Screenside-shadowing interviews.See interviews

• ScribJab272

• ScriptLog162–165, 173, 177, 184, 186, 187, 194

• Segmentation (of process data)150, 151, 210.; see also Unit of analysis

• Self-report instruments/techniques/measures19, 20, 72, 84, 93–95, 98, 176, 179, 194, 196.; see also Interviews, Process logs, Questionnaires, Stimulated recalls, Think-aloud protocols

• SensoMotoric Instruments185,

• Smooth pursuit (eye movement)193

• Snagit148

• S-Notation226, 239

• Spatial repertoire277–279

• Spelling searches296, 298

• Stimulated recalls37, 50, 67–68, 71, 104–113, 142, 146, 151, 162, 169, 170, 173, 191, 194, 234, 235, 238, 239, 242. 243, 247–250, 252–262, 265, 365–367, 369–372, 374, 376

• Strategies9, 12, 14, 23, 36, 40, 62, 66, 68, 69, 86, 87, 90, 95, 105, 214, 215, 217, 219, 264, 296, 300, 307.; see also Lexical searches, Morphological searches, Multilingual codemeshing, Noticing strategies, Planning strategies, Refutation strategies, Revision strategies, Spelling searches, Strategy clusters, Syntactic searches, Synthesizing strategies, Weighing strategies, Writing strategies, Writing Strategy Questionnaire

• Strategy clusters74

• Syntactic searches210, 296, 298

• Synthesizing strategies214–216

• Synthetic content planning43

• Task representation22, 44, 149, 203, 206, 209, 210, 258, 321

• Task variables (and writing processes)9–11, 34–39, 54, 58, 60, 63, 68, 69, 77, 108, 115, 131, 147, 168, 169, 176, 249, 250, 255, 256, 263, 371–379

• Test takers’ writing processes248

• Test task248, 251, 252, 262, 263

• Test validation248–250, 265

• Text production processes (vs. writing processes)7, 9, 13, 15, 16

• Theoretical frameworks (informing research on writing processes)8–10, 143, 149–150, 161, 188, 375, 376

• Think-aloud protocols104–106, 108, 109, 114–116.; see also Metacognitive think-aloud protocols, Non-metacognitive think-aloud protocols, Reactivity, Validity, Veridicality.

• Threats to validity19, 20, 95, 115, 116

• Time use diaries.see also Diaries

• Tobii185, 251

• TraceIt162

• Transana151

• Transcription/translating (as writing process)188.; see also Formulation

• Translanguaging9, 13, 143, 156.

• Translog163

• Triangulation20, 64, 75, 77, 90, 93, 98, 116, 142, 151–153, 234, 243, 265, 286, 292, 295, 312, 372, 379

• TRAKTEXT116, 184

• Tweets64

• Unit of analysis150, 344.; see also Segmentation

• Uptake137, 238, 292, 294, 304, 310, 318, 326, 328

• Valid written explanations123

• Validity., , , , , See Cognitive validityEcological validityExternal validityInternal validityThreats to validityValidity framework

• Validity framework19, 34, 35
  • Construct validity19, 34, 35, 38, 46, 55
  • External validity34, 35.; see also External validity
  • Internal validity34, 35, 58.; see also Internal validity
  • Statistical validity35, 58

• Veridicality19, 20, 70, 72, 107, 108, 112, 123, 124, 130–135, 137, 365

• Verbal reportsSee ;Stimulated recallsThink aloud reports

• Verbalizations (as data collection procedures)., , , , , , , , , See DiariesLanguagingNoticing TablesProcess logsStimulated recallsThink-aloud protocolsValid written explanationsWritten reflectionsWritten languagingWritten languaging tables

• Weighing strategies215

• Working memory (and writing processes data collection procedures)115, 124, 134, 135, 188, 190, 196, 318, 378

• Writing conferences65, 107, 133

• Writing models8–10, 13, 16, 22, 23, 40, 51, 84, 105, 161, 188, 203, 224, 249, 251, 262, 263, 376.; see also Dual writing process model, Feedback processing framework, Feedback processing model

• Writing processes (vs. text production processes)7, 8

• Writing process activities.See Causal model of writing processes

• Writing process construct19, 25, 45, 46, 53

• Writing process research variables.see also Causal model of writing processes

• Writing Process Questionnaire85

• Writing process time.see also Causal model of writing processes

• Writing process during L2 writing tests.See Test takers’ writing processes

• Writing strategies9, 12, 14, 23, 36, 62, 66, 68, 74, 77, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 123, 143, 151, 156, 162, 171, 214–219, 263, 264, 285, 286, 293, 296, 300, 307, 312

• Writing Strategy Questionnaire86, 87

• Writing styles (taxonomy of)86

• Written corrective feedback., See feedback scopeFeedback types

• Written corrective feedback timing24, 62, 317–318.; see also Computer-mediated communication feedback

• Written reflections (as feedback processing data elicitation instrument)123, 126, 136

• Written languaging65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 123, 125, 127, 132, 136, 337, 340

• Written languaging tables (as feedback processing data elicitation instrument)338, 340, 342, 351–352, 355, 358

• Written verbalizations.123, 124, 125, 127–133, 134–136.; see also Diaries, Languaging, Noticing tables, Process logs, Valid written explanations;Written reflections, Written languaging, Written languaging tables

• Written verbalizations language130, 131

• Written verbalizations prompts128–130, 136, 137

• Written verbalizations training134, 136

• Writing Process Questionnaire85