In this pilot study we set out to compare formulaic sequences of the type of 3-grams in ENL (spoken British English), EFL (English spoken by advanced German learners of English) and ESL (spoken Indian English). The study shows that, for the overall number of types and tokens, there are no significant differences between ENL and ESL, but there are significantly fewer 3-grams in EFL vs. ENL. A comparison of the common core (i.e. the 3-grams all three variants have in common) reveals that these common-core 3-grams are significantly more frequently used in ESL and EFL-variants compared to ENL. A functional analysis shows differences in the distribution of the 3-grams across the variants. A study of the variant-specific 3-grams reveals less variability in EFL vs. ENL but a higher number and variability of both types and tokens in ESL.
2024. Exploring part of speech (pos) tag sequences in a large-scale learner corpus of L2 English: a developmental perspective. Corpora 19:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Barrot, Jessie & Mari Karen Gabinete
2021. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in the argumentative writing of ESL and EFL learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 59:2 ► pp. 209 ff.
2023. Second and foreign language learners: The effect of language exposure on the use of English phrasal verbs. International Journal of Bilingualism► pp. 136700692311691 ff.
Gries, Stefan Th. & Sandra C. Deshors
2015. EFL and/vs. ESL?. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 1:1 ► pp. 130 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.