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Part of
Language Acquisition in CLIL and Non-CLIL Settings: Learner corpus and experimental evidence on passive constructions
Verena Möller
[Studies in Corpus Linguistics 80] 2017
► pp. 409–417

Index

A

  • abstract 73–74, 202 ; see also academic writing, scientific writing
  • AbstrRA 74
  • academic prose see academic writing
  • academic writing 49–50, 66–67, 73–75, 83, 85, 89, 215, 293 ; see also abstract, research article, scientific writing
  • accent see apostrophe
  • activating exam anxiety 98, 151, 240, 263–264, 317, 322–325, 327 ; see also FLM 7-13, motivation
  • active-passive correspondence 45, 52–54
  • additional language 9–12
  • additive bilingualism 10–11
  • adjectival 6, 46, 62–65, 72, 74, 77–78, 85, 88, 116, 139–140, 179, 182, 189–190, 363
    • pseudo-passive see pseudo-passive
  • adverse 69, 221, 290, 352, 358 ; see also unfavourable
  • age 79–80, 130, 150, 153, 202, 233, 259, 274–276, 314, 325–326, 363
  • agent 45, 47–48, 52, 57–65, 69, 71, 73, 77, 80, 89, 132, 134, 145, 168–172, 181, 196–197, 208, 218, 224, 285–286, 301, 303, 348–351, 354–355, 357, 364 see also agentful, agentless, by-phrase
    • animate see animate agent
    • by- see by-agent
    • inanimate see inanimate agent
    • Janus- see Janus-agent
  • agentful 57–59, 61–62, 64, 73, 77, 88, 180, 182, 196, 208, 218, 285, 340, 348, 350 ; see also agent
  • agentless 47, 57–60, 62–64, 69, 71, 73, 80, 88, 168, 180, 182, 196, 208, 218, 224, 285, 300, 348, 350, 364 ; see also agent
  • American English 53, 76–79, 81, 188, 194, 337, 363
  • animate agent 58, 61, 63, 71, 168 ; see also agent, passive gradient model
  • ANOVA 152, 154, 156, 179, 235–238 ; see also comparison of means
  • anxiety see activating exam anxiety, fear of success, inhibiting exam anxiety
  • apostrophe 106, 108, 110, 131
  • aptitude 1, 20, 91, 229, 259–260, 268, 366 ; see also intelligence
  • argumentative 70, 83, 91–92, 101, 121, 126, 128–130, 159, 182, 200–213, 219, 223–224, 245, 249, 258, 272, 274–275, 277, 284–285, 362–363
    • dialogue 39–41, 72
    • essay 91, 101, 130, 200, 202–204, 245, 249, 272, 274, 277, 362–363
  • art 17, 70–71
  • Artigal 11
  • Arviso 11
  • aspect 29, 35, 41, 45–50, 74, 87–88, 133–134, 145, 149, 159, 163, 173, 180, 182, 185, 195, 197, 206–207, 216–217, 222–223, 276–277, 291, 299–300, 333–337, 340, 351–352, 357–358, 364
    • perfective see perfective aspect
    • perfective progressive see perfective progressive aspect
    • progressive see progressive aspect
  • attitudinal 62–63, 171–172, 196–197, 202, 208–209, 218, 224, 364 ; see also attitudinal/emotive, class δ, passive gradient model
  • attitudinal/emotive 197, 209, 219, 286–288, 301 ; see also attitudinal, class δ, emotive, passive gradient model
  • attribute
    • positional 117–120, 131
    • structural 119–120
    • /value pair 109, 111, 120
  • Austria 22, 34, 37
  • auxiliary see modal auxiliary, passive auxiliary

B

  • Baden-Württemberg 2, 5, 9–10, 17–21, 42, 92, 99, 101, 123, 125–126, 135, 183, 213, 227–228, 232–233, 238, 249, 299
  • Banks 75
  • Baron 110
  • Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills see BICS
  • Basque 12, 16
  • be allowed 190, 210, 280, 289–290
  • be going to 161, 185 ; see also going to-future, semi-auxiliary
  • be to 161, 216 ; see also modal idiom
  • Beedham 50, 56
  • beneficial 69, 221, 352, 358
  • Bernstein 80
  • Biber 47, 49–51, 57, 59–61, 66, 70, 72–73, 89, 164, 170, 186, 195, 202–203, 206, 208, 215–216, 222–224, 273, 275, 282, 332, 335, 349–350
  • BICS 6, 34–35
  • bilingual education 9–10, 15–16, 18 ; see also content-based instruction, immersion
  • bilingualism 10–11, 15
    • additive, see additive bilingualism
    • subtractive, see subtractive bilingualism
  • biology 3, 10, 18–19, 25, 70, 74, 122, 127, 147, 159, 213–223, 277
  • Björklund 11
  • BNC Baby 67, 83
  • Bonferroni correction 155 ; see also Mann-Whitney test
  • Bos 27, 31, 35–36, 229
  • Bredenbröker 29, 31–32, 36, 42, 241, 330
  • British English 55, 72, 76–79, 81, 188, 363
  • BROWN 76–77
  • Bruton 4, 10, 92, 241, 266, 299, 301, 359
  • Burmeister 36–37
  • by-agent 58–59, 62, 132, 134, 145, 168, 170–172, 181, 196, 208, 218, 285, 303, 348–350, 355, 357 ; see also agent, by-phrase
  • by-phrase 48, 58–59, 62, 168, 340 ; see also by-agent, Janus-agent

C

  • Calderón 11
  • CALP 6, 34–35, 362
  • can 47, 161, 190, 195, 206, 215–216, 273–274, 330–333 ; see also central modal
  • Canada 10–11, 16
  • Carter 69–70, 78
  • Catalan 11, 16
  • categorical variable 147–150, 155–156, 266
  • catenative verb 46–48, 88, 159–162, 174, 177, 180, 195, 205, 215, 272–273, 300, 332, 347, 364
  • central modal 47, 160–162, 206 see also modal auxiliary
    • central passive 50, 61–62, 83, 85, 139, 170–174, 180, 183, 190, 197, 209, 218–219, 223–225, 286–288, 299, 301, 363–364 ; see also interlocking circles model, passive gradient model
    • chi-square test 156, 159, 305, 330, 333, 337, 341, 343, 346
    • CIA 4, 91–92, 99, 136, 362
    • class α 61–62, 64, 71 ; see also animate agent, passive gradient model
    • class β 61–62, 64, 71
      • see also inanimate agent, passive gradient model
    • class β/γ 62, 64 ; see also Janus-agent, passive gradient model
    • class γ 62, 64, 71 ; see also agentless, passive gradient model
    • class δ 62, 71, 171–172, 196, 202, 209, 218, 286 ; see also attitudinal, attitudinal/emotive, emotive, passive gradient model
    • class ε 62–63, 65, 71, 173, 197, 202, 209 ; see also statal, passive gradient model
    • class ζ 62–63, 173, 197 ; see also compound passive, passive gradient model
    • CLAWS 104–108, 110, 114–120, 129, 131, 136, 139–141, 366
    • CLEC 85–86
    • CLIL curriculum 10, 20, 42, 94, 147, 213, 228, 232, 238, 249–250, 280, 299, 362
    • CLIL for all 14, 42
    • CLIL module 3, 14–15, 21
    • CLIL strand 3, 14–16, 18–19, 25, 30, 42–43, 95, 147, 227–228, 232, 238, 361–362
    • CLIL subcorpus 159, 171, 213–214, 216, 218–219, 249 ; see also TeaMC
  • Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency see CALP
  • Commission of the European Communities 14 ; see also European Commission
  • comparison of means 4, 154 ; see also ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test
  • competence 3, 5, 17, 21, 27–32, 42–43, 147, 151, 229–230, 236, 241, 253–254, 256, 277, 300, 308–309, 322–328, 353, 356–360, 364, 366–367 see also language awareness
    • grammatical see grammatical competence
    • L2 see L2 competence
    • lexical see lexical competence
    • self-rated see self-rated competence
  • complementation 50, 134, 159, 163–164, 168, 180, 186, 196, 207, 217–218, 278–281, 298, 300, 303, 336, 341, 346, 357, 364 see also complex-transitive, ditransitive, impersonal passive, intransitive, monotransitive, prepositional passive, prepositional verb, valency
    • one-object 163–165, 167, 196, 207, 218, 224, 278, 303, 337, 340
    • realized 164
    • two-object 165–166, 181, 196, 207, 218, 278, 303, 338, 340
  • complex-transitive 54, 56, 134, 166, 186, 196, 207, 217–218, 224, 278, 280–281, 304, 341–342, 346–347, 354, 357–358 ; see also complementation
  • compound passive 62–63, 71, 141–142, 173 ; see also class ζ, passive gradient model
  • concentration 97, 151, 235–237, 261–262, 325 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • condition 156, 183, 246–247, 251–252, 254, 258, 264 ; see also essay topic
  • confidence 13, 25–26, 92, 241, 253, 309, 327
  • content-based instruction 9–10 ; see also bilingual education, immersion
  • continuous variable 147, 150–151, 153, 155–156
  • Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis see CIA
  • conversation 47, 49, 71–73, 275–276 see also speech, spoken language
  • Corpus Query Processor see CQP
  • Corpus Workbench 119–120, 129, 131
  • correlation 4, 39, 152, 154–156, 158, 179
  • could 47–48, 161, 190, 195, 206, 216, 332 ; see also central modal
  • Council of Europe Committee of Ministers 13
  • Couper-Kuhlen 55
  • CQP 120
  • curriculum 10, 19–20, 42, 94, 147, 194, 213, 227–228, 232, 238, 249–250, 280, 299, 362
  • CWB see Corpus Workbench

D

  • Dalton-Puffer 3, 10, 14, 28, 33–35, 230, 239, 277, 335, 360
  • DaSciTex 74
  • DCPSE 76–77
  • DENOCS 22, 26, 30, 227
  • DESI 22–23, 27, 29, 32–34, 36, 38, 41, 233
  • DEZIBEL 22–27, 29–30, 34, 36, 38, 42–43, 329, 361
  • direct speech 207
  • ditransitive 51–54, 133–134, 149, 163–165, 182, 185–186, 196, 278, 337–341, 344, 357 ; see also complementation
  • Downing 68–69, 143
  • dummy 156, 266–268, 320, 324–327 see also multiple regression
    • coding 156, 320
    • variable 156, 266–268, 324–327

E

  • educational career 32, 93–94, 259
  • educational success 24–25, 239, 360
  • effect size 155, 236, 248, 254–255, 260, 308–309, 315, 317, 356, 364
  • EFL education 3, 5, 25, 31, 35, 125, 148, 153, 181–184, 229, 234, 241, 254, 258, 274, 311, 318, 325–328, 367 see also EFL lesson
    • enhanced 18, 22, 26–27, 29, 31, 35–36
    • number of years in 158, 229, 254, 311, 325–328
  • EFL experience see EFL education
  • EFL lesson 18–19, 26–27, 31, 34, 37, 94, 125, 158, 200, 222, 229, 251, 254, 271, 300, 311, 324, 326, 356 see also EFL education
    • immersive-reflective see immersive-reflective
    • preparatory see EFL education, enhanced
  • EFL syllabus 2, 101, 124, 181–182, 184, 194, 224
  • EFL Year 11/12 subcorpus 125–126, 129, 159, 197, 200–214, 217, 219, 249, 341, 343, 363 ; see also TeaMC
  • EFL Year 7–10 subcorpus 123, 125, 159, 183, 193–199, 249, 286 ; see also TeaMC
  • elimination query 143, 159, 174–175, 179
  • emotive 62–63, 171–172, 196–197, 202, 208–210, 218, 224, 364 ; see also attitudinal/emotive, class δ, passive gradient model
  • English G2000 123–125, 132, 148, 159, 182–199, 222–224, 260, 285, 287, 291, 312–313, 332, 335, 338, 341–343, 350 ; see also textbook
  • English G21 123, 132, 148, 184, 312–313 ; see also textbook
  • English-speaking country 24, 94, 150–151, 234–235, 257–258, 300, 315, 325
  • enrichment 14
  • error 17, 34–35, 37–38, 86–87, 89, 106, 110–112, 114, 116, 129, 134, 145, 149, 168, 177–180, 294–298, 301, 332–333, 335, 339–340, 345, 353, 357, 363
    • lexical 106, 112, 145, 178, 297
    • morphological 106, 110–111, 134, 145, 177–178, 295–296, 301, 333
    • orthographic see error, spelling
    • overpassivization 86–89, 116, 142, 145, 168, 174, 178, 298
    • spelling 106, 110, 129, 134, 145, 149, 177–178, 294, 296, 333, 353
  • essay topic 101–102, 258, 289, 292, 299 ; see also condition
  • ethnicity 80, 82, 89
  • European Commission 3, 13–14, 17, 19, 26 ; see also Commission of the European Communities
  • Eurydice 14, 16–17
  • Evert 117, 119–120, 129, 131
  • exam anxiety 98, 151, 240, 263–264, 317, 322–328, 356
    • activating see activating exam anxiety
    • inhibiting see inhibiting exam anxiety
  • exercise 6, 123–125, 182, 184, 186–189, 199, 222–223, 311–313, 341
  • experimental task 92–93, 132–135, 137, 146–147, 149, 151–153, 155, 157, 159, 179–180, 241, 260, 277, 281, 284, 286, 290–291, 303–358, 362–365
  • exposure 2–3, 12–14, 16–17, 19, 30–31, 86, 94–95, 136, 230, 241, 251, 255–256, 258, 300, 309–310, 356, 360, 364

F

  • fact file 126, 200, 202, 204–205, 223 ; see also informative
  • favourite subject 26
  • Feagin 81
  • fear of success 98, 151, 157, 238–239, 263, 317 ; see also FLM 7-13, motivation
  • Fehling 3, 25, 32–33, 236, 356
  • films
    • watching English 95, 151, 230–231, 256, 310
  • Finland 11, 86
  • Fisher 82
  • FLM 7–13 98, 235, 238–239, 263, 316 ; see also exam anxiety, motivation
  • F-LOB 76–77
  • fluency 37–39, 41
  • forced entry 267, 321 ; see also multiple regression
  • foreign language 3–4, 10, 12–21, 23, 26, 42–43, 86, 93–94, 101, 121, 151, 228–229, 232, 234, 239, 258, 307, 359–360, 364
    • English as a see EFL education, EFL lesson, EFL syllabus
  • FROWN 73, 76–77
  • future perfect 133–134 ; see also perfective aspect

G

  • García 11
  • Garside 104–105
  • gender 27, 32, 80, 82, 147–148, 233, 259, 270, 314, 322
  • Genesee 11
  • genre 5–7, 36, 46–47, 66, 70–72, 77, 89, 107, 128, 182–183, 195, 197, 200–210, 212, 219, 223–224, 249, 275, 293, 362 ; see also register
  • geography 3, 5, 10, 13–14, 18–19, 25–26, 70, 122, 127, 147, 159, 213–223
  • Germany 3, 9–11, 15–18, 22–24, 42, 126, 228, 238
  • get-passive 61, 67–70, 77–79, 81–82, 89, 107, 143, 194, 203, 205, 221, 254, 290–291, 336, 351–352, 358
    • central 68
    • peripheral 68
  • going to-future 185 ; see also be going to
  • grade 11, 79, 81
  • grammar section 182, 184–186, 222–223, 335, 337–338, 340, 343
  • grammatical competence 28–30, 241, 307, 356, 362, 365 ; see also competence
  • Granger 1–6, 50, 52–53, 55–60, 63–67, 72, 78, 83–85, 87–89, 91, 100–101, 106–107, 136, 174, 196–197, 202, 221, 224, 285, 293, 362
  • Green Line 123, 132, 148, 184, 312–313 ; see also textbook
  • Green Line NEW 123–125, 132, 148, 159, 182–199, 222–224, 260, 285, 287, 291, 312–313, 332, 335, 338–340, 342–343, 350 ; see also textbook
  • Grum 38–41, 43, 176, 272, 293–294, 366
  • Gymnasium 5, 16, 18, 20–22, 25–27, 29–31, 36, 38–42, 227–230, 232–233, 238–239, 299

H

  • Hardie 119–120, 175–176
  • Hauptschule 18, 21, 227
  • have to 161, 206, 216, 273, 275–276, 300 ; see also semi-auxiliary
  • header information 100, 104, 109, 119, 122, 128–130, 133, 135–136
  • hierarchical entry 267, 321 ; see also multiple regression
  • Hinkel 85
  • history 13–14, 18–20, 70, 122, 127, 147, 159, 213–223
  • hobby 25, 239
  • Hochberg’s GT2 154, 156 ; see also ANOVA
  • Holm 11
  • Holtz 74, 202
  • homophone 108, 111, 114, 131
  • Hong Kong 12
  • Horn 95–97, 158, 235–236, 260, 268–269, 315
  • Huddleston 52, 54
  • Hunt 79
  • Hüttner 37–38, 294

I

  • ICE 88
  • ICLE 1, 83–85, 87–88
  • ICNALE 83–84, 87–88
  • if-clause 275
  • imaginative 70–72, 77–78, 89, 129, 159, 182, 196–197, 200–205, 207–213, 218–219, 223–224, 285, 343
  • immersion 3, 9–16, 22 see also bilingual education, content-based instruction
    • two-way see two-way immersion
  • immersive-reflective 94, 150, 158, 229, 254, 300, 311
  • impersonal passive 56, 134, 164, 167, 186, 196, 224, 282–284, 293, 300, 344–346, 353, 357, 364 ; see also complementation
  • inanimate agent 58–59, 61, 63, 71, 168 ; see also agent, passive gradient model
  • independent measures 156, 183
  • indigenous language 11
  • individual differences 1–2, 5, 7, 27, 43, 79–81, 89, 93, 137, 146, 228, 252, 265–266, 271–272, 308, 329, 359, 361, 364, 366–368 ; see also learner variable
  • influential case 158 ; see also multiple regression
  • information structure 57, 59
  • informative 36, 70–73, 123, 126, 129, 159, 182, 200–202, 204–213, 215, 219, 223–224, 285
  • inhabitants
    • number of 99, 151, 157, 240, 264
  • inhibiting exam anxiety 98, 151, 240, 263–264 ; see also FLM 7-13, motivation
  • intelligence 1–3, 25, 30, 79, 95–97, 136, 151, 153–154, 235–238, 258, 260–262, 268–269, 271, 300, 311, 315–316, 322–328, 356, 359–360, 366 see also concentration, PSB-R 6-13, reasoning
    • non-verbal see non-verbal intelligence
    • verbal see verbal intelligence
  • interest 3, 26–27, 32, 229, 232, 258
    • language-related see language-related interest
    • subject-related see subject-related interest
  • interlanguage variety 4, 91, 136, 363, 368
  • interlocking circles model 6, 61, 63–64, 88, 170 ; see also passive gradient model, passive ratio
  • internet 24, 103, 122, 125, 127, 231 ; see also websites
  • intransitive 56, 86, 298 ; see also complementation

J

  • Janus-agent 59, 62–63, 71, 168 ; see also agent, by-phrase, passive gradient model
  • Jexenflicker 34–35, 277, 335
  • Johnson 11–12

K

  • Kameen 82–83
  • Kendall’s tau 155–156, 179 ; see also correlation
  • KESS 7 23, 27, 31, 35
  • Klieme 22, 27, 29, 32–34, 36, 38, 41–43, 233, 236, 240
  • KMK 14–18, 20, 238
  • Kruskal-Wallis test 154–156, 179 ; see also comparison of means
  • Kultusministerkonferenz see KMK
  • Küppers 23, 238

L

  • L1 1–2, 9, 11–12, 14, 17, 19, 27, 32, 36, 38, 82–89, 93–94, 97, 148, 231, 234, 236, 260, 283, 315, 342, 366–367 ; see also mother tongue, native speaker
  • L2 competence 5, 17, 27–32, 42, 357, 359, 367 ; see also competence
  • L2 database 2, 7, 92, 108, 135–137, 367
  • L2 proficiency 5, 7, 9, 11–12, 22, 25, 27–28, 31–32, 39, 43, 229–230, 238, 271, 309, 361, 366
  • Labov 80–82, 259
  • language awareness 25, 29, 32–33, 42, 356, 365 ; see also competence
  • language-related interest 27, 229, 258
  • language spoken at home 94, 148, 234, 259, 315
  • Lapkin 11–12
  • Lasagabaster 12
  • Lawton 80–81
  • learner variable 2–4, 7, 23, 43, 88, 90–93, 99–100, 108–109, 136, 146, 155–157, 179, 228, 243, 246, 252, 263–267, 269–272, 300, 304, 308, 311, 319–320, 322–323, 325, 327, 329, 356, 360, 366–367 ; see also individual differences
  • Leech 76–79, 104, 110, 113, 120–121, 128, 136, 188, 194, 203, 251, 254, 363
  • lexical chunk 6–7, 189–190, 198–199, 225, 280, 284, 289–291, 293, 301, 364 ; see also prefabricated pattern
  • lexical competence 28, 30, 40 ; see also competence
  • lexical error see error
  • lexical grammar 45
  • Lim 12
  • listening 27, 33, 37, 41–42, 122–123, 126, 359, 365
  • LLC 87
  • LOB 76–77, 88
  • LOCNESS 4, 7, 83–86, 91, 121, 130–131, 136, 139, 142, 144, 159, 171, 174, 179, 245, 249–251, 272–283, 285–290, 292–294, 299–301, 363
  • Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays see LOCNESS
  • LSWE 49, 72, 203

M

  • magazine article see news
  • main query 139–144, 174–175, 179, 189
  • Mair 79, 194
  • Malaysia 12
  • Mann-Whitney test 155–156, 179 ; see also comparison of means
  • marginal modal 160–162, 273 ; see also modal auxiliary
  • mark 24–25, 230, 239
  • Material process passive 75
  • mathematics 13, 17
  • May 11
  • may 47, 161, 195 ; see also central modal
  • McCarthy 69–70, 78
  • mean segmental type-token ratio see MSTTR
  • means
    • comparison of see comparison of means
  • Mental process passive 75
  • Meriläinen 86
  • metadata 2–3, 91–92, 100, 108–109, 117, 129, 366
  • metadiscourse 274, 277 ; see also metadiscursive
  • metadiscursive 274, 293 ; see also metadiscourse
  • middle class 80–81, 89, 202
  • might 47, 161, 216 ; see also central modal
  • Ministerium für Kultus, Jugend und Sport Baden-Württemberg see MKJS
  • Ministerium für Kultus und Sport Baden-Württemberg see MKJS
  • minority language 16, 22 ; see also regional language
  • mixed be Ved combinations 64, 65 ; see also interlocking circles model
  • MKJS 2, 10, 15, 17–18, 20–21, 94, 101, 127, 147, 160–161, 181, 184, 190, 194, 213, 222, 224, 227–228, 232, 238, 249, 255, 258, 280, 299, 324, 362
  • modal auxiliary 45–48, 74, 133, 149, 151, 160–162, 177, 179, 185, 190, 195, 205–206, 215–216, 223, 272–274, 277, 288, 300, 330–332, 354, 357, 364 ; see also central modal, marginal modal, modal idiom, semi-auxiliary
  • modal idiom 160–162, 216, 273 ; see also modal auxiliary
  • monotransitive 45, 50–51, 54, 88, 133, 163–164, 167, 182, 185–186, 222, 298, 337–338, 340, 344, 353, 357–358 ; see also complementation
  • month of data collection 99, 151, 240–241, 264, 318
  • morphological error see error
  • most frequent types 171, 174, 180, 197–199, 210–212, 214, 219–221, 245, 288–292, 301
  • mother tongue 93–94, 146, 148 ; see also L1, native speaker
  • motivation 1–2, 12, 17, 20, 26, 37, 43, 91, 98, 136, 151, 153–154, 228, 235, 238–239, 241, 246, 259, 263–264, 268, 309, 316–317, 323–324, 326, 328, 356, 359–360, 366–367
  • MSTTR 176
  • multicollinearity 158 ; see also multiple regression
  • multilingual 9, 12, 24, 32, 42, 234
  • multiple regression 4, 156–157, 179, 266–267, 300, 320, 356, 361, 365
  • must 47–48, 161, 195, 206, 216, 275–276 ; see also central modal
  • mutative 68, 212, 221, 291, 351–352, 358

N

  • narrative 36–37, 78, 125, 200–201, 203 ; see also imaginative, novel
  • native speaker 4, 13–14, 20, 88–89, 93, 120, 130, 232 see also L1, mother tongue
    • of English 7, 36, 38–39, 82–85, 94, 121, 127, 130, 181, 183, 245, 249, 259, 272–275, 278, 282–283, 285, 287, 294, 299–301, 363
    • of other languages 85, 87, 232
  • natural science 5, 14, 17–19, 42, 127, 182, 214, 222–224 ; see also biology
  • near-nativeness 20, 249–250, 280, 299, 362
  • news 47, 49–50, 66, 70–73, 89, 125, 186, 200–202, 204–205, 209, 223 ; see also informative
  • non-agentive 62–63, 71 ; see also class ε, passive gradient model, statal
  • non-central passive 170–174, 180, 183, 197, 209, 218–219, 223–225, 286–288, 301, 363–364 ; see also interlocking circles model, passive gradient model
  • non-parametric 154–156, 179, 229
  • non-verbal intelligence 30, 97, 236, 316, 359 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13, reasoning
  • Norberg 11
  • normal distribution 152–154, 270, 365
  • normalisation 3, 100, 107–108, 110–111, 113–116, 129, 131, 144, 163, 167, 177–178, 294, 366
  • novel 70–72, 77–78, 200, 203, 205 ; see also imaginative, narrative
  • number of L2s 147, 150, 153, 228, 258, 309–311, 322–325, 356, 360
    • acquired prior to English 234, 260, 315
  • numerical facility 97, 151, 237, 322–323, 359 ; see also concentration, intelligence, PSB-R 6-13

O

  • Obondo 12
  • oration 72, 200–204 ; see also argumentative
  • ordinal variable 149–150, 229
  • orientation towards performance and success 98, 151, 238–239, 263, 316–317, 325–328, 356, 359 ; see also FLM 7-13, motivation
  • orthographic error see error
  • Oshita 87, 298–299
  • overall cognitive 97, 151, 235–236, 261, 316 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • overall concentration see concentration
  • overall reasoning see reasoning
  • overall verbal see verbal intelligence
  • overpassivization see error

P

  • parametric 152–156, 179
  • parents 24, 32, 227, 359
  • passive auxiliary 46, 48, 62, 67–68, 78, 89, 105, 115–116, 149, 171, 177, 221, 305–312, 315–321, 323–324, 327, 329, 332, 336, 339, 351–352, 356, 358, 364
  • passive gradient model 6, 61, 63, 88, 170–171 ; see also interlocking circles model, passive ratio
  • passive ratio 61, 66–67, 88, 174–175, 291–293, 301 ; see also interlocking circles model, passive gradient model
  • passive scale see passive gradient model
  • past perfect 133, 185 ; see also perfective aspect
  • Paul 75
  • Pearson’s correlation coefficient 152, 155 ; see also correlation
  • perceptual speed 97, 151, 237, 322–325, 327–328, 393 ; see also concentration, intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • perfective aspect 41, 47–50, 74, 163, 173, 195, 207, 216–217, 222–223, 276–277, 300, 333–335, 357 ; see also aspect, future perfect, past perfect, present perfect
  • perfective progressive aspect 49–50, 163 ; see also aspect
  • performance 3, 5, 28, 33, 135, 246–247
  • peripheral 64, 65, 68 ; see also interlocking circles model
  • perseverance and effort 98, 151, 239, 263, 317 ; see also FLM 7-13, motivation
  • Petermann 98, 157, 238, 263, 316
  • phrasal verb 54–55, 189, 192, 198, 211–212
  • play 70–72, 78, 203, 205 ; see also imaginative, scenic
  • poetry 125, 200–204 ; see also imaginative
  • politics 18–20, 70, 122, 127, 147, 159, 171, 176, 213–220, 222–223, 277, 287
  • Potter 81
  • prefabricated pattern 88, 364 ; see also lexical chunk
  • preparatory EFL lesson see EFL education, enhanced
  • prepositional passive 54–55, 149, 165, 167, 186, 196, 208, 224, 284, 337, 343–345, 353–354, 357, 364 ; see also complementation, prepositional verb
  • prepositional verb 54–55, 66, 133, 166, 182, 208, 224, 343–344, 347, 353–354, 357–358 ; see also complementation, prepositional passive
  • pre-primary level 14, 16, 22
  • present perfect 133, 185, 277, 335 ; see also perfective aspect
  • present progressive 133–134, 185, 335 ; see also progressive aspect
  • primary level 22, 94, 158, 229, 254–255, 300, 311, 356, 367 ; see also immersive-reflective, primary school
  • primary school 16, 18, 27, 94, 150, 235, 259, 315 ; see also immersive-reflective, primary level
  • productive skill see speaking, writing
  • professional college 16, 18
  • progressive aspect 41, 47–50, 74, 163, 181–182, 184–185, 188, 195, 207, 217, 222–223, 276, 291, 300, 333–336, 351–352, 357 ; see also aspect, present progressive
  • PSB-R 6-13 95–97, 158, 235–237, 260–261, 268–269, 315–316, 324 ; see also intelligence
  • pseudo-passive 63–65 see also interlocking circles model, passive gradient model
    • adjectival 64–65
    • verbal 64–65

Q

  • quasi-agent 58–60, 62, 71, 169, 172, 196–197, 208, 218, 224, 285–286, 301, 364 ; see also non-central passive
  • query 2–3, 74, 105, 107–109, 115, 119–120, 131, 139–144, 173–175, 179, 189, 200, 245, 363
    • elimination see elimination query
    • main see main query
  • Quirk 6, 45, 47–51, 54–56, 58, 60–61, 63, 69, 77, 160, 164–167, 201, 203, 205, 215, 217, 276, 341, 345–346, 349, 354

R

  • ratio variable 150
  • Rayson 110, 117
  • reading 24, 35, 100, 124–125, 200
    • English books/magazines 95, 151, 230–231, 256, 275, 309–310, 360
    • skills 33, 35–36, 42, 126, 359, 365
  • Realschule 18, 21, 26–27, 30–31, 38–40, 227
  • reasoning 96–97, 151, 235–237, 260–262, 316, 352, 359 ; see also intelligence, non-verbal intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • receptive skill see listening, reading
  • reference language variety 4, 7, 91, 99, 115, 120–121, 129–130, 136, 245, 362–364
  • regional language 16, 22 ; see also minority language
  • register 33, 35, 38, 46, 66, 70, 72, 181–182, 186, 250, 256, 258, 274–275 see also genre
    • -dependent 362
    • -independent 210, 219
  • reliability 96–98, 176
    • self-rated see self-rated reliability
  • repeated measures 155–156, 183, 251
  • reported speech 29, 332
  • research abstract see abstract
  • research article 74, 183 ; see also abstract, academic writing, scientific writing
  • research discipline 74–75
  • Rhodes 74–75, 214
  • Rieder-Bünemann 37–38, 294
  • Rosner 75
  • Rühlemann 28, 45, 61, 68, 70, 170
  • Rumlich 3, 22, 26–27, 30–31, 227–229, 232–234, 258

S

  • scenic 36, 72, 198, 200–205 ; see also imaginative, play
  • Schmid 99, 104, 128–129, 131
  • school year
    • repeat 94, 123, 150, 158, 230, 259, 314
    • skip 94, 123, 150, 235, 259, 315
  • scientifically oriented 70, 218
  • scientific writing 5, 47, 49, 70–75, 77, 182–183, 202, 216, 223, 362 ; see also abstract, academic writing, research article
  • SCooLE 2–4, 91–92, 99–121, 129–131, 133, 135–136, 139–140, 142, 144–146, 151, 153, 155, 159, 162–163, 167, 170–172, 174–180, 200, 245–301, 304, 307–308, 315, 329, 332, 351–352, 357, 362, 364–366
  • second language 82, 84, 86, 151, 228, 234, 258
  • Second Language Acquisition see SLA
  • Secondary-Level Corpus of Learner English see SCooLE
  • selectivity 4, 7, 22–25, 27, 29–32, 36, 43, 92, 136, 146, 156, 227–230, 232, 238–241, 243, 246, 252, 254, 265–271, 300–301, 308, 319–320, 322–323, 325, 327, 329–330, 356, 358–361, 365
  • self-rated competence 147, 151, 241, 253, 300, 308–309, 322–328, 356, 360 ; see also competence
  • self-rated reliability 133–134, 151, 157, 241, 308, 356
  • semi-auxiliary 48, 160–161, 206, 216, 273, 275 ; see also modal auxiliary
  • semi-passive 63 ; see also passive gradient model
  • sequence of constituents 149, 152, 168, 305–312, 314–318, 322–323, 327, 330, 336–338, 340–341, 343, 346, 354, 356, 364
  • shall 47–48, 161 ; see also central modal
  • should 47–48, 161, 195, 206, 216, 273–274, 276 ; see also central modal
  • significance 33, 152, 155–156, 248, 253, 268, 270, 309, 315, 322, 364
  • simple past 133, 177, 185, 277, 334–335
  • simple present 133–134, 185, 334–336
  • Singapore 12
  • SLA 1–4, 7, 314, 367–368
  • Slaughter 11
  • Slavin 11
  • Smith 104–105
  • Sneller 82
  • social science 5, 13, 17, 42, 74, 127, 182, 214, 223–224 ; see also geography, history, politics
  • socio-economic background 24, 27, 80, 89, 99, 240
  • sociopragmatics 38
  • song 200–204 ; see also imaginative
  • Spain 11, 16
  • spare time 93, 151, 158, 230–232, 241, 251, 253, 255–257, 300, 309–310, 327–328, 356, 360 ; see also films, reading, speaking, websites
  • spatial perception 96, 151, 237, 359 ; see also reasoning, intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • speaking 35, 80
    • English in spare time 95, 151, 231, 256, 275, 310, 360
    • skills 33, 36–38, 42, 126, 294, 359, 367
  • Spearman’s rho 39, 155 ; see also correlation
  • speech 34, 37–39, 71–72, 81, 121, 282–283 see also conversation, spoken language
    • act verb 282–283
    • direct see direct speech
    • reported see reported speech
  • spelling error see error
  • spoken language 37–38, 41, 43, 55, 71–72, 77–81, 89, 196, 202, 205, 255, 257–258, 272, 293 ; see also conversation, speech
  • Spolsky 11
  • sports 70–71
  • Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany see KMK
  • statal 62, 64–65, 173, 197, 202, 209, 219, 224, 287–288, 301, 336 ; see also class ε, interlocking circles model, passive gradient model
  • statistical test 146–147, 152, 155–156, 228
  • Stein 47, 57, 69, 72, 77–78, 195, 203, 205
  • Stiles 11
  • subject literacy 9, 23
  • subject-related interest 27
  • subject-specific 6, 18, 219, 222
  • subtractive bilingualism 11
  • Svartvik 6, 47, 54–55, 57–59, 61–65, 68, 70–73, 88, 142, 170–173, 182–183, 195–197, 202–203, 218
  • Swain 11–12
  • Switzerland 22
  • Syllabus 2, 94, 101, 124, 127, 181–182, 184–185, 190, 194, 222, 224, 258
    • EFL see EFL syllabus
  • syntactic transfer 86
  • syntactic variation 40
  • Systemic Functional Grammar 75

T

  • tagset 105–106, 141
  • task-induced 350, 357
  • Teaching Materials Corpus see TeaMC
  • teaching-induced 277
  • TeaMC 4, 70, 91, 121–129, 136, 139, 142, 144, 159, 171, 176, 179, 181–225, 245, 249, 272, 274–276, 278, 281, 286–288, 300, 341, 343, 362–363
  • textbook 5, 120–123, 128, 181, 183, 362 see also English G2000, English G21, Green Line, Green Line NEW
    • CLIL 126–127, 182–183, 213–214, 216, 221–223, 249
    • EFL 101, 123–126, 132–133, 148, 182–200, 202, 222–223, 232–233, 248–249, 260, 273, 289–291, 299, 311–313, 320, 325–326, 337–338, 342–343, 356, 362
  • transformation
    • active/passive 45, 58, 62, 153, 319, 329, 338, 341, 346
    • of data 153
  • Trautmann 23, 238
  • TreeTagger 104–108, 110, 114–120, 129, 131, 136, 139–141, 366
  • TTR see type-token ratio
  • TV programmes see films
  • two for the price of one 14
  • two-way immersion 11
  • types
    • most frequent see most frequent types
  • type-token ratio 40, 171, 175–176, 199, 212–213, 222, 225, 245, 293–294, 364
    • mean segmental see MSTTR

U

  • unaccusative verb 86–87, 142, 298
  • underuse 5, 84–86, 89, 276–277, 293, 301
  • unfavourable 69, 205, 212, 290, 352 ; see also adverse
  • upper class 81–82, 89
  • USA 11, 81, 188, 194
  • usually passive 64–65, 174 ; see also interlocking circles model

V

  • valency 163–164 ; see also complementation
  • VARD 108, 110–114, 117, 131, 136
  • variable
    • categorical see categorical variable
    • continuous see continuous variable
    • dummy see dummy variable
    • learner see learner variable
    • ordinal see ordinal variable
    • ratio see ratio variable
  • Variant Detector see VARD
  • verb complementation see complementation
  • verbal comprehension 96, 151, 236–237, 260–261, 315, 359 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13, verbal intelligence
  • verbal intelligence 3, 25, 30, 97, 151, 235–236, 238, 258, 260–261, 268–269, 271, 300, 311, 315–316, 322–328, 359 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13
  • verbal pseudo-passive see pseudo-passive
  • verbal relations 96, 151, 236–237, 260–261, 315, 359 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13, verbal intelligence
  • visual assessment 152–153
  • vocabulary
    • list 124, 182, 189–190, 198–199, 342
    • section 125, 223, 289

V

  • Wanner 52–53, 55–56, 73–74, 182–183
  • websites see also internet
    • visiting English 95, 151, 231, 253, 256–257, 310, 360
  • Weiner 80–82, 259
  • Welsh 11
  • Werkrealschule 18, 21, 227
  • Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test 155–156, 251
  • Wiley 11
  • will 47–48, 133, 161, 185, 195, 206, 222, 273–275, 300, 330–332 ; see also central modal, will-future
  • will-future 133–134, 160, 185, 222, 332 ; see also will
  • Winkel 98, 157, 238, 263, 316
  • Wmatrix 117
  • word fluency 96, 151, 237, 260–261, 315, 359 ; see also intelligence, PSB-R 6-13, verbal intelligence
  • working class 80–82, 89
  • would 47–48, 161, 195, 216, 332 ; see also central modal
  • writing 34–35, 71, 79–80, 101, 103, 181, 225, 250, 253, 274, 350, 362, 367
    • academic see academic writing
    • scientific see scientific writing
    • skills 26, 28, 33–35, 42, 82, 101, 126, 130, 205, 307, 359, 367
    • quality 83, 89, 284

X

  • Xiao 85–86, 368

Y

  • Yassin 12

Z

  • Zandvoort 53, 68, 291, 337
  • Zydatiß 22–27, 29–30, 32, 34, 36, 42–43, 230–231, 234–235, 239, 241, 271, 329–330, 360–361, 365