Adalar, N., & Tagliamonte, S. (1998). Borrowed nouns; bilingual people: The case of the Londrali in Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 139–159.
Afarli, T. A., Grimstad, M. B., & Subbarao, K. V. (2013). Dakkhini and the problem of a matrix language frame in sustained language contact. In International Conference on Language Contact in India (pp. xliv–lvii). Pune, India: Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute.
Aitchison, J. W., & Carter, H. (2004). Spreading the Word: The Welsh Language 2001. Wales: Y Lolfa.
Alderson, J. C. (2005). Diagnosing Foreign Language Proficiency. London: Continuum.
Alexiadou, A., Lohndal, T., Afarli, T. A., & Grimstad, M. B. (2015). Language mixing: A Distributed Morphology approach. In T. Bui & D. Özyildiz (Eds.), NELS 45: Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society (Vol. 1, pp. 25–38). Cambridge, MA: MIT, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Auer, P. (1998). Introduction: Bilingual conversation revisited. In P. Auer (Ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity (pp. 1–24). London: Routledge.
Auer, P., & Muhamedova, R. (2005). ’ Embedded language’ and ‘matrix language’ in insertional language mixing: Some problematic cases. Rivista Di Linguistica, 17(1), 35–54.
Backus, A. (1996). Two in One. Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
Backus, A. (2004). Convergence as a mechanism of language change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(7), 179–181.
Backus, A. (2005). Codeswitching and language change: One thing leads to another? International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(4), 307–340.
Backus, A. (2008). Data banks and corpora. In The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell pp. 232–248.
Bailey, G. (2002). Real and apparent time. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), Handbook of Language Variation and Change (pp. 312–332). Oxford: Blackwell pp.232–248.
Bailey, G., Wikle, T., Tillery, J., & Sand, L. (1991). The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change, 3(3), 241–264.
Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (5th ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Baker, C., & Jones, M. P. (2000). Welsh language education: a strategy for revitalization. In C. Williams (Ed.), Language Revitalization: Policy and Planning in Wales (pp. 116–137). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Ball, M. (1984). Phonetics for phonology. In M. J. Ball & G. E. Jones (Eds.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings (pp.5–39). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Ball, M. J. (1988). The Use of Welsh: A Contribution to Sociolinguistics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Barnett, R., Codó, E., Eppler, E., Forcadell, M., Gardner-Chloros, P., van Hout, R., … others. (2000). The LIDES Coding Manual: A document for preparing and analyzing language interaction data. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4(2), 131–271.
Beale, A. (2016). Version 6 of the 12dicts word lists. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (1983). The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua, 59, 301–330.
Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (1995). Patterns of code-switching and patterns of language contact. Lingua, 96, 75–93.
Berk-Seligson, S. (1986). Linguistic constraints on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Spanish-Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society, 15, 313–348.
Bernsten, J. (1990). The Integration of English Loans in Shona: Social Correlates and Linguistic Consequences (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Michigan State University.
Bhatt, R. M. (2015). Bilingual situations in India: Power relations between languages analysed through code-switching. Unpublished
Borsley, R. D., Tallerman, M., & Willis, D. (2007). The Syntax of Welsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourhis, R. Y., & Giles, H. (1976). The language of co-operation in Wales. Language Sciences, 42, 13–16.
Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Language as a determinant of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(4), 447–460.
Breit, F. (2012). Constraints on auxiliary deletion in colloquial Welsh. Unpublished BA dissertation, Bangor University. <[URL]>
Broersma, M., & Bot, K. de. (2006). Triggered code-switching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 1–13.
Bullock, B., & Gerfen, C. (2004). Phonological convergence in a contracting language variety. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 95–104.
Bullock, B., & Toribio, A. J. (2004). Introduction: Convergence as an emergent property in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(7), 91–93.
Cacoullos, R. T., & Travis, C. E. (2016). Two languages, one effect: Structural priming in spontaneous code-switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 733–753.
Cantone, K. F., & MacSwan, J. (2009). The syntax of DP-internal codeswitching. In L. Isurin, D. Winford, & K. de Bot (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Codeswitching (pp. 243–278). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Carter, D., Broersma, M., Donnelly, K., & Konopka, A. (2017). Presenting the Bangor autoglosser and the Bangor automated clause splitter. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33(1), , 21–28.
Carter, D., Deuchar, M., Davies, P., & Couto, M.-C. P. (2011). A systematic comparison of factors affecting the choice of matrix language in three bilingual communities. Journal of Language Contact, 4, 1–31.
Carter, P., & Cooper, S. (2012). Variation in the acoustics of laterals in Welsh. Poster presented at the 2012 Colloquium of the British Association of Academic Phoneticians, University of Leeds, 26th-28th March 2012.
Cedergren, H., & Sankoff, D. (1974). Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language, 50, 333–355.
Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P., & Schilling-Estes, N. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Chan, B. H.-S. (2009). Code-switching between typologically distinct languages. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (pp. 182–198). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheshire, J., & Gardner-Chloros, P. (1998). Code-switching and the sociolinguistic gender pattern. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 129(1), 5–34.
Chiarcos, S., Hellmann, C., & Nordhoff, S. (2011). Towards a linguistic linked open data cloud: The Open Linguistics Working Group. TAL, 3, 245–275.
Comrie, B. (2000). From potential to realization: An episode in the origin of language. Linguistics, 38, 989–1004.
Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Cooper, S. (2011). Frequency and loudness in overlapping turn onset by Welsh speakers. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Vol. 4, pp. 516–519). Hong Kong.
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491–511.
Coupland, N. (2010). Welsh linguistic landscapes ‘from above’ and ‘from below’. In A. Jaworski & C. Thurlow (Eds.), Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space. (pp. 77–101). London: Continuum.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Davies, J. (1993). The Welsh Language. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Davies, P. (2010). Identifying Word-order Convergence in the Speech of Welsh-English Bilinguals (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Bangor University.
Davies, P. (2016). Age variation and language change in Welsh: Auxiliary deletion and possessive constructions. In M. Durham & J. Morris (Eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales. (pp.31–59). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Davies, P., & Deuchar, M. (2014). Auxiliary deletion in the informal speech of Welsh-English bilinguals: A change in progress. Lingua, 143, 224–241.
de Bot, K. (1992). Self-assessment of minority language proficiency. In L. Verhoeven & J. H. A. L. de Jong (Eds.), The Construct of Language Proficiency: Applications of Psychological Models to Language Assessment (pp. 137–146). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Deuchar, M. (2005). Congruence and code-switching in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8, 255–269.
Deuchar, M. (2006). Welsh-English code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame model. Lingua, 116(11), 1986–2011.
Deuchar, M. (2012). Code switching. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 657–664). New York, NY: Wiley Online Library.
Deuchar, M., & Davies, P. (2009). Code switching and the future of the Welsh language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 195, 15–38.
Deuchar, M., Davies, P., Herring, J.R., Couto, M. P., & Carter, D. (2014). Building bilingual corpora. In E. M. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Bilingualism (pp. 93–111). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Deuchar, M., Donnelly, K., & Piercy, C. (2016).
Mae pobl monolingual yn minority: Factors favouring the production of code-switching by Welsh-English speakers. In M. Durham & J. Morris (Eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales (pp. 209–239). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Deuchar, M., & Quay, S. (2000). Bilingual Acquisition: Theoretical Implications of a Case Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Deuchar, M., & Stammers, J. R. (2012). What IS the ‘Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis’ anyway? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 649–650.
Deuchar, M., & Stammers, J. R. (2016). English-origin verbs in Welsh: Adjudicating between two theoretical approaches. Languages, 1(1), 1–16.
Didriksen, T. (2016). Constraint Grammar Manual. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K. (2016). Eurfa: a free (GPL) dictionary for Welsh, v0.3. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K., Cooper, S., & Deuchar, M. (2011). Glossing CHAT files using the Bangor Autoglosser. In 8th International Symposium for Bilingualism. Oslo. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Donnelly, K., & Deuchar, M. (2011a). The Bangor Autoglosser: A multilingual tagger for conversational text. Wrexham, Wales: ITA11.
Donnelly, K., & Deuchar, M. (2011b). Using constraint grammar in the Bangor Autoglosser to disambiguate multilingual spoken text. In Constraint Grammar Applications: Proceedings of the NODALIDA 2011 Workshop, Riga, Latvia. Tartu. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Ellis, N. C., O’Dochartaigh, C., Hicks, W., Morgan, M., & Laporte, N. (2001). Cronfa Electroneg o Gymraeg (CEG): A 1 million word lexical database and frequency count for Welsh. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Eppler, E. D. (2010). Emigranto: The syntax of German-English code-switching. Vienna: Braumüller.
Eppler, E. D., Luescher, A., & Deuchar, M. (2017). Evaluating the predictions of three syntactic frameworks for mixed determiner-noun constructions. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. 13(1), 27–63.
Fasold, R. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Finlayson, R., Calteaux, K., & Myers-Scotton, C. (1998). Orderly mixing and accommodation in South African codeswitching. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2(3), 395–420.
Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
French, P., & Local, J. (1983). Turn-competitive incomings. Journal of Pragmatics, 7, 701–715.
Fricke, M., & Kootstra, G. J. (2016). Primed codeswitching in spontaneous bilingual dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 91, 181–201.
Fricke, M., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production–comprehension link. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 110–137.
Gal, S. (1978). Peasant men can’t get wives: Language change and sex roles in a bilingual community. Language in Society, 7(1), 1–16.
Gal, S. (1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York NY: Academic Press.
Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner-Chloros, P. (1992). The sociolinguistics of the Greek-Cypriot community in London. In M. Karyolemou (Ed.), Plurilinguismes: Sociolinguistique du Grec et de la Grèce (Vol. 4, pp. 112–136). Paris: CERPL.
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2009). Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gardner-Chloros, P., Moyer, M., & Sebba, M. (2007). Coding and analysing multilingual data: The LIDES project. In J. C. Beal, K. P. Corrigan, & H. L. Moisl (Eds.), Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Volume 1: Synchronic Databases (pp. 91–120). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Garrett, P., Coupland, N., & Williams, A. (Eds.). (2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Gathercole, V. C. M., & Thomas, E. M. (2009). Bilingual first-language development: Dominant language takeover, threatened minority language take-up. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2), 213–237.
Giles, H., Taylor, D. M., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1977). Dimensions of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 7(2), 165–174.
González-Vilbazo, K., & López, L. (2011). Some properties of light verbs in code-switching. Lingua, 121(5), 832–850.
Goodz, N. S. (1989). Parental language mixing in bilingual families. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10(1), 25–44.
Grosjean, F., (2013). Bilingualism: A short introduction. In Grosjean, F. & Li, P.The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism (pp. 5–25). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual’s language modes. In J. L. Nichol (Ed.), One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.
Gullberg, M., Indefrey, P., & Muysken, P. (2009). Research techniques for the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching (pp. 21–39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herring, J.R., Deuchar, M., Couto, M. P., & Moro Quintanilla, M. (2010). ‘I saw the madre’: Evaluating predictions about codeswitched determiner-noun sequences using Spanish-English and Welsh-English data. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13(5), 553–573.
Johnson, D. E. (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects Variable Rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 359–383.
Jones, B. L. (1981). Welsh: Linguistic conservation and shifting bilingualism. In J. D. M. E. Haugen & D. Thomson (Eds.), Minority Languages Today (pp. 40–51). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Jones, B. M. (2004). The licensing powers of mood and negation in spoken Welsh: Full and contracted forms of the present tense of bod ‘be’. Journal of Celtic Linguistics, 8, 87–107.
Jones, D. G. (1988). Literary Welsh. In M. J. Ball (Ed.), The Use of Welsh: A Contribution to Sociolinguistics (pp.125–171). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jones, K. (1995). Code-switching, intertextuality and hegemony: Exploring change in bilingual discourse. Proceedings of the Summer School, ‘Code-Switching and Language’, (pp.108–118). Ljouwert/Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.
Jones, K. (2000). Texts, mediation and social relations in a bureaucratized world. In M. Martin-Jones & K. Jones (Eds.), Multilingual Literacies: Reading and Writing Different Worlds (pp. 209–228). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jones, M. C. (1998). Language Obsolescence and Revitalization. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jones, M. C. (2005). Some structural and social correlates of single word intrasentential codeswitching in Jersey Norman French. Journal of French Language Studies, 15(1), 1–23.
Jones, M., & Thomas, A. R. (1977). The Welsh Language: Studies in its Syntax and Semantics. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Jones, R. O. (1993). The sociolinguistics of Welsh. In M. J. Ball & J. Fife (Eds.), The Celtic Languages (pp. 536–604). London: Routledge.
Joshi, A. (1985). Processing sentences with intrasentential code switching. In D. R. Dowty, L. Karttunen, & A. Zwicky (Eds.), Natural Language Parsing (pp. 190–205). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kamwangamalu, N. M. (1987). French/vernacular code mixing in Zaire: Implications for syntactic constraints on code mixing. In B. Need, E. Schiller, & A. Bosh (Eds.), Chicago Linguistics Proceedings 22 (pp. 166–180). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Linguistics Department.
Karlsson, F. (1990). Constraint grammar as a framework for parsing running text. In COLING 90 Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp. 168–173). Retrieved from <[URL]>
Karlsson, F., Voutilainen, A., Heikkilä, J., & Anttila, A. (Eds.). (1995). Constraint Grammar: A Language-independent System for Parsing Unrestricted Text. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
King, G. (2016). Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Kroll, J. F., Sumutka, B. M., & Schwartz, A. I. (2005). A cognitive view of the bilingual lexicon: Reading and speaking words in two languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(1), 27–48.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Pennsylvania, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W. (1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change, 2, 205–254.
Labov, W. (2001). Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume II: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). The trouble with World Englishes: Rethinking the concept of ‘geographical varieties’ of English. English Today, 29(3), 3–7.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, M. B., Gerhand, S., & Ellis, H. D. (2001). Re-evaluating age-of-acquisition effects: Are they simply cumulative-frequency effects? Cognition, 78(2), 189–205.
Lewis, W. G. (2008). Current challenges in bilingual education in Wales. Aila Review, 21(1), 69–86.
Li, W., & Milroy, L. (1995). Conversational code-switching in a Chinese community in Britain: A sequential analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 23(3), 281–299.
Lindsay, C. F. (1993). Welsh and English in the city of Bangor: A study in functional differentiation. Language in Society, 22(01), 1–17.
Lingen, R. R. W., Symons, J. C., & Johnson, H. R. V. (1847). Reports of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the State of Education in Wales, Appointed by the Committee of Council on Education. William Clowes. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20(3), 384–422.
Lloyd, S. W. (2008). Variables that affect English language use within Welsh conversation in North Wales (Unpublished MA Thesis). Bangor University.
MacSwan, Jeff. (2009). Generative approaches to code-switching. In B. Bullock & A. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (pp. 309–335). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk: Volume I: Transcription format and programs, Volume II: The database. Computational Linguistics, 26(4), 657–657.
McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meisel, J. M. (2004). The bilingual child. In T. K. Bhatia & W. C. Richie (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism (pp. 91–113). Oxford: Blackwell.
Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40.
Milroy, L. (1980). Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, L. (1987). Observing and Analysing Natural Language: A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method. Oxford: Blackwell.
Montes-Alcalá, C. (2000). Attitudes towards oral and written codeswitching in Spanish-English bilingual youths. In A. Roca (Ed.), Research on Spanish in the U.S. (pp. 218–227). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Montrul, S. A. (2004). Subject and object expression in Spanish heritage speakers: A case of morpho-syntactic convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(2), 125–142.
Moro Quintanilla, M. (2014) The semantic interpretation and syntactic distribution of determiner phrases in Spanish-English code-switching. In J. MacSwan (Ed.), Grammatical Theory and Bilingual Codeswitching (pp. 213–226). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Morris, J. (2013). Sociolinguistic Variation and Regional Minority Language Bilingualism: An Investigation of Welsh-English Bilinguals in North Wales (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Manchester.
Musk, N. (2010). Code-switching and code-mixing in Welsh bilinguals’ talk: Confirming or refuting the maintenance of language boundaries. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 23(3), 179–197.
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C.. (1992). Comparing code-switching and borrowing. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13(1–2), 19–39.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1997). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1998). A way to dusty death: The matrix language turnover hypothesis. In L. A. Grenoble & L. J. Whaley (Eds.), Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response (pp. 289–316). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002). Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C., & Jake, J. (2015). Cross-language asymmetries in code-switching patterns. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 416–458). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nartey, J. (1982). Code-switching, interference or faddism? Language use among educated Ghanaians. Anthropological Linguistics, 24(2), 183–192.
Nortier, J. (1990). Dutch-Moroccan Arabic Code Switching. Dordrecht: Foris.
Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. Developmental Pragmatics, 10(1), 43–72.
Pandharipande, R. (1990). Formal and functional constraints on code-mixing. In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Codeswitching as a Worldwide Phenomenon (pp. 15–31). Bern: Peter Lang.
Parafita Couto, M. C., Fusser, M., & Deuchar, M. (2015). How do Welsh-English bilinguals deal with conflict? Adjective-noun order resolution. In G. Stell & K. Yakpo (Eds.), Code-switching between Structural and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 65–84). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Parafita Couto, M. D. C., Boutonnet, B., Hoshino, N., Davies, P., Deuchar, M., & Thierry, G. (2017). Testing alternative account of code-switching using event-related potentials: a pilot study on Welsh-English. In F. Lauchlan & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments (pp. 240–254). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Parafita Couto, M. C., Davies, P., Carter, D., & Deuchar, M. (2014). Factors influencing code-switching. In E. M. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Bilingualism (pp. 111–138). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Paul, H. (1898). Principien der Sprachgeschichte (3rd ed.). Halle: Max Niemeyer.
Penhallurick, R. (2004). Welsh English: Phonology. In E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann & C. Upton (Eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Volume 1: Phonology (pp. 98–112). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Penhallurick, R. (2007). English in Wales. In D. Britain (Ed.), Language in the British Isles (pp. 152–72). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pfaff, C. W. (1979). Constraints on language mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55(2), 291–318.
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7–8), 581–618.
Poplack, S. (1987). Contrasting patterns of code-switching in two communities. In E. Wande, J. Anward, B. Nordberg, L. Steensland, & M. Thelander (Eds.), Aspects of Bilingualism: Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Symposium on Bilingualism, 1984 (pp. 51–76). Uppsala: Borgström, Motala.
Poplack, S. (1988). Contrasting patterns of codeswitching in two communities. In M. Heller (Ed.), Codeswitching. Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 215–244). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Poplack, S. (2000). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: toward a typology of code-switching. In L. Wei (Ed.) The Bilingualism Reader (pp. 221–256). London and New York: Routledge.
Poplack, S. (2012). What does the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis hypothesize? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 644–648.
Poplack, S., & Dion, N. (2012). Myths and facts about loanword development. Language Variation and Change, 24(3), 279–315.
Poplack, S., & Meechan, M. (1998). How languages fit together in code-mixing. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2(2), 127–138.
Poplack, S., & Sankoff, D. (1984). Borrowing: the synchrony of integration. Linguistics, 22(1), 99–135.
Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 26(1), 47–104.
Prys, M. (2016). Style in the Vernacular and on the Radio: Code-switching and Mutation as Stylistic and Social Markers in Welsh (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.
Redinger, D. (2010). Language Attitudes and Code-switching Behaviour in a Multilingual Educational Context: The Case of Luxembourg (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of York.
Redknap, C. (2006). Welsh-medium and bilingual education and training: Steps towards a holistic strategy. In C. Redknap, W. G. Lewis, S. R. Williams, & J. Laugharne (Eds.), Welsh-Medium and Bilingual Education (pp. 1–20). Bangor: School of Education, Bangor University.
Roberts, I. G. (2005). Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case Study in Welsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosignoli, A. (2011). Flagging in English-Italian Code-switching (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.
Sandalo, F. (1995). A Grammar of Kadiwé (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Pittsburgh.
Sankoff, D., & Labov, W. (1979). On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society, 8 (2–3), 189–222.
Sankoff, D., Poplack, S., & Vanniarajan, S. (1990). The case of the nonce loan in Tamil. Language Variation and Change, 2(1), 71–101.
Sankoff, D., Tagliamonte, S., Smith, E. (2005). GoldVarb X: a variable rule application for Macintosh and Windows. <[URL]>
Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Taylor, M., Li, Y., Hjellbrekke, J., Le Roux, B., & Miles, A. (2013). A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey experiment. Sociology, 47(2), 219–250.
Schmitt, E. (2000). Overt and covert codeswitching in immigrant children from Russia. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4, 9–28.
Schmitt, E. (2001). Beneath the Surface: Signs of Language Attrition in Immigrant Children in Russia (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of South Carolina.
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, D. J. (2006). Thresholds leading to shift: Spanish/English codeswitching and convergence in Georgia, U.S.A. International Journal of Bilingualism, 10(2), 207–240.
Stammers, J. (2010). The Integration of English-origin Verbs into Welsh: A Contribution to the Debate over Distinguishing between Code-switching and Lexical Borrowing. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
Stammers, J., & Deuchar, M. (2012). Testing the nonce borrowing hypothesis: Counter-evidence from English-origin verbs in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 630–643.
Tagliamonte, S. A. (2012). Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Thomas, A. R. (1992). The Welsh language. In M. J. Ball & J. Fife (Eds.), The Celtic Languages (pp. 251–345). London: Routledge.
Thomas, E. M., Williams, N., Jones, L. A., Davies, S., & Binks, H. (2014). Acquiring complex structures under minority language conditions: Bilingual acquisition of plural morphology in Welsh. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(3), 478–494.
Thomas, H. C. (1982). Registers in Welsh. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 35, 87–115.
Thomason, S., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Toribio, A. J. (2002). Spanish-English code-switching among US Latinos. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 158, 89–120.
Toribio, A. J. (2004). Convergence as an optimization strategy of bilingual speech: Evidence from codeswitching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 165–173.
Treffers-Daller, J. (1992). French-Dutch codeswitching in Brussels: Social factors explaining its disappearance. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13(1–2), 143–156.
Treffers-Daller, J. (1994). Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wang, S.-L. (2007). Evaluating Competing Models of Code-switching with Reference to Mandarin/Tsou and Mandarin/Southern Min Data (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Bangor University.
Wang, S.-L. (2017). The PF Disjunction Theorem to Southern Min/Mandarin code-switching. International Journal of Bilingualism 21 (5), 541–558.
Weber-Fox, C., & Neville, H. (1999). Functional neural subsystems are differentially affected by delays in second language immersion: ERP and behavioural evidence in bilinguals. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (pp. 23–38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York, NY: Linguistic Circle.
Welsh Assembly Government. (2003). Iaith Pawb: National Action Plan for a Bilingual Wales. Welsh Government. Retrieved from.
Welsh Government. (2012). A Living Language: A Language for Living. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Williams, C. (2004).
Iaith Pawb: The doctrine of plenary inclusion. Contemporary Wales, 17, 1–27.
Williams, C. (2013). Minority Language Promotion, Protection and Regulation: The Mask of Piety. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Willis, D. (2016). Cyfieithu iaith y caethweision yn Uncle Tom’s Cabin a darluniadau o siaradwyr ail iaith mewn llenyddiaeth Gymraeg, Llên Cymru 39(1), 56–72.
Willis, D. (2017). Investigating geospatial models of the diffusion of morphosyntactic innovations: The Welsh strong second-person singular pronoun chdi
. Journal of Linguistic Geography, 5(1), 41–61.
Wilson, A., & Worth, C. (2003). Building and annotating corpora of spoken Welsh and Gaelic. In Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (pp. 909–917). Cardiff: University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language Technical Papers.
Wilson, C., & Deuchar, M. (2017). Extralinguistic factors influencing the pronunciation of English by Welsh-English bilinguals. In F. Lauchlan & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments (pp. 48–69). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Wurm, S. A. (1998). Methods of language maintenance and revival, with selected cases of language endangerment in the world. In K. Matsumura (Ed.), Studies in Endangered Languages: Papers from the International Symposium on Endangered Languages (pp. 191–211). Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.