Article outline

• 3.1Introduction
• 3.2The form and meaning properties of the manipulative pivotal construction
  • 3.2.1The form properties of the manipulative pivotal construction
    • 3.2.1.1The aspectual properties of v ₁ and v ₂
    • 3.2.1.2The negation form of the manipulative pivotal construction
  • 3.2.2The meaning properties of the manipulative pivotal construction
    • 3.2.2.1Manipulation vs. causation
    • 3.2.2.2The interaction between the manipulator and manipulee
    • 3.2.2.3The temporal-spatial relationship between v ₁ and v ₂
    • 3.2.2.4 v ₁ denotes physical action or verbal action
• 3.3The form and meaning properties of the cause-complement pivotal construction
  • 3.3.1The form properties
  • 3.3.2Syntactic and semantic ambiguity
    • 3.3.2.1The compatibility of cause-complement pivotal construction with transformations of the embedded subordination construction
    • 3.3.2.2Native speaker judgments on the meaning of the cause-complement pivotal construction
• 3.4The form and meaning properties of the descriptive pivotal construction
  • 3.4.1The basics of the descriptive pivotal construction
    • 3.4.1.1The range of v ₁ and v ₂
    • 3.4.1.2Descriptive pivotal construction as a single sentence
    • 3.4.1.3The informationally strong v ₁
    • 3.4.1.4Descriptive pivotal construction and relative clause construction
  • 3.4.2Morphosyntactic and semantic constraints on the descriptive pivotal construction
    • 3.4.2.1The indefiniteness of the pivot n and the numeral phrase preceding it
    • 3.4.2.2The aspectual marking of v ₁
• 3.5Summary
• Notes