Subject Index

• Academia Sinica Corpus261, 270–272 , 276, 279

• accusative199, 216, 233, 239–240

• acquisitionSee language acquisition

• actante 199–200 , 202, 204, 206, 213

• ActivitySee System

• acto comunicativo129, 164, 171, 178

• acusativo véase también dativo; le/lo(la) 187, 199, 203, 208, 211, 213–214 , 258

• adverbio170, 174, 186–187 , 199

• agente132, 140, 153, 202, 203, 206, 209–210

• agreement9, 80

• aktionsart107

• alternancia 201–202 , 205–207 , 210, 218, 220–221 , 226

• alternation types 282–283 , 288, 296

• análisis
  • cualitativo226
  • monosémico 161–162
  • pragmático124

• apical85, 288–291 ; see also coronal

• areal sound patterns285, 298

• Argentina212, 221, 221, 231, 233–234 , 237, 243–244 , 246–247 , 255–256 , 258

• articulation
  • continuum286, 297
  • coronal292
  • mobile286, 291, 293
  • stable286, 291

• artículo167, 187

• aspect107see also preterit

• aspiration265, 286, 294–295 ; see also deaspiration

• asymmetry
  • acoustic12, 78, 80–82 , 85–91 , 96, 283
  • asymmetrical distribution 80–81 , 105, 108
  • asymmetrical sound continuum 76–77
  • of speech3, 7, 12–13 , 24, 73, 77–78 , 80–81 , 82, 85–86 , 90–91 , 96, 98, 100
  • of sound12, 78, 80, 282, 290–291 , 296
  • of writing3, 7, 13
  • phonotactic282

• atelicitySee telicity

• autonomous grammarSee grammar

• Balto-Slavic292

• Banoni295

• Bengali289

• Blackfoot297

• Cantonese294

• carrier sentence244, 247–248

• Caso199

• categorías
  • gramaticales 161–163 , 166–167 , 177, 183, 185, 200
  • léxicas167

• categorical contexts240, 254

• categorización200, 211, véase también recategorización; transcategorización

• categorization3, 17, 287

• Celtic292

• chain shift287

• chi cuadrado, véase también chi-square205

• Chinese Word Sketch261

• chi-square45

• Circumstantial 107–112 ; , 119see also Story line; Thematic Event Type

• clitics202, 216, 233–236 , 238, 246, 254

• clíticos 199–216 , 233–258

• clusters
  • *Tl292
  • /tl/ and /dl/292

• COCASee Corpus of Contemporary American English

• código217

• cognition3, 12–13 , 21, 23, 297

• Cognitive Analysis10, 15, 20, 22, 34, 67

• Cognitive Grammar4, 17

• Cognitive linguistics 1–5 , 7–8 , 10, 12, 14–15 , 17, 20–21 , 23, 27, 29–30 , 32, 34, 65, 68

• cognitive metaphorSee metaphor

• cognitive processes285see also Evolutionary Phonology

• cognitivo188
  • paradigma211
  • perfilamiento202
  • perspectiva211, 218

• communication- 2–7 , 12, 14, 25, 36, 70, 73–74 , 78, 91, 96, 98100, 111, 238–239 , 241–242 , 246, 250–251 , 254

• communicative
  • burden293, 295
  • effect96, 98, 99, 100
  • force294
  • function3, 31, 73–74 , 77–78 , 102, 282
  • goal6, 9, 16, 19, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 74, 78, 99, 120, 271
  • orientation3, 13, 74, 76, 78–79 , 89–90 , 98–99
  • purposeSee communicative goal
  • strategySee strategy
  • system77, 79, 91, 285

• competidor de tema discursivo123, 129, 132, 137, 140, 144–147 , 152–153 , 156

• competidor focal123

• complements26, 75

• compositionality18, 34, 36

• comunicación103, 175, 191, 212, 257
  • instrumento de217

• conceptualization4, 6, 11, 16, 21, 23, 65–66 , 68, 262

• concordancia 127–128 , 189

• condiciones de veracidad171

• conjunción161, 163, 166, 172–173 , 183–184 , 193, 219
  • completiva180
  • subordinante162, 167, 174, 177, 186

• construcción perifrástica164, 188–190

• construction(s)10, 16–19 , 211, 247, 251, 254
  • AcI244
  • grammatical4, 8, 17
  • object with infinitive244, 247
  • third person246, 253–254

• contactSee language contact

• contexto123, 126, 135–136 , 144–145 , 148, 165, 179, 181, 183, 190, 200–201 , 203–204 , 206–211 , 213, 217–222 , 226–227 , 229, 245

• continuum20, 21, 73, 242see also articulation
  • acoustic90
  • speech73, 80, 82, 85, 90, 99
  • sound 75–77 , 85–86 , 95, 97–98

• Control (semantic substance) 225–229 , 232, 241, 243–244 , 250–251 , 253–254 see also System
  • ausencia de 222–223
  • del emisor217, 222–223 , 226–227 , 229
  • de ocurrencia218, 222
  • over the event7, 84, 232

• control term42, 44, 48, 52, 265–266 , 270, 276

• CORDE165, 189, 195

• coronalsee also articulation
  • consonants288, 291
  • sounds 288–290
  • stops 290–291
  • coronal frequency288

• corpora15, 261, 279

• corpusSee Academia Sinica CorpusCorpus del español en Nueva YorkCorpus Diacrónico del Español (CORDE)Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)Corpus Referencial del Español Actual (CREA)Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de MéxicoGigaword2all

• Corpus del español en Nueva York165, 183–184 , 195

• Corpus Diacrónico del Español (CORDE)165, 189, 195

• corpus linguistics14, 26, 30

• Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) 15–16 , 27, 33, 39, 43, 45–48 , 50–57 , 59–64 , 70, 72, 261, 279

• Corpus Referencial del Español Actual (CREA)16, 240, 243

• Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México124, 159

• correferencia123, 125, 129–131 , 135–138 140, 145–148 156

• Costa Rica244, 246

• Cuba243, 245

• cultura181, 211–212 , 214–215 , 230, 257

• dativeSee accusative; le/lo(la)

• dativo, véase también acusativo; le/lo(la) 199, 210–211 , 213–214 , 258

• deaspiration286see also aspiration

• Dehu289

• deixis 166–168 , 171–176 , 178–179 , 182, 200, 202
  • alta/baja202
  • progresiva167, 176, 178–179
  • regresiva168, 172–175 , 178

• desinencia verbal 125–129

• devoicing 282–284 , 293, 295

• Diccionario de la Lengua Española200, 215

• discourse saliency94

• discurso
  • periodístico204, 207, 217, 219, 224, 229
  • político 221–222 , 230
  • referido/no referido 223–227 , 229

• disfavoring 286–287 , 296

• Ecuador20, 233–234 , 236, 242, 249, 255

• emisor206, 209–210 , 213, 217–220 , 222–229

• En-foco123, 126, 135, 137, 140, 144, 146–147 , 153, 156

• enfoque
  • monosémico 163–164 , 173–174 , 182, 187
  • polisémico163

• English2, 8–9 ; , 11, 21, 24, 33, 45, 65–66 ; , 69, 73, 80, 82–90 ; , 250, 259–260 ; , 262–264 ; , 273, 276–277 ; , 278, 291–292 ; see also System

• Entidad Focalizada 127–129 , 135, 148, 151

• Entidad No Focalizada127, 129

• Entity in FocusSee System

• Entity NumberSee System

• epenthesis26, 283, 297

• escena170, 174–175 , 177, 206, 208, 218

• español16, 121, 123–156 , 161–195 , 199–214 , 217–229 , 258
  • rioplatense199, 202, 206, 214, 223

• estatus focal 126–127 , 129, 140, 154, 156

• estrategia123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 137, 156, 210, 213

• estructuras comparativas161, 185–186 , 196

• ethnopragmatics216, 256

• etnopragmática199, 211

• etymology32, 234, 245

• eventSee C; Control; S; Thematic Event Typeircumstantialtory line

• evento 123–129 , 137–138 , 140, 144–148 , 151, 154, 170, 181, 199–203 , 205–206 , 209–211 , 213, 217–218 , 222–224 , 226, 229

• evidencia independiente121, 211, 213

• Evolutionary PhonologySee Phonology, Evolutionary

• existential quantificationSee quantification

• explanation, formal vs functional96

• explanatory constructs 89–90

• facticidad218, 220–222 , 229

• factores culturales211

• figurative language 22–23 ; see also metaphor; literal language

• final consonant loss283

• final obstruent devoicingSee devoicing

• flashback 112–113

• focalización123, 126–127 , 146, 213

• foco dividido 128–129

• Focus Number SystemSee System, Entity Number System

• formal semantics34

• formas pronominales213

• frecuencia de uso132, 188–189

• frecuencia relativa199, 202, 205, 208–209 , 211, 214, 224–227 , 245, 257

• French10, 15, 19, 69, 85–88 , 107–108 , 113, 289–29

• frequency-based effect282

• functional linguistics 1–2 , 12,96, 105, 260, 281, 93

• functional load293, 295

• future10, 232

• futuro 217–218 , 229, 231

• GBLE, véase Gramática Básica de la Lengua Española

• gender9, 80, 97, 234–236 , 246, 269

• géneros discursivos221, 229

• generative linguistics13, 68, 93, 287see also grammar

• Georgian297

• German 87–89 , 289, 292–295 , 299

• Gigaword2all15, 261, 266–267 , 272–273

• globality107

• glottalization 294–295

• glottalized sonorantSee sonorant

• glottis 293–294

• goal-directed behaviour96

• Gomen289

• grado
  • de actividad199, 202, 208
  • de afectación206
  • control222
  • facticidad 221–222 , 229

• gramática tradicional124, 129, 157–158 , 161–163 , 165, 167–168 , 171–172 , 184, 190–191 , 195–197 , 212, 214, 229–230 , 257

• Gramática Básica de la Lengua Española163, 174, 197

• grammarsee also Cognitive Grammar; Universal Grammar
  • autonomous14, 96, 97
  • generative1, 5, 14, 97
  • traditional34, 79, 82

• grammatical
  • analysis12, 15, 20, 25, 73, 78, 80–81 , 100
  • form(s)4, 5, 8, 18, 20–21 , 24, 33, 35
  • meaning5, 21
  • structure21, 97, 99
  • system20, 37, 40, 80, 82, 259see also System

• grammaticality14, 49, 68, 79, 81, 106

• Grassmann’s Law286

• Greek9, 19, 25, 69, 74, 289

• Havana249

• Hawaiian 289–290

• Hebrew283

• homónimo161, 193

• human factor3, 22–23 ; , 25, 79see also orientation

• Iaai289

• imparfaitSee imperfect

• imperfect
  • French imparfait102, 108, 121
  • Spanish imperfecto12, 106–116 , 118–120

• impersonal 9–11 , 209

• inference2, 16–17 ; , 19, 38, 45–46 ; , 67, 232, 242, 262, 264–265 ; , 277–278 ; , 287see also inferential gap

• inferencia, véase también proceso inferencial124, 126–127 , 129, 131, 133, 135–138 , 140, 144, 147–148 , 154, 156, 172, 182, 185, 192–193 , 224

• inferential gap19see also inference

• infinitivo133, 161, 164, 187–188 , 190, 193, 195–196 , 206, 219, 230

• instrumental meaningSee meaning, instrumental

• intenciones comunicativas124, 129

• intuitions14, 67, 90

• invariant meaningSee meaning

• Italian2, 9–11 , 19, 107, 278

• Japanese76, 85, 271, 289

• /k/ gap290

• Khoi297

• *Kl > Tl sound change283, 292, 293, 298

• Korean294

• Kurdish289

• laminal 288–290

• Lancashire292

• language acquisition79, 81, 284, 287, 289
  • child language8, 14
  • second language284

• language contact236, 242, 246, 284–285 , 291

• langue 97, 201

• laryngeal neutralization 294–295

• Latin39, 79

• Latin America118, 233, 236, 243–245 , 256, 248

• le/lo(la) 20, 199–216 , 233–258

• learning process287, 296

• leísmo199, 214–215 , 235, 245, 249, 257–258
  • de cortesía234, 240, 246, 255, 258

• Lexical Character Displacement287, 295

• lexical competition282, 287, 295

• lexical contrast295

• léxico, véase también signo; valor124, 174, 189–191 , 193

• lexicon8, 20–21 , 25, 168

• linguistic structure3, 9, 12, 73–74 , 77, 79–80 , 91, 93, 96–100 , 105–106

• linguistic universals23, 284–285 , 296

• literacy14, 284–285

• literal language 22–23 ; , 184, 227see also meaning; figurative language

• Lithuanian289, 292

• loSee le/lo(la)

• logical quantifierSee quantification

• logic-based approach 34–35 , 70

• loísta234, 244–245

• Luangiua289

• main clause 111–112

• Mandarin 11–12 , 15, 24, 259–280

• markedness287, 289, 296

• meaning 5–6 , 11, 16–19 , 22, 33, 36, 70, 264
  • compositional18, 34, 36
  • instrumental16, 36, 284
  • lexical5, 20, 40
  • literal9, 22, 26, 96
  • sentence5, 34, 79, 91, 96

• meaning/message distinction5, 8, 16, 18–19 , 36

• mensaje72, 121, 126, 130, 169–172 , 175, 178–180 , 184–187 , 193, 197, 202, 217–222 , 228, 280

• merger287

• messagesee also meaningmeaning/message distinction 3–6 , 8, 10–11 , 17, 22–23 , 25, 33, 85, 91, 93–100 , 105, 108, 115, 120, 232

• metaphor2, 21–23 ; , 120see also figurative language

• metathesis283

• mobileSee articulations

• monosemia, véase también polisemia 162–167 , 172, 178, 190, 195, 219

• monosemy1, 6, 7, 8, 20, 259see also meaning

• morfema 163–166 , 168, 171, 184, 192–193

• morpheme7, 22, 75, 78–79 , 80, 87, 107

• named languages 24–25

• nasal 86–90

• Navajo293

• necesidad comunicativa130, 199, 200, 214

• negation35, 66, 264, 273, 276

• neutralization287, 293–295 , 299

• non-phonetic constraints285

• non-phonetic factors 281–282 ; see also phonetic factors

• non-random distributionsee also asymmetry3, 6–7 , 281

• Northwest Mekeo290

• noun22, 48, 67, 75, 82–85 , 88, 175, 253, 268, 270

• número123, 126–129 , 133, 163, 165, 206–207 , 213

• objectsSee sentence

• observations 73–75

• Oneida297

• orientation5, 23, 25, 285see also communicative orientation; human factor

• paciente153, 206

• paradigma190, 199, 217

• parallel evolution284

• parole 97, 201

• participante 124–159 , 199, 203, 206–207 , 211, 213, 222

• parts of speech9, 20, 48, 79

• pasaje temático129, 132–133 , 135–136 , 138, 140–141 , 143, 145–148 , 150, 153–154 , 156

• passé simple102, 108, 121

• perífrasis verbal187, 196, 230

• Persona Focalizada123, 126

• peso pragmático124

• phoneme75, 79, 87, 168, 281–282 , 284–285 , 285, 289, 293–295
  • inventories288, 290, 293

• phonology77, 81, 83, 87, 93, 286–287 , 290, 295–297
  • Evolutionary Phonology13, 26, 281–289 , 291–293 , 295–297
  • Columbia School Phonology13, 281–284 , 286–288 , 295–297
  • generative296
  • typology 281–282 , 285–286 , 288

• Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB), See Phonology, Columbia School Phonology

• phonotactics284, 286, 288, 291

• Pirahá289

• polisemia190, véase también monosemia

• politeness234, 236–237 , 239, 246, 249, 252–256

• polysemy 7–8 ; , 17–18 ; see also monosemy

• portmanteau126

• pragmático124, 130

• predicates10, 75, 100, 277

• predictability effects282, 284

• prediction, see also quantitative predictionSee qualitative analysis

• preposición133, 173, 219, 222

• prescriptivism 284–285

• PRESEEA-México, véase también Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y de América124, 125, 135, 143, 150, 151, 156, 159

• preterit 105–120

• pretérito
  • Imperfecto12, 106, 121–122
  • Indefinido12, 106, 122

• preverbal adverbs259, 277

• proceso inferencial, véase también inferencia175, 178, 180–181 , 184, 187

• pronombre
  • personal 123–159 , 258
  • comparativo162, 172, 177
  • exclamativo162, 177, 180
  • interrogativo162, 177
  • objeto127
  • omisión de123
  • perifrástico162, 177, 180
  • relativo162, 167–168 , 172, 177, 184–185
  • sujeto127

• pronounsee also clitics
  • English84
  • French19, 69
  • Latin39
  • Mandarin197, 270
  • reflexive 9–11 , 23
  • Spanish 11–12 , 159, 175, 233–257

• Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y de América (PRESEEA), véase también PRESEEA-México 124–125 , 135, 143, 150, 151, 156, 159

• punctuality (preterit)107

• qualitative analysis 15–16 , 33–34 , 39–40 , 42–43 , 46–47 , 52, 65, 69, 85, 105, 109, 113–115 , 261, 276–278

• quantification11, 33–35 , 65–68 , 70, 263

• quantitative
  • analysis 15–16 , 31, 33, 39, 45–46 , 65, 71, 105, 109, 113, 261, 265, 270, 277
  • prediction46, 49, 270

• que 161–197
  • anunciativo167, 172, 176, 186
  • comparativo 185–186
  • conjunción163, 172, 186
  • perifrástico185, 187

• questions9
  • what questions 75–76 , 93–94
  • why questions 76–80 , 82, 90, 94, 99

• Quito249

• RAESee Real Academia Española

• rare phonological contrastsSee phonology

• Real Academia Española157, 162–163 , 165, 172, 174–175 , 188, 194,195, 196, 200, 215, 230, 240, 242

• recategorización213

• receptor123

• referencia124, 126, 128, 130–132 , 136–138 , 141, 144, 151–154 , 156, 161–162 , 167, 170–172 , 174–175 , 184–185 , 200–202 , 205–206 , 209–211 , 218, 220, 240, 258, 300

• reflexiveSee pronoun, reflexive

• relation between sound and sense 91–93 , 100

• Restricted 37–42 ; , 46–47 ; , 49, 51–54 ; , 58–60 ; , 62, 65, 67, 69see also Unrestricted

• Restrictiveness of Applicable DomainSee System

• rioplatense, vease español, rioplatense

• Romance 107–109 , 292

• Romani292

• rule-governed92, 100, 175

• Russian19, 24, 76, 85, 87–88 , 289

• Samoan289

• Satellite Centers 82–84

• Saussure3, 6, 12, 16, 31, 74–77 , 92, 96–97 , 100, 192

• schema 17–18 , 188, 262

• second language learning285

• segment inventories288

• semanticsee also formal semantics; semantic-pragmatic distinction
  • analysis8
  • conceptualization11, 65–66
  • contribution8, 68
  • description67, 96
  • representation93
  • structure100
  • substance 37–38 ; , 67, 82–83 ; , 105, 107–108 ; , 112–113 ; , 232, 235, 259, 267see also System
  • value34, 36, 67, 69, 77, 79, 98–99

• Semantic integrality 263–264 , 277

• semántica171

• semantic-pragmatic distinction4, 8–9

• semiotics4, 36, 70, 74, 77

• señal161, 165, 174–175 , 178, 181, 211

• senseSee relation between sound and sense

• sentence 8–10 ; , 12, 15–16 ; , 18, 22, 34, 67–69 ; , 75, 79, 81, 95–96 ; , 98, 100, 106, 114, 119, 244, 260see also carrier sentence

• si (Italian)10

• sibiliant88

• sign 3–4 , 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 33, 36–37 , 39–42 , 65, 69, 70, 73–74 , 77, 80, 82, 83, 85–86 , 90–91 , 92–99 , 106, 113, 119, 278

• signal 3–4 , 6–7 , 9, 11, 13–15 , 18–20 , 23, 25, 36, 40, 65, 74, 76–78 , 80–81 , 83, 86–94 , 97–99 , 261, 286, 288, 296

• signifiants77

• significado. 161-72, 103, 121–124 , 126–129 , 131, 135–137 , 140, 144, 146–147 , 156197, 200, 202, 205, 208, 210, 213, 217–229 , 258, 280
  • ausencia de168
  • explotación del124, 156
  • gramatical172, 192–193
  • hipótesis del72, 121–122 , 168, 178

• significante163, 166

• signifiés16, 77

• signo72, 103, 120, 124, 126, 156, 171, 180, 184–188 , 190, 219, 222, 231
  • léxico124
  • gramatical124, 188

• Sinica CorpusSee Academia Sinica Corpus

• sintagma133, 135

• sintaxis196, 211, 214–215 , 217, 230

• Sistema
  • de Concentración de la Atención123
  • de Foco 126–127 , 133
  • de Oposición126
  • Pronominal202, 257
  • véase también System

• skewing 45–46 , 236, 267, 281, 283–284 , 288, 291

• Slavic292

• sociolinguistics14, 91, 97

• sonorant283, 294–295 , 298

• soundSee relation between sound and sense

• sound changes26, 283–287 ; , 289–292 ; , 295, 297–299 ; see also *Kl > Tl sound change; *t > k sound change

• sources of similarity284

• Spanish7, 9, 11–12 , 15–16 , 19–20 , 24, 87–88 , 97, 105–122 , 123–156 , 161–195 , 197, 199–214 , 216–229 , 232–258 , 278, 281, 289–290 see also imperfect, Spanish; le/lo(la); pronoun, Spanish
  • simple past tense 105–106 , 108, 117, 119–120
  • person237

• speaker-external forces285

• speakers’ intuitionsSee intuitions

• stochastic grammars97

• Story line 107–111 ; , 115, 117, 119see also Circumstantial; Thematic Event Type

• strategy16, 18–19 , 20, 40, 49–50 , 57, 105, 170, 234, 242, 247, 249, 251, 255, 273

• Structural Analogy 286–287

• subject10, 75, 79, 100, 110, 235, 240–242 ; , 244, 246, 249–250 ; , 254–255 ; , 270see also agreement

• subordinate clause111

• sujeto123, 125–126 , 128, 130–131 , 140, 158–159 , 173, 209–210

• sustancia semántica 126–127 , 129, 153, 165, 182, 200, 202, 217, 222

• Swahili9, 22

• syllable-final neutralization293

• syntactic rules97

• System
  • Activity, System of Degree of216, 233, 235, 240–241 , 243–244 , 246–247 , 253–255
  • Entity Number System 82–90
  • Focus, System of Degree of108
  • Control, System of Degree of94, 235
  • Restrictiveness of Applicable Domain 37–38 ; see also Sistema

• telicity107

• tema discursivo123, 129–133 , 135–138 , 140–141 , 143–148 , 150–154 , 156

• Thematic Event Type105, 107–108 ; , 113–114 ; , 116see also Circumstantial; Story line

• theoretical framework1, 14, 25, 77, 81, 91

• theory of communication7, 73–74 , 91, 98, 100

• theory of meaning73, 91, 98

• “t”-gaps289

• *t > k sound change289, 290

• /Tl/ gaps292, 293

• Topicalization10

• traditional grammarSee grammar

• transcategorización166

• transposición 166–167 , 196

• transpositor164, 166

• truth-conditions35

• Turkish294

• turnos de habla 131–132

• typology See phonology, typology

• understanding 4–5 ; see also message

• ungrammaticalitySee grammaticality

• unidades adverbiales 186–187

• Universal Grammar13, 287, 296

• universal quantificationSee quantification

• Unrestricted 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 49–50 ; , 53–54 ; , 56–62 ; , 64, 65, 68–69 ; see also Restricted

• Uruguay 243–244 , 246

• usage-based approach/effects4, 96, 281–286

• uso variable199, 204, 206–207 , 210, 213, 219, 223

• utterance meaningSee meaning, sentence

• valor169, 171, 175
  • cultural200
  • gramatical 192–193
  • léxico188, 192–193
  • transitivo189

• value5, 21, 34, 36–37 ; , 65, 67, 69, 175, 234–236 ; , 255, 267, 269, 293see also semantic, substance

• variable contexts 240–242 , 253–254

• variación195, 199–201 , 204–207 , 210–211 , 213, 215, 217–219 , 229–230 , 257–258

• variation81, 216, 219, 201, 219, 233, 235, 242, 244–246 , 249–250 , 254, 256, 285, 289

• variedad191, 200, 213, 215, 219, 229, 257

• velar85, 290

• verb69, 83, 75, 82, 94see also Satellite Centers; subject-verb agreement
  • Homeric verb15
  • motion and non-motion verbs 109–110 , 114
  • variable verbs242, 244–245

• verbo124, 126–128 , 144–145 , 148, 153, 164, 190, 199–215 , 219, 222, 224, 230–231 , 258
  • auxiliar 188–190 , 192–193 , 196, 219, 230

• Verner’s Law286

• voiceless sonorantSee sonorant

• vowel
  • voiceless vowels297
  • vowel syncope26, 283, 297

• white noise76, 78, 82, 90

• Yucatec Mayan294

• Yurok294