To date no solid consensus on the role of implicit learning in the L2 learning process from a psycholinguistic perspective has emerged in the SLA field. This chapter seeks to situate this type of learning from a process versus product perspective within an SLA theoretical framework, disambiguate the different perspectives of unawareness and learning based on their operationalizations and measurements, address several methodological issues derived from the research designs of studies purporting to investigate the role of awareness or lack thereof in language learning in SLA, and propose a list of criteria to be considered in studies investigating implicit learning in SLA in order to raise the level of internal validity of the study.
Alanen, R. (1995). Input enhancement and rule presentation in second language acquisition. In R. Schmidt (Ed.), Attention & awareness in foreign language learning (pp. 259–302). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press.
Berry, D.C., & Dienes, Z. (1993). Implicit learning: Theoretical and empirical issues. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bialystok, E. (1979). Explicit and implicit judgments of L2 grammaticality. Language Learning, 29, 81–103.
Bowles, M.A. (2010). The think-aloud controversy in second language research. New York, NY: Routledge.
Chaudron, C. (1985). Intake: On models and methods for discovering learners’ processing of input,”Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7, 1–14.
Clark, R.E., & Squire, L.R. (1998). Classical conditioning and brain systems: the role of awareness. Science, 280, 77–81.
DeKeyser, R.M. (1995). Learning second language grammar rules: An experiment with a miniature linguistic system. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 17, 379–410.
Dienes, Z., & Altmann, G. (1997). Transfer of implicit knowledge across domains: how implicit and how abstract? In D.C. Berry (Ed.), How implicit is implicit learning? (pp. 107–123). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dienes, Z., & Seth, A. (2010). Gambling on the unconscious: A comparison of wagering and confidence ratings as measures of awareness in an artificial grammar task. Consciousness & Cognition,19, 674–681.
Dulaney, D.E., Carlson, R.A., & Dewey, G.I. (1985). On consciousness in syntactic learning and judgment: A reply to Reber, Allen, and Regan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 25–32.
Ellis. N.C. (1993). Rules and instances in foreign language learning: Interactions of explicit and implicit knowledge. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 5, 289–318.
Ellis, N.C. (Ed.). (1994). Implicit and explicit learning of languages. London: Academic Press.
Ellis, R. (2005). Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: A psychometric study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 141–172.
Eriksen, C.W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. The Psychological Review, 67, 279–300.
Faretta-Stutenberg, M., & Morgan-Short, K. (2011). Learning without awareness reconsidered: A replication of Williams (2005). In Granena, G., Koeth, J., Lee-Ellis, S., Lukyanchenko, A., Prieto Botana, G., & Rhoades, E. (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 2010 Second Language Research Forum: Reconsidering SLA research, dimensions, and directions (pp. 18–28). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project
Gass, S.M. (1988). Integrating research areas: A framework for second language studies. Applied Linguistics, 19, 198–217.
Gass, S.M. (1997). Input, interaction, and the second language learner. Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hama, M., & Leow, R.P. (2010). Learning without awareness revisited: Extending Williams (2005). Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32, 465–491.
Hulstijn, J.H. (2005). Theoretical and empirical issues in the study of implicit and explicit second-language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 129–140.
Isaac, S., & Michael, W.B. (1997). Handbook in research and evaluation (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: EdITS.
Karni, A. (1996). The acquisition of perceptual and motor skills: a memory system in the adult human cortex. Cognitive Brain Research, 5, 39–48.
Leow, R.P. (1993). To simplify or not to simplify: A look at intake. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 333–55.
Leow, R.P. (1997). Attention, awareness, and foreign language behavior. Language Learning, 47, 467–506.
Leow, R.P. (1998). Toward operationalizing the process of attention in second language acquisition: Evidence for Tomlin and Villa's (1994) fine-grained analysis of attention. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 133–159.
Leow, R.P. (2000). A study of the role of awareness in foreign language behavior: Aware versus unaware learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 557–584.
Leow, R.P. (2001). Attention, awareness and foreign language behavior. Language Learning, 51, 113–155.
Leow, R.P. (2015). Explicit learning in the L2 classroom: A student-centered approach. New York, NY: Routledge.
Leow, R.P., Johnson, E., & Zárate-Sández, G. (2011). Getting a grip on the slippery construct of awareness: Toward a finer-grained methodological perspective. In C. Sanz & R.P. Leow (Eds.), Implicit and explicit conditions, processes and knowledge in SLA and bilingualism (pp. 61–72). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
Leow, R.P., & Hama, M. (2013). Implicit learning in SLA and the issue of internal validity: A response to Leung and Williams' ‘The implicit learning of mappings between forms and contextually derived meanings’. To appear in Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(3).
Leung, J.H.C., & Williams, J.N. (2011). The implicit learning of mappings between forms and contextually derived meanings. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33, 33–55.
Leung, J.H.C., & Williams, J.N. (2012). Constraints on implicit learning of grammatical form-meaning connections. Language Learning, 62(2), 634–662.
Leung, J.H.C., & Williams, J.N. (2014). Crosslinguistic differences in implicit language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 36, 733–755.
McLaughlin, B. (1987). Theories of second language learning. London: Edward Arnold.
Morgan-Short, K., Sanz, C., Steinhauer, K., & Ullman, M. (2010). Second language acquisition of gender agreement in explicit and implicit training conditions: An event-related potential study. Language Learning, 60, 154–193.
Ortega, L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. London: Hodder.
Paradis, M. (1994). Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: Implications for bilingualism and SLA. In N. Ellis (Ed), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 393–419). London: Academic Press.
Reber, A.S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 855–863.
Reber, A.S. (1976). Implicit learning of synthetic languages: The role of instructional set. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 88–94.
Rebuschat, P. (2013). Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge in second language research: A review. Language Learning.
Robinson, P. (1995). Review article: Attention, memory and the 'noticing' hypothesis. Language Learning, 45, 283–331.
Robinson, P. (1996). Learning simple and complex second language rules under implicit, incidental, rule-search and instructed conditions. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 27–68.
Robinson, P. (1997). Generalizability and automaticity of second language learning under implicit, incidental, enhanced, and instructed conditions. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 223–247.
Rosa, E.M., & Leow, R.P. (2004). Awareness, different learning conditions, and second language development. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 269–292.
Rosa, E., & O’Neill, M.D. (1999). Explicitness, intake, and the issue of awareness. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21, 511–556.
Sachs, R., & Suh, B-R. (2007). Textually enhanced recasts, learner awareness, and L2 outcomes in synchronous computer-mediated interaction, In A. Mackey (Ed.), Conversational interaction in second- language acquisition: A series of empirical studies (pp. 197–227). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schacter, D.L. (1991). Consciousness and awareness in memory and amnesia: Critical issues. In A.D. Milner & M.D. Rugg (Eds.), Neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 180–200). New York: Academic Press
Schmidt, R. (1990). The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 11, 129–158.
Schmidt, R.W. (1994a). Implicit learning and the cognitive unconscious: Of artificial grammars and SLA. In N. Ellis (Ed), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 165–209). London: Academic Press.
Schmidt, R.W. (1994b). Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics. In J.H. Hulstijn & R.W. Schmidt (Eds.), AILA Review: Consciousness and second language learning: Conceptual, methodological and practical issues in language learning and teaching, 11, 11–26.
Shanks, D.R., & St. John, M.F. (1994). Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 367–447.
Shanks, D.R., Green, R.E.A., & Kolodny, J.A. (1994). A critical examination of the evidence for unconscious (implicit) learning. In C. Umiltà & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing (pp. 837–860). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
Slobin, D. (1985). Crosslinguistic evidence for the language-making capacity. In D. Slobin (Ed.) The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Theoretical issues (Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Svartdal, F. (1991). Operant modulation of low-level attributes of rule-governed behavior by nonverbal contingencies. Learning and Motivation, 22, 406–420.
Tomlin, R.S. & Villa, V. (1994). Attention in cognitive science and second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 183–203.
Tunney, R.J., & Shanks, D.R. (2003). Subjective measures of awareness and implicit cognition. Memory & Cognition, 31(7), 1060–1071.
VanPatten, B. (2004). Input processing in SLA. In B. VanPatten (Ed.), Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary (pp. 5–31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thorndike, E.L., & Rock, R.T. (1934). Learning without awareness of what is being learned or intent to learn it. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 1–19.
Williams, J.N. (2004). Implicit learning of form-meaning connections. In B. VanPatten, J. Williams, S. Rott, & M. Overstreet (Eds.), Form meaning connections in second language acquisition (pp. 203–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Williams, J.N. (2005). Learning without awareness. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 269–304.
Williams, J.N. (2009). Implicit learning in second language acquisition. In W.C. Ritchie & T.K. Bhatia (Eds.), The new handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 319–353). Bingley: Emerald.
Cited by (12)
Cited by 12 other publications
Rooy, Susan Coetzee-Van & Ulrike Jessner
2024. Multilingual Awareness in South African Language Portraits: Exploring the Usefulness of a DMM and DLC Framework. In Modern Approaches to Researching Multilingualism [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 345 ff.
Zhao, Chuqi, Judit Kormos, Patrick Rebuschat & Shungo Suzuki
2021. The role of modality and awareness in language learning. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:3 ► pp. 703 ff.
Maie, Ryo & Robert M. DeKeyser
2020. CONFLICTING EVIDENCE OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE FROM OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:2 ► pp. 359 ff.
ROGERS, JOHN & RONALD P. LEOW
2020. Toward Greater Empirical Feasibility of the Theoretical Framework for Systematic and Deliberate L2 Practice: Comments on Suzuki, Nakata, & DeKeyser (2019). The Modern Language Journal 104:1 ► pp. 309 ff.
Sachs, Rebecca, Phillip Hamrick, Timothy J. McCormick & Ronald P. Leow
2020. EXPLORING THE VERIDICALITY AND REACTIVITY OF SUBJECTIVE MEASURES OF AWARENESS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 919 ff.
2019. ISLA: How implicit or how explicit should it be? Theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical/curricular issues. Language Teaching Research 23:4 ► pp. 476 ff.
Leow, Ronald P.
2020. Attention, Noticing, and Awareness in Second Language Acquisition. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.
Jackson, Carrie N. & Helena T. Ruf
2018. THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIME REPETITION AMONG INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:3 ► pp. 677 ff.
Rogers, John
2017. Awareness and learning under incidental learning conditions. Language Awareness 26:2 ► pp. 113 ff.
ROGERS, JOHN, ANDREA RÉVÉSZ & PATRICK REBUSCHAT
2016. Implicit and explicit knowledge of inflectional morphology. Applied Psycholinguistics 37:4 ► pp. 781 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.