Cover not available
Part of
Bilingual Cognition and Language: The state of the science across its subfields
Edited by David Miller, Fatih Bayram, Jason Rothman and Ludovica Serratrice
[Studies in Bilingualism 54] 2018
► pp. 37–56

Chapter 3
Usage-based approaches to second language acquisition

| University of Florida
| University of Michigan

We present an overview of the cognitive underpinnings of usage-based approaches to second language acquisition (L2A). Not all constructions are equally learnable, even after years of (frequent) exposure. We present a usage-based analysis of this phenomenon in terms of fundamental principles of associative learning: Low salience, low contingency, and redundancy all lead to form-function mappings being less well learned. Compounding this, adult acquirers show effects of learned attention and blocking as a result of L1-tuned automatized processing of language. We also describe form-focused instruction studies that aim to recruit learners’ explicit, conscious processing capacities for noticing novel L2 constructions before subsequent implicit processing consolidates it into the system. We conclude with further readings which discuss wider coverage of usage-based L2A.

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The targets of language learning: Constructions
  • 3.The processes of language learning: Exemplar-based rational contingency analysis
  • 4.The language system emerges from usage
  • 5.Lexical and grammatical constructions in first and second language acquisition
  • 6.Salience and learning
  • 7.Contingency and learning
  • 8.Learned attention
  • 9.Implications for language teaching
  • 10. Further reading
  • References
Published online: 8 March 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.54.03wul
References
Allan, L. G.
(1980) A note on measurement of contingency between two binary variables in judgment tasks. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15, 147–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R.
(1989) A rational analysis of human memory. In: H. L. I Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 192–210). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, K.
(1992) The use of adverbials and natural order in the development of temporal expression. IRAL, 30, 299–320. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000) Tense and aspect in second language acquisition: Form, meaning, and use. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Beckett, S.
(1954) Waiting for Godot. New York, NY: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Beckner, C., Blythe, R. A., Bybee, J., Christiansen, M. H., Croft, W., Ellis, N. C., & Schoenemann, T.
(2009) Language is a complex adaptive system. Position paper. Language Learning, 59(Supplement 1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Benati, A.
(2013) The Input Processing Theory in second language acquisition. In M. del P. García Mayo, M. J. Gutierrez Mangado, M. Martínez Adrián (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to second language acquisition (pp. 93–110). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, R.
(1973) A first language: The early stages. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bybee, J.
(2000) Mechanisms of change in grammaticalization: The role of frequency. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Cadierno, T., & Eskildsen, S. W.
(Eds.) (2015) Usage-based perspectives on second language learning. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chater, N., & Manning, C.
(2006) Probabilistic models of language processing and acquisition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 335–344. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cintrón-Valentín, M., & Ellis, N. C.
(2015) Exploring the interface: Explicit focus-on-form instruction and learned attentional biases in L2 Latin. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37, 197–235. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2016) Salience in second language acquisition: Physical form, learner attention, and instructional focus. Frontiers in Psychology, section Language Science, 7,1284.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C.
(2006) Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27(1), 3–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Corder, S. P.
(1967) The significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161–169. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cutler, A., & Carter, D. M.
(1987) The predominance of strong initial syllables in the English vocabulary. Computer Speech & Language, 2(3), 133–142. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeKeyser, R.
(2005) What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues. Language Learning, 55(S1), 1–25. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Douglas Fir Group
(Atkinson, D., Byrnes, H., Doran, M., Duff, P., Ellis, N., Hall, J. K., Johnson, K., Lantolf, J., Larsen–Freeman, D., Negueruela, E., Norton, B., Ortega, L., Schumann, J., Swain, M., & Tarone, E.) (2016) A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. Modern Language Journal, 100, 19–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. C.
(1996) Sequencing in SLA: Phonological memory, chunking, and points of order. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18(1), 91–126. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2002) Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(2), 143–188. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2005) At the interface: Dynamic interactions of explicit and implicit language knowledge. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 305–352. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2006a) The Associative-Cognitive CREED. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 77–96). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(2006b) Language acquisition as rational contingency learning. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 1–24. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2006c) Selective attention and transfer phenomena in SLA: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 1–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008a) The dynamics of second language emergence: Cycles of language use, language change, and language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 41(3), 232–249. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008b) Usage-based and form-focused language acquisition: The associative learning of constructions, learned-attention, and the limited L2 endstate. In P. Robinson & N. C. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 372–405). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
in press). Salience. In M. Hundt, S. Pfenninger & S. Mollin Eds. The changing English language Cambridge Cambridge University Press
(Ed.) (1994) Implicit and explicit learning of languages. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. C., Hafeez, K., Martin, K. I., Chen, L., Boland, J., & Sagarra, N.
(2014) An eye-tracking study of learned attention in Second Language Acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35, 547–579. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. C., Römer, U., & O’Donnell, M. B.
(2016) Language usage, acquisition, and processing: Cognitive and corpus investigations of construction grammar. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. C., & Sagarra, N.
(2010) The bounds of adult language acquisition: Blocking and learned attention Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 32(4), 553–580. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011) Learned attention in adult language acquisition: A replication and generalization study and meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33(4), 589–624. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. C., & Wulff, S.
(2015a) Second language acquisition. In E. Dabrowska & D. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics (pp. 409–431). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015b) Usage-based approaches in second language acquisition. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 75–93). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ellis, R.
(2012) Form-focused instruction and second language learning. In R. Ellis (Ed.), Language Teaching Research & Language Pedagogy (pp. 271–306). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. C.
(1998) Emergentism, connectionism and language learning. Language Learning, 48, 631–664. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. C., & Larsen-Freeman, D.
(Eds.) (2009) Language as a complex adaptive system. Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Flege, J.
(2002) Interactions between the native and second-language phonetic systems. In P. Burmeister, T. Piske, & A. Rohde (Eds.), An integrated view of language development: Papers in honor of Henning Wode. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. E.
(2006) Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldschneider, J. M., & DeKeyser, R.
(2001) Explaining the “natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition” in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants. Language Learning, 51(1), 1–50. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goo, J., Granena, G., Yilmaz, Y., & Novella, M.
(2015) Implicit and explicit instruction in L2 learning. In P. Rebuschat (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 443–482). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T.
(2015) Polysemy. In E. Dąbrowska & D. S. Divjak (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics (pp. 472–490). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T., & Ellis, N. C.
(2015) Statistical measures for usage-based linguistics. Currents in Language Learning, 2, 228–255. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T., & Stefanowitsch, A.
(2004) Extending collostructional analysis: A corpus-based perspective on alternations. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9, 97–129. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Han, Z.-H., & Odlin, T.
(Eds.) (2006) Studies of fossilization in second language acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Herron, D., & Bates, E.
(1997) Sentential and acoustic factors in the recognition of open- and closed-class words. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 217–239. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hulstijn, J. H., Young, R. F., Ortega, L., Bigelow, M. H., DeKeyser, R., Ellis, N. C., & Talmy, S.
(2014) Bridging the gap: Cognitive and social approaches to research in second language learning and teaching. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33(3), 473 – 482.Google Scholar
James, W.
(1890) The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Holt. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, S., & Pavlenko, A.
(2008) Crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jurafsky, D., Bell, A., Gregory, M., & Raymond, W. D.
(2001) Probabilistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production. In J. Bybee & P. Hopper (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure (pp. 229–254). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kamin, L. J.
(1969) Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior (pp. 276–296). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Klein, W.
(1998) The contribution of second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 48, 527–550. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1998) The contribution of second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 48, 527–550. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kruschke, J. K.
June 2006, May 31-June 3, 2006). Learned attention. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Development and Learning, Indiana University.
Kruschke, J. K., & Blair, N. J.
(2000) Blocking and backward blocking involve learned inattention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 636–645. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lado, R.
(1957) Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J. F.
(2002) The incidental acquisition of Spanish future morphology through reading in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 55–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Littlemore, J.
(2009) Applying cognitive linguistics to second language learning and teaching. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J.
(1975) A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review, 82, 276 – 298. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
MacWhinney, B.
(1987) The competition model. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition (pp. 249–308). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(1997) Second language acquisition and the Competition Model. In A. M. B. De Groot & J. F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 113–142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(2001) The competition model: The input, the context, and the brain. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 69–90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
MacWhinney, B., & Bates, E.
(1989) The crosslinguistic study of sentence processing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B., & O’Grady, W.
(Eds.) (2015) The handbook of language emergence. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meisel, J.
(1987) Reference to past events and actions in the development of natural second language acquisition. In C. Pfaff (Ed.), First and second language acquisition (pp. 206–224). New York, NY: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A.
(1956) The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Norris, J.M., & Ortega, L.
(2000) Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning, 50, 417–528. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Noyau, C., Klein, W., & Dietrich, R.
(1995) Acquisition of temporality in a second language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Odlin, T.
(1989) Language transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ortega, L., Tyler, A. E., In Park, H., & Uno, M.
(Eds.) (2016) The usage-based study of language learning and multilingualism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Rebuschat, P.
(Ed.) (2015) Implicit and explicit learning of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rebuschat, P., & Williams, J. N.
(Eds.) (2012) Statistical learning and language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A.
(1968) Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1–5. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R.
(1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research (pp. 64–99). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Robinson, P., & Ellis, N. C.
(Eds.) (2008) Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sagarra, N., & Ellis, N. C.
(2013) From seeing adverbs to seeing morphology. Language experience and adult acquisition of L2 tense. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35, 261–290. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, R.
(1984) The strengths and limitations of acquisition: A case study of an untutored language learner. Language, Learning, and Communication, 3, 1–16.Google Scholar
(2001) Attention. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 3–32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., & Plaut, D. C.
(2014) Quasiregularity and its discontents: The legacy of the past tense debate. Cognitive Science, 38(6), 1190–1228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shanks, D. R.
(1995) The psychology of associative learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A.
(1957) Models of man: Social and rational. New York, NY: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Slobin, D.
(1996) From ‘thought and language’ to ‘thinking for speaking’. In J. J. Gumperz & S. Levinson (eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 70–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spada, N., & Tomita, Y.
(2010) Interactions between type of instruction and type of language feature: A meta‐analysis. Language Learning, 60, 263–308. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Terrell, T.
(1991) The role of grammar instruction in a communicative approach. The Modern Language Journal, 75, 52–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trousdale, G., & Hoffmann, T.
(Eds.) (2013) Oxford handbook of construction grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tyler, A.
(2012) Cognitive linguistics and second language learning: Theoretical basics and experimental evidence. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
VanPatten, B.
(1996) Input processing and grammar instruction in second language acquisition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
(2006) Input processing. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 115–136). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(2007) Input processing in adult second language acquisition. In B. VanPatten, &, Williams, J. (Ed.), Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 115–135). Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Wills, A. J.
(2005) New directions in human associative learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Zipf, G. K.
(1949) Human behaviour and the principle of least effort: An introduction to human ecology. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Zuraw, K.
(2003) Probability in language change. In R. Bod, J. Hay, & S. Jannedy (Eds.), Probabilistic linguistics (pp. 139–176). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 53 other publications

Archibald, John
2021. Ease and Difficulty in L2 Phonology: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Communication 6 DOI logo
Archibald, John
2024. Phonology in Multilingual Grammars, DOI logo
Archibald, John & Nicole Croteau
2021. Acquisition of L2 Japanese WH questions: Evidence of phonological contiguity and non-shallow structures. Second Language Research 37:4 ► pp. 649 ff. DOI logo
Arndt, Henriette L, Jonas Granfeldt & Marianne Gullberg
2023. Reviewing the potential of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for capturing second language exposure and use. Second Language Research 39:1 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Arndt, Henriette L., Jonas Granfeldt & Marianne Gullberg
2023. The Lang‐Track‐App: Open‐Source Tools for Implementing the Experience Sampling Method in Second Language Acquisition Research. Language Learning 73:3 ► pp. 869 ff. DOI logo
Bayram, Fatih, David Miller, Jason Rothman & Ludovica Serratrice
2018. Chapter 1. Studies in bilingualism. In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Behney, Jennifer & Susan Gass
2021. Interaction, DOI logo
Carroll, Susanne E.
2019. Prosodic effects on L2 grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:6 ► pp. 827 ff. DOI logo
Cintrón-Valentín, Myrna, Lorenzo García-Amaya & Nick C. Ellis
2019. Captioning and grammar learning in the L2 Spanish classroom. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 439 ff. DOI logo
Davydova, Julia
2021. The role of sociocognitive salience in the acquisition of structured variation and linguistic diffusion: Evidence from quotativebe like. Language in Society 50:2 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Diaubalick, Tim & Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes
2023. Consequences of the comparative fallacy for the acquisition of grammatical aspect in Spanish. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:4 ► pp. 1301 ff. DOI logo
Dirdal, Hildegunn
2021. Chapter 4. L2 development of -ing clauses. In Beyond Concordance Lines [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 102], ► pp. 75 ff. DOI logo
ELLIS, NICK C.
2019. Essentials of a Theory of Language Cognition. The Modern Language Journal 103:S1 ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Ellis, Nick C.
2022. Fuzzy Representations. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:2 ► pp. 210 ff. DOI logo
Fischer, Kerstin
2021. Construction Grammar. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
GAHL, SUSANNE
2023. Usage‐Based Approaches to Communication Disorders. In The Handbook of Usage‐Based Linguistics, ► pp. 393 ff. DOI logo
Gardner, Qingyuan, Holly P. Branigan & Vasiliki Chondrogianni
2021. Spoken and written production of inflectional morphology among L1 Mandarin speakers of English. Journal of Memory and Language 120 ► pp. 104250 ff. DOI logo
Gedik, Tan Arda
2021. An analysis of lexicogrammatical development in English textbooks in Turkey: A usage-based construction grammar approach. ExELL 9:1 ► pp. 26 ff. DOI logo
GEESLIN, KIMBERLY L., DANIELLE DAIDONE, AVIZIA Y. LONG & MEGAN SOLON
2023. Usage‐Based Models of Second Language Acquisition. In The Handbook of Usage‐Based Linguistics, ► pp. 345 ff. DOI logo
Granfeldt, Jonas, Marianne Gullberg & Carmen Muñoz
2023. Input in study abroad and views from acquisition: Focus on constructs, operationalization and measurement issues: Introduction to the special issue. Second Language Research 39:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Gullberg, Marianne
2022. Why Second Language Acquisition of sign languages matters to general SLA research. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 13:2 ► pp. 231 ff. DOI logo
Guo, Rundi & Nick C. Ellis
2021. Language Usage and Second Language Morphosyntax: Effects of Availability, Reliability, and Formulaicity. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Heap, David & Adriana Soto-Corominas
2021. Le « recyclage » dans l’acquisition des clitiques obliques en catalan : la sous-spécification et la complexité. Arborescences :10 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Heil, Jeanne & Luis López
2020. Acquisition without evidence: English infinitives and poverty of stimulus in adult second language acquisition. Second Language Research 36:4 ► pp. 415 ff. DOI logo
Lee, Yun Joon Jason
2022. Using Films in Second-Language Learning: Perspectives Through the Lens of Transmedia and Cultural Learning. STEM Journal 23:4 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Lena, Ludovica
2023. The (Non-)acquisition of the Chinese Definiteness Effect: A Usage-Based Account. In Learner Corpora: Construction and Explorations in Chinese and Related Languages [Chinese Language Learning Sciences, ], ► pp. 257 ff. DOI logo
MCMANUS, KEVIN & EMMA MARSDEN
2019. Using Explicit Instruction About L1 to Reduce Crosslinguistic Effects in L2 Grammar Learning: Evidence From Oral Production in L2 French . The Modern Language Journal 103:2 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
Mirzaei, Azizullah, Mahshid Azizi Farsani & Heesun Chang
2023. Statistical learning of L2 lexical bundles through unimodal, bimodal, and multimodal stimuli. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Morgan‐Short, Kara, Irene Finestrat, Alicia Luque & David Abugaber
2022. Exploring New Insights Into Explicit and Implicit Second Language Processing: Event‐Related Potentials Analyzed by Source Attribution. Language Learning 72:2 ► pp. 365 ff. DOI logo
Mäkilä, Mari
2021. Syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet i finska universitetsstudenters skriftliga inlärarsvenska: en jämförelse mellan två färdighetsnivåer. Nordand 16:2 ► pp. 134 ff. DOI logo
O'Keeffe, Anne
2021. Chapter 2. Data-driven learning, theories of learning and second language acquisition. In Beyond Concordance Lines [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 102], ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Olofsson, Joel & Julia Prentice
2023. Chapter 7. The entrenchment of semi-schematic time constructions by German foreign language learners of Swedish. In Constructional Approaches to Nordic Languages [Constructional Approaches to Language, 37], ► pp. 179 ff. DOI logo
PEKAREK DOEHLER, SIMONA & KLARA SKOGMYR MARIAN
2022. Functional Diversification and Progressive Routinization of a Multiword Expression in and for Social Interaction: A Longitudinal L2 Study. The Modern Language Journal 106:S1 ► pp. 23 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C
2021. Teaching Pronunciation: The State of the Art 2021. RELC Journal 52:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C. & Pamela Rogerson-Revell
2019. Pronunciation in the Classroom: Teachers and Teaching Methods. In English Pronunciation Teaching and Research [Research and Practice in Applied Linguistics, ], ► pp. 173 ff. DOI logo
Pennington, Martha C. & Pamela Rogerson-Revell
2019. Phonology in Language Learning. In English Pronunciation Teaching and Research [Research and Practice in Applied Linguistics, ], ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Ian Cunnings, Fatih Bayram, David Miller, Susagna Tubau & Jason Rothman
2018. Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer, DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo
2020. Word formation in the earliest stages of L2 Polish. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11:2 ► pp. 232 ff. DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo
2022. East Slavic interference in L2 Polish: state of the art and future perspectives. Applied Linguistics Papers 4/2022:26 ► pp. 84 ff. DOI logo
Saturno, Jacopo & Marzena Watorek
2020. The emergence of functional case marking in initial varieties of Polish L2. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11:1 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
Sun, Xin, Shaylene E. Nancekivell, Priti Shah & Susan A. Gelman
2023. How essentialist reasoning about language acquisition relates to educational myths and policy endorsements. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications 8:1 DOI logo
TİRYAKİOL, Selim
2021. Bellek Tasnifleri ve Dil Eğitimine Yansımaları: Dil Bilmek Ne(yi) Bilmektir?. Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları/Journal of Language and Literature Studies DOI logo
Tusun, Alimujiang
2023. Uyghur–Chinese early successive bilingual children's acquisition of voluntary motion expressions. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
VON STUTTERHEIM, CHRISTIANE, MONIQUE LAMBERT & JOHANNES GERWIEN
2021. Limitations on the role of frequency in L2 acquisition. Language and Cognition 13:2 ► pp. 291 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Yuanheng (Arthur) & Xiaofei Lu
2024. Conceptualizing Corpus-Based Genre Pedagogy as Usage-Inspired Second Language Instruction. Corpus-based Studies across Humanities 1:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Wolters, Alissa Patricia & Young-suk Grace Kim
2023. Crosslinguistic influence on spelling in written compositions: Evidence from English-Spanish dual language learners in primary grades. Reading and Writing DOI logo
Wu, Tianqi & Min Wang
2022. Development of the progressive construction in Chinese EFL learners’ written production: From prototypes to marginal members. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 18:2 ► pp. 307 ff. DOI logo
Yan, Hengbin & Yinghui Li
2021. A Smart e-Learning System for Data-Driven Grammar Learning. In Smart Education and e-Learning 2021 [Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 240], ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Zyzik, Eve
2019. INCOMPLETE ACQUISITION FROM A USAGE-BASED PERSPECTIVE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Cognitive Aphasiology – A Usage-Based Approach to Language in Aphasia [Constructional Approaches to Language, 31], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2021. Dynamic Variation in Second Language Acquisition [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 8], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2024. Beyond Disfluency [Advances in Interaction Studies, 11], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 22 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.