Index

• accuracy, 32, 94, 106–7, 233, 260, 262, 289, 349–50, 353, 361, 382–83

• activation, 2, 40–41, 215, 243, 309–10, 313, 328, 331–32, 334, 341, 375, 377, 379, 385–87, 393

• aging, 242, 271, 273, 278, 299–300, 320, 322, 338, 390, 399

• aphasia, 11, 371, 373–74, 376, 378, 380–84, 386–89, 391–98

• ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders), 10, 347–48, 351, 355–56, 360–61, 364–70

• assessment, 51, 63, 75, 96, 118, 142, 159, 175, 291, 296, 321, 347–48, 360–62, 365–66, 371

• associative learning, 6, 37–38, 40, 44, 56

• attention, 9–10, 31, 38, 47–51, 55–56, 95, 252, 260, 286–87, 291–92, 294, 296–98, 300, 302, 304

• attrition, 226–27, 229–36, 238–45, 247–48, 252–53, 262–63, 268–69, 271–72, 274–75, 278, 357, 365, 367, 370, 376

• bilingual acquisition, 33, 94, 96–99, 124, 128, 148, 150, 152, 200, 273, 275

• bilingual aphasia, 10–11, 371–99

• Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT), 375, 389, 392, 394–97

• bilingual child acquisition, 5, 15–17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31–33, 35

• bilingual education, 3–4, 99, 119–21, 152–53, 171, 174, 176, 179–80, 247, 272, 302, 304

• bilingual experience, 4, 95, 229, 287, 292, 297, 301, 318, 321, 325, 329, 336–37

• bilingualism, effects of, 11, 96, 241, 283, 295, 303–4, 318–19, 329, 343

• bilingual language processing, 10, 97, 228, 243, 294, 323, 326, 328, 374, 384, 396

• bilingual SLI, 352–54, 357, 365

• Brain and Language, 243, 277, 323, 338, 340–41, 367, 369, 389, 391–99

• brain damage, 371, 373, 376–77, 382, 388

• Broca’s area, 328–29, 331–32, 337

• Catalan, 21, 144, 186, 392

• CHILDES, 8, 183–84, 189, 191, 200

• childhood bilingualism, 97, 103, 105–6, 151

• Child L2 acquisition, 75, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123–25

• Child Language, 95–96, 99–100, 121–24, 149–50, 152, 183, 196, 273, 277, 279, 322

• child language disorders, 349, 351, 353, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365–69

• Chinese, 49, 51, 62, 70, 144, 172, 189, 194, 198, 213, 315, 330, 399

• clinical markers, 349, 352–53, 358, 362, 364, 367, 370

• co-activation, 8, 228, 307, 309, 319

• code-mixing, 8, 25, 85, 184, 187, 196–97, 199, 272

• code-switching, 21, 31, 33–34, 97–98, 200, 234

• cognitive control, 300–301, 318, 320, 322, 371, 380–86, 388, 393

• cognitive development, 81, 93–95, 290, 299, 301–2, 305

• communication disorders, 148–49, 347, 364–65, 367–69, 389, 394, 397

• competence, 74, 77, 108, 230, 244, 272, 276

• comprehension, 49, 51, 114, 118, 164, 167, 181, 206, 208, 211, 215, 218–20, 222, 324–25, 336

• corpus, 184–86, 191, 194, 196–98, 270, 316

• cross-linguistic influence (CLI), 8, 32, 88–89, 183, 187–88, 190, 200, 237, 246, 253, 255–58, 263–64, 274, 356

• Cross-linguistic transfer, 99, 138, 201, 237, 276, 356

• Danish, 21, 26–27, 132, 186

• dementia, 298–99, 319–20, 338, 395

• developmental disorders, 10, 347–49, 357, 359–60, 366, 368

• dialect, 18, 21–23, 27, 34, 232, 241, 254, 267

• dominance, 92, 99, 110, 184, 188, 196, 243, 259, 357, 362, 372

• education, 25, 32–33, 97, 149, 155, 159, 176–78, 182, 226, 233, 236, 265, 290, 320, 338

• ERPs (event-related potentials), 124, 215, 245, 311, 324, 341, 344, 396

• evolution, 42, 44, 183, 217, 386

• executive control, 95, 288, 292, 299–301, 304, 323, 327, 334, 337, 383, 389–90, 398

• executive function, 11, 95, 166, 177, 283–87, 289, 291, 293–99, 301, 303–5, 316–18, 324, 347, 349, 390

• executive function tasks, 92, 284–85, 290–97, 302

• experience, 40, 43, 45, 49–50, 91–92, 148–50, 234, 237–39, 285, 292–98, 302, 314, 319, 366, 398–99

• eye-tracking, 51, 53, 286, 308–9

• first language acquisition, 35, 44, 58–59, 100, 122, 146–48, 152, 200, 275–76, 321

• first language attrition, 9, 36, 97, 225, 227, 229, 241–48, 278

• flanker task, 288–90, 293–94, 381–83, 391

• fluency, 157, 167, 172–73, 181, 233, 307

• fMRI, 223, 326, 331, 333, 386, 389, 396–97

• foreign accent, 98, 226, 232, 239, 242

• gender, 17, 25, 65, 77, 100, 106, 113, 144, 162, 181, 217, 257, 261, 267, 273–75

• grammar, 57–60, 63–66, 69, 71, 73–74, 115–17, 239–40, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265–68, 270–71, 330, 336

• Greek, 113, 120, 124, 246, 257, 394

• Hearing Research, 96, 119, 122, 124, 365–66, 368–70, 391, 393

• Hebrew, 124, 151, 186, 330, 348, 353–54, 365, 379

• heritage languages, 29, 117, 124, 156, 176, 189, 199, 251–53, 261, 275–76, 278, 357–60, 364

• Hindi, 87, 138, 261, 276, 304

• home language, 25, 119, 131, 155–57, 161, 166, 168, 172–75, 288, 290

• Icelandic, 267, 269, 273

• immersion, 98, 118, 241, 372, 376

• incomplete acquisition, 189, 252, 260, 262, 269, 277, 357, 365, 367

• infancy, 82, 86–87, 152, 283, 294, 300, 304–5, 387

• infants, 86–87, 134, 145, 286–88, 295–96, 298, 300, 302, 304

• inhibition, 2, 95, 284–85, 291, 294–97, 300, 317, 321, 323, 379, 384, 390, 393, 396

• input, 6–7, 17, 39–40, 42–43, 47, 50–51, 58–62, 71, 116–17, 127–33, 135–37, 140–52, 197–98, 262, 366

• Input Processing (IP), 48, 52, 56, 68

• instruction, 23, 50–51, 55–56, 61, 111, 157, 171, 175, 309, 311

• interfaces, 52–53, 64, 69–71, 77, 123, 125, 231–32, 242, 248, 258–60, 263–64, 269, 274, 277, 279

• interlanguage, 42, 77

• interlanguage grammars, 57, 60, 62, 64–67, 70, 73

• intervention, 8, 10, 169–70, 173, 175, 178–79, 212–13, 348, 351, 360, 363–64, 390

• Japanese, 61–62, 70, 153, 172, 186–88, 331, 341

• language choices, 17, 19, 23, 27, 84, 99, 128, 139, 144, 146, 148–49, 361

• language co-activation, 241, 309–10, 313, 321, 377–78

• language contact, 22, 101, 201, 256, 274, 278, 311

• language control, 10, 243, 297, 304, 317, 320, 323, 325–26, 334–35, 337, 339, 381–85, 388–89, 393, 395

• language disorder, 179, 181, 347–48, 355, 360–61, 365–66, 391

• language dominance, 8, 83–85, 93, 96–97, 151, 177, 195, 199, 201, 274, 277, 302, 387, 390, 392

• language exposure, 82, 151, 237, 301, 362, 373, 377, 398

• language ideologies, 5, 15–16, 19–22, 32, 35

• language impairment, 105, 117, 119–20, 123, 180, 326, 347, 365–70, 373, 375–76, 387, 394

• language input, 7, 100, 127–29, 132, 134, 138–42, 145, 152

• language learning, 37, 39, 41, 46, 52–56, 58, 97, 99, 118–19, 123, 241–43, 275–76, 308, 311, 347–49

• language outcomes, 90, 105, 127, 129, 142–44, 239

• language processing, 6, 10–11, 38, 42–43, 49, 52–53, 307–9, 312–13, 327–28, 330, 332, 334, 372–74, 377, 387–88

• language proficiency, 35, 151, 159, 177, 181, 302–3, 305, 333, 338, 372–73, 376–77, 385, 389, 394, 398–99

• language skills, 141, 150, 162–63, 170, 180, 229, 236, 245

• language teaching, 50, 75, 121, 123, 247, 344

• language use, 5, 16–18, 35–36, 53, 81, 87, 129, 149, 153, 233, 239, 261, 284, 288, 359

• language variation, 17, 22, 36

• learnability, 43, 227

• learned attention, 40, 43, 47–49, 51, 53, 55

• learning mechanisms, 41, 59–60, 104, 106, 221

• lexical access, 95, 300, 313, 320–22, 339, 374, 382, 390–92

• lexical processing, 71, 242, 321, 333–34, 343, 396

• lexico-semantic processing, 10, 325, 327–28, 332, 334

• literacy, 95, 99, 109, 155, 163, 166, 172–73, 175, 179, 226, 236, 265, 270, 365, 369

• literacy development, 7, 121, 155–57, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169–71, 173–77, 179–81, 356

• literacy skills, 8, 155, 158, 160, 169, 172–73, 175, 359

• maintenance, 8–9, 189, 234–35, 245, 247–48, 251, 264, 269, 357, 359, 367

• Mandarin, 25, 186, 191, 194, 217–18

• memory, 40, 52, 54, 211–12, 221–23, 226, 241, 287, 296, 301, 320–24, 338, 341, 390–91, 395–96

• mental lexicon, 246, 273, 307–9, 311, 313, 315, 317, 319, 321, 323, 393

• meta-analysis, 49, 51, 54, 56, 166, 178–79, 288, 299, 338, 341

• monolingual children, 81–82, 86, 89, 91–93, 110, 116–17, 120, 131, 134–36, 159, 163, 190–91, 198–99, 287–88, 349–54

• morphology, 49, 55–56, 64–66, 68, 70, 88–89, 107–8, 112–14, 123–24, 191, 353

• morphosyntax, 7, 71, 105, 107, 113–14, 118, 229–30, 331, 348, 352, 356

• motivation, 1, 59, 142, 233–35, 301, 322

• multilingualism, 15–16, 20–22, 26, 33–36, 55, 151, 200, 243–44, 272, 275, 319, 321, 344, 399

• Neurobiology of bilingualism, 325, 327, 329, 331, 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345

• Neurolinguistics, 95, 243, 245, 248, 320, 325, 337–38, 341–42, 344, 389, 391, 396, 398

• Norwegian, 111, 139, 267–68

• output, 17, 114, 195, 374, 380

• perception, 23, 43, 107, 109, 228, 230, 301, 304, 327, 342

• performance, 70–71, 73, 167, 232–33, 284–85, 289–90, 292–94, 296–98, 310, 354, 356, 362, 374–76, 378–79, 382–83

• phonology, 85–86, 105, 107, 118, 252, 255–57, 259–60, 264, 266, 270, 272, 275, 309, 311, 327–28

• plasticity, 10, 302, 308, 319, 326, 340, 385, 393

• Portuguese, 186, 213, 257, 278

• pragmatics, 33, 35–36, 229, 258–59, 263–64, 269, 274, 278–79, 355

• priming, 207, 209, 214–16, 221–22

• reading comprehension, 156, 161–66, 175–81

• reading skills, 124, 160–62, 166–68, 173, 179, 181

• reduced input, 117, 135–37, 273, 349

• representations, 6, 8, 10, 40, 57–58, 60, 64, 70–71, 73, 76, 205, 207–11, 213–16, 218, 222

• Russian, 49, 72, 139, 185–86, 261–63, 309, 343, 365, 394

• second language learning, 50, 54–56, 75, 103, 180, 206, 222, 242, 246, 341, 368, 390

• semantics, 64, 67–68, 70, 73, 113–14, 258, 262–64, 268–69, 336, 390–91, 394, 397

• SLI (specific language impairment), 10, 119–20, 123, 147, 180, 184, 347–50, 352–59, 361–70

• sociolinguistics, 3, 5, 15–21, 23–25, 27, 29, 31, 33–36, 200, 252

• Speech Language Pathology, 366, 395–96

• strategies, 166, 208, 211, 215, 217, 261, 347, 361–62, 365

• Stroop tasks, 290, 294–95, 317, 382

• syntactic development, 8, 152, 205, 210–11, 218–20

• syntactic priming, 207, 209–10, 213–15, 219, 221–23

• syntactic processing, 8, 71, 205, 211, 214–16, 218–19, 221, 223, 228, 315–16, 331–32, 341

• syntactic structures, 199, 205–7, 209–12, 215–16, 218–19, 221, 272, 332

• syntax, 8, 67–69, 71, 76–77, 107–8, 112, 114, 205–8, 218–19, 221–23, 255–56, 260–61, 263–64, 270, 339–40

• target languages, 88, 184–85, 187, 198–99, 239, 264, 284, 294, 313, 325, 377–78, 380

• TD children, 352–53, 355–57

• tense, 42, 52, 56, 65, 69, 75–77, 112–13, 123, 150–51, 209, 246, 353

• transfer errors, 208, 215, 217, 219–20

• translation, 8, 87, 145, 216, 228, 309, 312, 341, 343, 374, 378–79, 383, 395, 398

• treatment, 212, 267, 368, 378–80, 386, 391, 394–95

• Turkish, 21, 26–27, 69, 76, 113, 120, 239, 244, 261, 264, 348, 350, 356, 358, 375

• UG (Universal Grammar), 6, 57–64, 70, 73–74, 76–77, 124, 149

• ultimate attainment, 6, 58, 64, 75, 101, 237, 240, 244, 261

• variation, 17, 22, 27, 33, 36, 55–56, 64, 115, 133, 136, 260, 263, 268, 273, 383

• vocabulary, 4, 7, 81, 85, 89–90, 115–18, 120, 149, 152, 162–64, 167–68, 170, 172, 175, 178–79

• vocabulary development, 100, 106, 109–10, 115, 122, 152

• vocabulary knowledge, 109, 156, 158, 162, 164, 169, 173–74, 181, 314, 343

• word order, 67–68, 73, 103, 112–13, 188, 190, 210, 220, 228, 230, 240, 261, 267–68, 272–73

• working memory, 71, 76, 96, 161, 166–67, 285, 288, 294, 296, 299–301, 315, 328, 349

• writing skills, 7, 155–56, 160, 166, 168, 174, 177–78