Index of Languages, Dialects and Language Families
A
- Afrikaans (West Germanic, Indo-European)
128
- Akwesasne Mohawk
50
See also Mohawk
- Aleut (Aleut, Eskimo-Aleut)
21, 22, 23, 43, 50, 53, 110, 293, 304
- Algonquian
1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12–16, 21, 37, 39, 40, 42, 47, 51, 59, 60–65, 67, 69–71, 72–77, 78, 85, 87, 88, 89–93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 103, 108, 109, 113, 133, 135, 138, 140–141, 146, 147, 155, 166, 167, 169, 173–223, 225, 239, 254, 255, 257, 258, 260–261, 272–273, 305, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 336, 337–338, 340, 341, 342–343, 345, 349
- Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok
12, 15
- Algonquin
14, 90, 138, 147, 148, 179, 181, 188, 190–191, 220, 240, 342
See also Ojibwa
- Alutiiq See Pacific Gulf Yupik
- Andaste See Susquehannock
- Anishinaabemowin See Southwestern Ojibwa
- Arabic (Semitic, Afro-Asiatic)
5, 135
- Arapaho (Plains Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 15, 42, 63, 218–219
- Athabaskan
70, 74–77, 145, 155, 327
- Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit
10, 39
- Atikamekw
10, 14
See also Cree
B
- Bantu
77, 131, 150, 195, 200, 204
- Basic English
354
See also English
- Basque (isolate)
5, 15, 90, 193, 348
- Bearlake
78
See also North Slavey
- Bengali (Indo-Aryan, Indo-European)
135
- Blackfoot (Plains Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 15, 61, 62, 82, 166, 193, 194, 211, 212
- Burmese (Burmo-Qiangic, Sino-Tibetan)
234, 266
C
- Cahuilla (Takic, Uto-Aztecan)
82
- Cape Khoekhoe
168–169, 340
- Carolina Algonquian (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 89, 174
- Carrier (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
70, 75
- Cayuga (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 17–18, 41, 43, 44, 52, 66, 143
- Central Alaskan Yup’ik (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
10, 21, 23, 42, 47, 55, 83–84, 110, 351
- Central Algonquian
12, 14–15, 63, 90, 197, 204, 207, 209, 215
- Central Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Central Ojibwa
14
See also Ojibwa
- Central Siberian Yupik (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
10, 21, 41, 53–55, 315–318, 319
- Central Southern Ojibwa
10
- Cherokee (Southern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
2, 7–8, 10, 12, 16, 19–20, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43–45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52–53, 55, 59, 65, 69, 71, 74, 78–81, 105–107, 122, 126, 128, 163, 165, 217, 223, 225–255, 257–265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272–273, 275, 298, 302–303, 320–322, 324–325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330–331, 332–333, 334–335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 351, 353
- Cheyenne (Plains Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 15, 33, 47, 209
- Chiapanec (Oto-Manguean)
156
- Chickasaw (Muskogean)
105
- Chinese (Sinitic, Sino-Tibetan)
104, 143
- Chipewyan (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
43, 75–76, 315
- Chippewa See Southwestern Ojibwa
- Choctaw (Muskogean)
55, 105, 106
- Chukchi (Chukotko-Kamchatkan)
286–287, 310
- Conestoga See Susquehannock
- Copper Island Aleut See Mednyj Aleut
- Cree (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14–15, 16, 23, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 90, 141, 166, 190, 193, 194, 201–202, 207–209, 215, 315
- Creek (Muskogean)
105, 106, 250
D
- Dahalo (Cushitic, Afro-Asiatic)
150
- Dakota (Siouan)
78, 110, 112, 235, 280
- Danish (North Germanic, Indo-European)
23, 104, 277
- Dano-Norwegian See Norwegian
- Delaware See Munsee Unami
- Dhegiha
82
See also Siouan
- Diegueño (Yuman)
41, 126
- Dutch (West Germanic, Indo-European)
57, 201
- Dyirbal (Pama-Nyungan)
212, 213, 214–215
E
- East Cree
10, 14
See also Cree
- East Greenlandic
10, 22
See also Greenlandic
- Eastern Abenaki (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 99, 220, 228, 229, 258
- Eastern Aleut
21, 41
See also Aleut
- Eastern Algonquian
10, 12, 14, 90, 93, 102, 122, 184, 212, 215, 220
- Eastern Canadian Inuit
10, 22
See also Inuktitut
- Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
22, 279, 311–314
See also Inuktitut
- Eastern Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Eastern Cree
14
See also Cree
- Eastern Ojibwa
14, 15, 40, 197–198
See also Ojibwa
- Eastern Swampy Cree
10, 14
See also Cree
- Elati Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- English (West Germanic, Indo-European)
4, 27, 31, 33, 44, 45, 46, 55, 57, 62, 66, 76, 93, 104, 105, 112, 113, 116, 124, 125, 128, 140, 157, 158, 166, 177, 178, 184, 186, 200, 209, 220, 226, 228–229, 230, 235, 244, 249, 251, 253, 264, 269, 279–280, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 293, 294–295, 298, 299, 302, 304, 305, 307–309, 315–316, 332, 341, 351, 354, 355
- Erie (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 18–19
- Eskaleut See Eskimo-Aleut
- Eskimauan See Eskimo-Aleut
- Eskimo
1, 5, 8, 21–23, 50, 53, 84, 89, 100, 103, 106, 109–110, 120, 121, 126, 140, 163, 193, 205, 217, 238, 241, 247, 252, 261–264, 265, 267, 273, 275–281, 283–311, 315–316, 318, 320–322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328–329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338–340, 342, 346, 347, 355
- Eskimo-Aleut
1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 12, 21–23, 36–37, 40, 41, 42, 47, 50, 53–54, 56, 57, 61, 82, 83–84, 85, 87, 88, 100–101, 108, 109–110, 167, 193, 276, 277, 304, 306, 310, 311, 323, 325, 342, 345
- Etchemin (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12
- Eyak (Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
43, 72
F
- Fox
15, 61–62, 63–65, 110, 124, 196, 211, 212–213, 215–217, 218
See also Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo
- French (Romance, Indo-European)
33, 44, 45, 50, 54, 62, 95, 138, 142, 148, 154, 157, 167, 168, 175, 176, 178, 180, 197, 200, 201, 210, 217, 228, 249, 256, 353
G
- German (West Germanic, Indo-European)
158, 185, 197, 200, 201, 202, 214, 230, 248–249, 277
- Greek (Indo-European)
62, 95, 104, 175, 178, 197, 227, 231, 334
- Greenlandic (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21–22, 23, 88, 89–90, 100, 104, 190, 237–238, 241, 257, 261–262, 277, 289, 305, 306, 307
- Gros Ventre
15, 61
See also Arapaho
H
- Ha’anahawunena
15
See also Arapaho
- Haida (isolate)
42, 70, 72, 110, 111, 126
- Hawaiian (Polynesian, Austronesian)
139, 144, 145, 150, 156–157, 162, 166, 167, 170–171, 349, 352
- Hebrew (Semitic, Afro-Asiatic)
5, 105, 135, 178, 227, 228, 352
- Herschel Island Trade Jargon
22
- Hudson’s Bay Company Cree
16
- Hupa (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75, 110
- Huron
7, 16, 18–19, 66, 93–94, 95–96, 97, 101, 105, 116, 122, 131, 135–140, 141–142, 143, 144, 145, 146–149, 151–155, 161–162, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 174, 180, 182–183, 256, 257, 258, 263, 272, 321, 324, 325, 326–327, 336, 337, 338, 339, 346, 351
See also Huron-Wyandot, Wyandot
- Huron-Wyandot (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 20, 43
See also Huron, Wyandot
I
- Icelandic (North Germanic, Indo-European)
104
- Indo-European
5, 54, 57, 60, 77, 128, 158, 191–192, 193, 196–197, 199, 200–203, 239, 246, 249, 261, 282, 286, 308, 339, 342, 343, 350, 352, 353
- Indonesian (Malayic, Austronesian)
125
- Innu-aimun See Montagnais
- Inuit
4, 5, 21–22, 40, 276, 277, 279, 296, 297, 302, 305, 307, 310–315, 329
- Inuktitut (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21–22, 23, 61, 109, 128, 277, 284, 305, 306, 311
- Inupiaq (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21–22, 308, 319
- Inuttut
109, 277, 311–314
See also Inuktitut
- Iroquoian
1, 2, 6–8, 9, 10, 12, 16–20, 21, 37, 38, 39–41, 42, 43–47, 48–53, 55–59, 60, 61, 65–67, 71–72, 85, 87, 88, 89–90, 93–94, 98, 103, 105–106, 108, 109, 111–112, 122, 124, 126, 131–132, 134, 135, 137–138, 139, 140, 141, 143–145, 146, 149, 151, 155, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167–168, 169–170, 171, 173, 174, 180, 181, 182, 191, 192, 222–223, 252, 255, 257, 272, 305, 323, 325, 330, 332, 337, 340, 343–344, 345, 346, 349
- Italian (Romance, Indo-European)
138, 145
J
- Jicarilla Apache (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75, 341
K
- Kahnawake Mohawk
50
See also Mohawk
- Kalaallisut See Greenlandic
- Khoekhoe (Khoe-Kwadi)
121–122, 150, 163, 168–169, 248, 268, 270, 271, 334, 339, 340
- Khoisan
131, 149, 150, 161, 162–164, 168–169, 240, 339, 343, 345
- Kickapoo
10, 15
See also Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo
- Kituhwa Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Klamath (isolate or Penutian)
156, 159
- Koasati (Muskogean)
61, 126
- Koyukon (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75
- Kwak’wala (Wakashan)
70, 110, 111, 112, 279, 281
L
- Latin (Italic, Indo-European)
5, 62, 100, 104, 134, 146, 175, 178, 180, 181, 197, 199, 201, 231, 247, 277, 353
- Laurentian (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 19, 43, 89, 152, 327
- Lithuanian (Baltic, Indo-European)
128
- Loup A (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12
- Loup B (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12
- Lower Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Lower Chinook (Chinookan)
110, 158
M
- Mahican (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 102, 103, 140, 184–185
- Mandarin Chinese
125
See also Chinese
- Marathi (Indo-Aryan, Indo-European)
128
- Massachusett (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 90, 93, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 153, 176–178, 183, 185, 194, 258, 324, 344
- Meherrin (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 19
- Menominee (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
15, 62, 63, 64, 70, 197, 198–199, 215, 216, 218
- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75, 77
- Mi’kmaq (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 15, 70, 72, 97, 99, 181, 220, 255–256
- Miami
15
See also Miami-Illinois
- Miami-Illinois (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
15, 211
- Middle Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Mohawk (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 17, 20, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44–45, 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56–58, 66–67, 71–72, 80, 93, 103, 105, 124, 140–141, 143, 165, 167, 170, 180, 184, 222
- Mohegan-Pequot(-Montauk) (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14
- Montagnais
10, 14, 15, 47, 72, 73–74, 90, 97, 99, 133–134, 151, 174–176, 180, 181–183, 211, 212, 324, 329, 331, 346
See also Cree
- Moose Cree
14
See also Cree
- Munsee (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 215
- Myaamia
15
See also Miami-Illinois
N
- Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan)
56, 58, 98–99, 267, 318–319, 339–340
- Nanticoke (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14
- Narragansett (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 25, 93, 101, 102, 153, 183
- Naskapi
10, 14
See also Cree
- Naukanski Yupik (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21, 319–320
- Navajo (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
16, 42, 75, 76, 77–78
- Nawathinehena
15
See also Arapaho
- Neutral (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 18–19
- Nishnaabemwin
14–15, 70–71
See also Ojibwa
- Nootka See Nuu-chah-nulth
- North Alaska Inupiaq
22
See also Inupiaq
- North Greenlandic
22
See also Greenlandic
- Northern Arapaho
15
See also Arapaho
- Northern Cheyenne
15, 63, 207, 209
See also Cheyenne
- Northern Iroquoian
7, 10, 16–19, 40–41, 50, 51, 52–53, 57–59, 65–67, 71–72, 111, 192, 222–223, 225, 242
- Northern Ojibwa
14
See also Ojibwa
- Northwestern Ojibwa
14
See also Ojibwa
- Norwegian (North Germanic, Indo-European)
197
- Nottoway (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 19, 45
- Nunavik Inuktitut
311–314
See also Inuktitut
- Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan)
54, 55, 70
O
- O’odham (Uto-Aztecan)
159
- Ojibwa (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
4, 14–15, 16, 61, 63, 70, 72–73, 90, 97, 104, 141, 179, 188–190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197–198, 199, 206–207, 210, 211, 218, 220, 342
- Omaha-Ponca (Siouan)
82–83
- Oneida (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 17, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52, 57, 61, 66, 67, 126, 143, 222
- Onondaga (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 17, 43, 52, 53, 66, 67, 102, 103, 140, 143, 182, 185, 222
- Otali Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Ottawa
14, 15, 180, 212, 220
See also Ojibwa
- Overhill Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
P
- Pacific Gulf Yupik (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21
- Passamaquoddy-Maliseet (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 14, 40, 61, 220
- Penobscot
63, 220–221
See also Eastern Abenaki
- Petun (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 18–19
- Pirahã (Muran)
125, 333, 344
- Plains Algonquian
12, 15, 63, 207
- Plains Cree
10, 14, 16, 39, 62, 126, 133, 201–202, 211, 218
See also Cree
- Plains Miwok (Miwok-Costanoan)
39
- Plains Ojibwa
14
See also Ojibwa
- Polynesian
131, 139, 143, 144, 145, 149–150, 156–157, 161, 162, 165–166, 168, 169, 170–171, 339
- Popoloc (Oto-Manguean)
68
- Potawatomi (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
15, 70
- Powhatan (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14
- Proto-Algonquian
12, 42, 72, 90, 219
- Proto-Northern-Iroquoian
43
- Purépecha (isolate)
232–233, 237
Q
- Quiripi (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14
R
- Russian (East Slavic, Indo-European)
22, 54, 308
S
- Salishan
39, 42, 55, 61, 82
- Samoan (Polynesian, Austronesian)
150
- Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan, Indo-European)
103, 135, 141
- Sauk
15
See also Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo
- Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
15, 61, 212
- Saulteaux
10, 14, 166
See also Ojibwa
- Scottish Gaelic (Celtic, Indo-European)
35
- Seneca (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 18, 33, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 52, 55–56, 61, 66, 112, 143
- Severn Ojibwa
10, 14
See also Ojibwa
- Seward Peninsula Inupiaq
21–22
- Shawnee (Central Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
15, 216
- Siouan
10, 16, 54, 61, 74, 78, 82–83, 147, 167
- Sirenikski (Eskimo, Eskimo-Aleut)
21, 318
- Slave (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75, 78, 126
- Southern Cheyenne
15
See also Cheyenne
- Southern Iroquoian
16, 19, 41, 65
- Southwestern Ojibwa
4, 14–15, 104, 188
See also Ojibwa
- Spanish (Romance, Indo-European)
5, 77, 138
- St. Lawrence Iroquoian See Laurentian
- Susquehannock (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 19
T
- Tahitian (Polynesian, Austronesian)
140, 142, 349
- Tanaina (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
310
- Tasmanian
117, 121, 239, 240, 241, 245, 247–248, 257, 268–270, 339, 340
- Tlingit (Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
39, 42, 43, 72, 110
- Tsimshian (Tsimshian)
110, 157
- Tümpisa Shoshone (Uto-Aztecan)
126
- Tunica (isolate)
38–39, 46, 61, 126
- Tuscan
145
See also Italian
- Tuscarora (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
12, 16, 18, 19, 43, 44, 45–46, 52, 54, 66, 111–112, 143, 242
U
- Unami (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
14, 15, 102, 104, 106, 184, 185–187, 215, 216, 228, 230–231, 258, 260
- Underhill Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
W
- Wakashan
39, 42, 55, 75, 82
- Wampanoag See Massachusett
- Wenro (Northern Iroquoian, Iroquoian)
16, 18–19
- West Greenlandic
10, 23, 41, 50, 54, 100, 109, 110, 289, 299, 311–314, 326, 329
See also Greenlandic
- Western Abenaki (Eastern Algonquian, Algonquian, Algic)
12, 14, 220
- Western Aleut
21
See also Aleut
- Western Apache (Athabaskan, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)
75
- Western Canadian Inuit
10, 22, 109
See also Inuktitut
- Western Canadian Inuktitut
22, 311–314
See also Inuktitut
- Western Cherokee
19
See also Cherokee
- Western Cree
14
See also Cree
- Western Swampy Cree
10, 14
See also Cree
- Wiyot (Algic)
12, 15, 40, 69
- Woods Cree
10, 14
See also Cree
- Wôpanâak See Massachusett
- Wyandot
18, 20, 44, 45, 149, 162
See also Huron, Huron-Wyandot
X
- Xhosa (Bantoid, Atlantic-Congo)
150, 163
Y
- Yana (isolate or Hokan)
61
- Yuchi (isolate)
41, 61, 82
- Yupik
5, 21, 84, 297, 311, 319–320
- Yurok (Algic)
12, 15, 40, 69
Z
- Zulu (Bantoid, Atlantic-Congo)
150, 240, 245, 247, 248