In this article I investigate dialect variation in the old Norwegian settlement around Coon Valley and Westby in Vernon County, Wisconsin, with a focus on how the Norwegian dialects spoken here have changed over time. The language in this community is well documented; the oldest recordings are from 1931, the most recent ones were done in 2014. By comparing such recordings from different times, I point to some tendencies of how different Norwegian speech varieties have changed in the settlement towards the formation of a koiné.
This volume. “Hybrid Verb Forms in American Norwegian and the Analysis of the Syntactic Relation Between the Verb and its Tense.”
Allen, Brent and Joseph Salmons
This volume. “Heritage Language Obstruent Phonetics and Phonology: American Norwegian and Norwegian-American English.”
Annear, Lucas and Kristin Speth
This volume. “Maintaining a Multilingual Repertoire: Lexical Change in American Norwegian.”
Flaten, Nils
1900–04“Notes on the American-Norwegian with Vocabulary. Dialect Notes 2: 115–126.
Flom, George. T
1900–04“English Elements in Norse Dialects of Utica, Wisconsin.”Dialect Notes 2: 257–268.
Flom, George T
1903“The Gender of Norse Loan-Nouns in Norse Dialects in America.”The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 5: 1–31.
Flom, George T
1912“Det norske sprogs bruk og utvikling i Amerika.”Nordmands- Forbundet 4: 233–250.
Flom, George T
1926“English Loanwords in American Norwegian. As spoken in the Koshkonong Settlement, Wisconsin.”American Speech 1: 541–558.
Flom, George T
1929“On the Phonology of English Loanwords in the Norwegian Dialects of Koshkonong in Wisconsin.”Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi – Tilläggsband til bd. XL: 178–189.
Flom, George T
1931“Um det norske målet i Amerika.”Norsk aarbok: 113–124.
Golden, Anne and Elizabeth Lanza
This volume. “Coon Valley Norwegians Meet Norwegians from Norway: Language, Culture and Identity Among Heritage Language Speakers in the U.S.”
Haugen, Einar
1956Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. (Publications of the American Dialect Society 26). Tuscaloosa, AL: University Alabama Press.
Haugen, Einar
(1953) 1969The Norwegian Language in America. Bloomington / London: Indiana University Press.
Hjelde, Arnstein
1992Trøndsk talemål i Amerika. Trondheim: Tapir.
Hjelde, Arnstein
1996a“The Gender of English Nouns Used in American Norwegian.” In Language Contact Across the North Atlantic, ed. by P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson, 297–312. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Hjelde, Arnstein
1996b“Some Phonological Changes in a Norwegian Dialect in America.” In Language Contact Across the North Atlantic, ed. by P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson, 283–295. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Holand, Hjalmar R
1927Coon Prairie: en historisk beretning om den Norske evangeliske lutherske menighet paa Coon Prairie. Skrevet i anledning av dens 75-aarsfest i 1927. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House.
Holand, Hjalmar R
1928Coon Valley: en historisk beretning om de norske menigheter i Coon Valley, skrevet i anledning av kaldets 75-aarsfest i 1928. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House.
Hjelde, Arnstein
2012“”Folkan mine, dæm bære snakka norsk” – norsk i Wisconsin frå 1940-talet og fram til i dag.”Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift 30(2): 183–203.
Ibarra, Robert A
1976Ethnicity Genuine and Spurious – A Study of a Norwegian Community in Rural Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison dissertation.
Johannessen, Janne Bondi
This volume. “Attrition in an American Norwegian Heritage Language Speaker.”
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake
2012“To myter om det norske språket i Amerika: Er det gammeldags? Nærmer det seg en bokmålsstandard?”Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift 30(2): 204–228.
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake
This volume. “On Two Myths of the Norwegian Language in America: Is it Old-Fashioned? Is it Approaching the Written Bokmål Standard?”
Kartsamling for leksikografi [URL] (Accessed February 12, 2011) [A collection of detailed dialect maps from Norway.]
Kerswill, Paul
2002“Koineization and Accommodation.” In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ed. by J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes, 669–702. Blackwell: Oxford.
Kerswill, Paul and Peter Trudgill
2005“The Birth of New Dialects.” In Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, ed. by Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens and Paul Kerswill, 196–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Larsson, Ida, Sofia Tingsell and Maia Andréasson
This Volume. “Variation and Change in American Swedish.”
Munch, Peter A
1949“Social Adjustment Among Wisconsin Norwegians.”American Sociological Review 14(6): 780–787.
Munch, Peter A
1954“Segregation and Assimilation of Norwegian Settlements in Wisconsin.”Norwegian-American Studies and Records 18: 102–140.
Oftedal, Magne
1949a“Norsk talemål i Amerika.”Syn og segn 55: 195–203.
Oftedal, Magne
1949b“The Vowel System of a Norwegian Dialect in Wisconsin.”Language 25: 261–267.
Qualey, Carlton Chester
1938Norwegian Settlement in the United States. Northfield: NAHA.
Seifert, Lester W.J
1993“The Development and Survival of the German Language in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. In The German Language in American, 1683–1991, ed. by Joseph C. Salmons, 322–337. Madison: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies.
Synopsisen [URL] (Accessed February 12, 2011) [A collection of detailed information on pronunciation and morphology from each Norwegian county (kommune).]
Trudgill, Peter J., Elizabeth Gordon, Gillian Lewis and Margaret Maclagan
2000“Determinism in New-Dialect Formation and the Genesis of New Zealand English.”Journal of Linguistics 36: 299–318.
US Census Bureau
2000 US Census, Special Tabulation 224.
Westergaard, Marit and Merete Anderssen
This volume. “Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions: Bilingual Acquisition and Attrition.”
2023. Identifying the dialectal background of American Finnish speakers using a supervised machine-learning model. Nordic Journal of Linguistics► pp. 1 ff.
2021. Heritage Languages around the World. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 11 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.