Article outline

• 1.Introduction
• 2.Cycle, grammaticalization, spiral
• 3.Oscillation cycles
• 4.Lower-level cyclicity and the van Gelderen model
• 5.Biberauer on Afrikaans negation
• 6.Break up the cycles?
• 7.Transitions
• 8.Broken and stalled cycles
• 9.Can a stage be skipped?
• 10.Is back-cycling possible?
• 11.Universals versus quirky language-specificity
• 12.The role of phonetic attrition
• 13.Semantic cycles; compositionality versus constructionism
• 14.Methodologies
• 15.Conclusion
• Reference