Some languages code that an action was performed unintentionally using evidentials, which in other contexts indicate a speaker’s source of information. Evidentials are only used for indicating nonvolitionality when an action was carried out by the speaker in the past. The evidential marker may carry a quite different meaning in coding nonvolitionality, this may be an extension of its primary meaning, or it may simply be a pragmatic interpretation of the use of a particular evidential in first person contexts. A nonvolitional interpretation can arise with nonvisual evidentials, visual or direct evidentials, inferential evidentials, and nonwitnessed, nonfirsthand or indirect evidentials.
2012. The apprehensive: Fear as endophoric evidence and its pragmatics in English, Mandarin, and Russian. Journal of Pragmatics 44:4 ► pp. 346 ff.
BABEL, ANNA M.
2009. Dizque, evidentiality, and stance in Valley Spanish. Language in Society 38:4 ► pp. 487 ff.
GROARK, KEVIN P.
2009. Discourses of the soul: The negotiation of personal agency in Tzotzil Maya dream narrative. American Ethnologist 36:4 ► pp. 705 ff.
Travis, Catherine E
2006. Dizque: a Colombian evidentiality strategy. Linguistics 44:6
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