Samples of Pennsylvania German (PG) are compared with samples of Standard German (SG) and Palatinate (PL) dialects. Analyses of the frequency of the occurrence of extraposition show that all dialect groups differ significantly from each other. PG has the highest rate of extraposition. However, the PL group also has a higher extraposition rate than SG. Concerning adverbials, speakers of PG extrapose significantly more elements than the two comparison samples. SG and PL are not different from each other in this respect. A high frequency of event-related adverb placement that corresponds to an English surface order (‘mirror order’) and a low frequency of the order corresponding to unmarked German in PG is presented. This frequency distribution is not found in the comparison samples. Crucially, the mirror orders do occur, abeit rarely, in PL. It is argued that PG is displaying frequency changes in which previously marked variants corresponding to English surface structure rise in frequency which is possibly facilitated by pre-existing tendencies in PL.
2023. Light-weights placed right: post-field constituents in heritage German. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Barking, Marie, Ad Backus & Maria Mos
2022. Individual corpus data predict variation in judgments: testing the usage-based nature of mental representations in a language transfer setting. Cognitive Linguistics 33:3 ► pp. 481 ff.
Barking, Marie, Ad Backus & Maria Mos
2022. Similarity in Language Transfer – Investigating Transfer of Light Verb Constructions From Dutch to German. Journal of Language Contact 15:1 ► pp. 198 ff.
Barking, Marie, Maria Mos & Ad Backus
2022. Comparing forward and reverse transfer from Dutch to German. International Journal of Bilingualism 26:4 ► pp. 389 ff.
Barking, Marie, Maria Mos & Ad Backus
2023. Investigating language transfer from a usage-based perspective. International Journal of Bilingualism
Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Michael T. Putnam
2020. Heritage Germanic Languages in North America. In The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics, ► pp. 783 ff.
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