This chapter examines the increasingly popular practice in text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) of users referring to themselves in the third person, e.g. *runs to the kitchen*. Originating in game environments, the zero subject construction has in recent years spread to other modes of CMC such as discussion forums, microblogging and texting. In these contexts, users take the trouble of typing in asterisks and other signals mimicking the screen view of early chat. Based on data from recreational discussion board threads and microblogging, the chapter focuses on the emergent grammar of the typographically marked, self-referential third-person construction and its pragmatic constraints. Special attention is paid to the variation between pronominal forms and other means of referring to oneself. It is argued that the construction is grammatically and pragmatically innovative in English.
Austin, John L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Baron, Naomi S. 2013. Instant Messaging. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 135-161. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Barton, David & Lee, Carmen. 2013. Language Online: Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. London: Routledge.
Barton, Ellen L. 1998. The grammar of telegraphic structures. Journal of English Linguistics 26: 37-67.
Benveniste, Émile. 1966. De la subjectivité dans le langage. In Problèmes de linguistique générale, Vol. 1: 258-266. Paris: Gallimard.
Blommaert, Jan. 2005. Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Chafe, Wallace. 1994. Discourse, Consciousness and Time: The Flow and Displacement of Conscious Experience in Speaking and Writing. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Cherny, Lynn. 1994. Gender differences in text-based virtual reality. In Cultural Performances: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference, Mary Bucholtz, Anita C. Liang, Laurel Sutton & Caitlin Hines (eds), 102-115. Berkeley CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Cherny, Lynn. 1995. The modal complexity of speech events in a social mud. Electronic Journal of Communication 5. <[URL]>
Danet, Brenda, Ruedenberg-Wright, Lucia & Rosenbaum-Tamari, Yehudit. 1997. “Hmmm... where’s that smoke coming from?” Writing, play and performance on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2(4).
Dayter, Daria. 2014. Self-praise in microblogging. Journal of Pragmatics 61: 91-102.
Enkvist, Nils Erik. 1981. Experiential iconicism in text strategy. Text 1(1): 97-111.
Enkvist, Nils Erik. 1989. Connexity, interpretability, universes of discourse, and text worlds. In Possible Worlds in Humanities, Arts and Sciences: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 65, Sture Allén (ed.), 162-186. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Gardelle, Laure. 2012. “Anaphora”, “anaphor” and “antecedent” in nominal anaphora: definitions and theoretical implications. Cercles 22: 25-40.
Gill, Martin. 2011. Authenticity. In Pragmatics in Practice: Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights 9, Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (eds), 46-65. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Givón, Talmy. 1983. Topic continuity in discourse: An introduction. In Topic Continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-Language Study [Typological Studies in Language 3], Talmy Givón (ed), 1-42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gruber, Helmut. 2013. Mailing list communication. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 55-82. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Gumperz, John J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
Haegeman, Liliane. 2013. The syntax of registers: Diary subject omission and the privilege of the root. Lingua 130: 88-110.
Haegeman, Liliane & Ihsane, Tabea. 1999. Subject ellipsis in embedded clauses in English. English Language and Linguistics 3(1): 117-145.
Herring, Susan C. 2001. Computer-mediated discourse. In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen & Heidi Hamilton (eds), 612-634. Oxford: Blackwell.
Herring, Susan C. 2004. Computer-mediated discourse analysis: An approach to researching online behavior. In Designing for Virtual Communities in the Service of Learning, Sasha A. Barab, Rob Kling & James H. Gray (eds.), 338-376. Cambridge: CUP.
Herring, Susan C. 2012. Grammar and electronic communication. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, Carol A. Chapelle (ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Herring, Susan C. 2013a. Relevance in computer-mediated conversation. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 245-268. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Herring, Susan C. 2013b. Discourse in Web 2.0: Familiar, reconfigured, and emergent. In Discourse 2.0: Language and New Media, Deborah Tannen & Anna Marie Trester (eds), 1-25. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Herring, Susan C., Stein, Dieter & Virtanen, Tuija. 2013. Introduction to the pragmatics of computer-mediated communication. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 3-32. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Honeycutt, Courtenay & Herring, Susan C. 2009. Beyond microblogging: conversation and collaboration via Twitter.
Proceedings of the Forty-second Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-42)
. Los Alamitos CA: IEEE Press.
Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Jakobson, Roman. 1971. Shifters, verbal categories, and the Russian verb. In Selected Writings Vol. 2, Roman Jakobson (ed.), 130-147. The Hague: Mouton.
Janda, Richard D. 1985. Note-taking English as a simplified register. Discourse Processes 8(4): 437-454.
Jaszczolt, Kasia M. 2013. First-person reference in discourse: Aims and strategies. Journal of Pragmatics 48: 57-70.
Kolko, Beth. 1995. Building a world with words: the narrative reality of virtual communities. Works and Days 13(1-2): 105-126. <[URL]>
Lazaraton, Anne. 2014. Aaaaack! The active voice was used! Language play, technology, and repair in the Daily Kos weblog. Journal of Pragmatics 64: 102-116.
Lee, Carmen. 2011. Texts and practices of micro-blogging: status updates on Facebook. In Digital Discourse: Language in the New Media, Crispin Thurlow & Kristine Mroczek (eds), 110-128. Oxford: OUP.
Lindholm, Loukia. 2013. The maxims of online nicknames. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 437-461. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Markham, Annette N. & Baym, Nancy K. 2009. Internet Inquiry: Conversations about Method. New York NY: Sage.
Marwick, Alice E. & boyd, danah. 2010. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 3: 4-33.
Maybin, Janet & Swann, Joan. 2007. Everyday creativity in language: textuality, contextuality, and critique. Applied Linguistics 28(4): 497-517.
Mühlhäusler, Peter & Harré, Rom. 1990. Pronouns and People: The Linguistic Construction of Social and Personal Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
North, Sarah. 2007. “The voices, the voices”: Creativity in online conversation. Applied Linguistics 28(4): 538-555.
Page, Ruth. 2012. Stories and Social Media: Identities and Interaction. New York NY: Routledge.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Robinson, Laura. 2007. The cyberself: The self-ing project goes online, symbolic interaction in the digital era. New Media & Society 9(1): 93-110.
Ryan, Marie-Laure. 2001. Narrative as Virtual Reality. Baltimore MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Sanford, Anthony J. & Emmott, Catherine. 2012. Mind, Brain and Narrative. Cambridge: CUP.
Schlobinski, Peter. 2001. *knuddelzurueckknuddeldichganzdollknuddel*: Inflektive und Inflektivkonstruktionen im Deutschen. Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 29(2):192-218.
Scott, Kate. 2013. Pragmatically motivated null subjects in English: A relevance theory perspective. Journal of Pragmatics 53: 68-83.
Searle, John R. 2001. How performatives work. In Essays in Speech Act Theory [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 77], Daniel Vanderveken & Susumu Kubo (eds), 85-107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Siewierska, Anna. 2004a. Person. Cambridge: CUP.
Siewierska, Anna. 2004b. On the discourse basis of person agreement. In Approaches to Cognition Through Text and Discourse, Tuija Virtanen (ed.), 33-48. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Simpson, James. 2013. Conversational floor in computer-mediated discourse. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 515-538. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Stirling, Lesley & Manderson, Lenore. 2011. About you: Empathy, objectivity and authority. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 1581-1602.
Torres Cacoullos, Rena & Travis, Catherine E. 2014. Prosody, priming and particular constructions: the patterning of English first-person singular subject expressions in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 63: 19-34.
Verschueren, Jef. 1995. The conceptual basis of performativity. In Essays in Semantics and Pragmatics: in Honour of Charles J. Fillmore [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 32], Masayoshi Shibatani & Sandra A. Thompson (eds), 299-321. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Virtanen, Tuija. 2004. Point of departure: cognitive aspects of sentence-initial adverbials. In Approaches to Cognition through Text and Discourse, Tuija Virtanen (ed.), 79-97. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Virtanen, Tuija. 2008. Adverbials of “manner” and “manner plus” in written English: Why initial placement?SKY Journal of Linguistics 21. <[URL]>
Virtanen, Tuija. 2013a. Performativity in computer-mediated communication. In Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication [Handbooks of Pragmatics 9], Susan C. Herring, Dieter Stein & Tuija Virtanen (eds), 269-290. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Virtanen, Tuija. 2013b. Mock performatives in online discussion boards: Toward a discourse-pragmatic model of computer-mediated communication. In Discourse 2.0: Language and New Media, Deborah Tannen & Anna Marie Trester (eds), 155-166. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Wales, Katie. 1996. Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge: CUP.
Werry, Christopher C. 1996. Linguistic and interactional features of Internet Relay Chat. In Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 39], Susan C. Herring (ed.), 47-63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Zappavigna, Michele. 2011. Ambient affiliation: A linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media & Society 13(5): 788-806.
2021. Enhancing Social Presence Through Textual Action: Virtual Performatives as a Relatability Strategy. In Analyzing Digital Discourses, ► pp. 27 ff.
Virtanen, Tuija
2021. Fragments online: virtual performatives in recreational discourse. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 53:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
2016. The year’s work in stylistics 2015. Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 25:4 ► pp. 376 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.