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Part of
The Perfect Volume: Papers on the perfect
Edited by Kristin Melum Eide and Marc Fryd
[Studies in Language Companion Series 217] 2021
► pp. 479–485

Index

A

  • abessive 26, 149–150, 152, 155–157
  • adjacency 32, 118, 121, 130, 350, 397, 406, 422–423, 427, 434
  • adverbials 13–14, 20–21, 24, 27–28, 43, 49–50, 56–57, 60–61, 70, 86, 102, 146, 155, 181–197, 200–207, 211, 252, 255, 264, 291–292, 298, 305–313, 320, 322, 430, 442–444, 461, 463, 475
    • frame adverbial192
    • time adverbials 13, 181–186, 188–191, 193–197, 200–204, 206, 255, 291, 308–313, 430, 461
    • locating time adverbial 192–194
    • proximative demonstrative time adverbials183
    • punctual time adverbials 182, 200–201, 203 ; See also duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials; left boundary; universally quantifying contexts & adverbials
  • Agul 25, 87–89, 91–102, 105–108, 110–111, 114–115, 153
  • Already See also iamitive 3, 10, 17, 21, 23–24, 43–44, 54–56, 60–61, 69, 75–76, 80–81, 83, 100, 127, 141, 143, 165, 167, 169–171, 173–174, 199, 201, 216, 225, 233, 243, 267, 291, 300, 344, 347, 353, 429, 432
  • anterior 3–4, 33, 182, 200, 210, 213, 218, 239, 247–248, 258, 429–432, 441–442, 444, 460, 470
    • anteriority 12, 28, 39, 126, 183, 189, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–228, 232, 234–235, 403, 432
  • aorist 2, 6, 13, 25, 76, 87, 89, 92–102, 105, 112, 114, 186, 189, 217
    • aoristic drift 1, 3–4, 8, 10–13, 23, 27–28, 33, 189, 214, 234, 442, 453, 459
    • aoristicization 12, 189, 213–214, 221
  • Archi 25, 87–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 102–104, 107–108, 110–111, 114–115
  • aspect 2, 6, 11, 15–19, 25–27, 35–39, 46, 63, 67–68, 73, 81, 84, 86–90, 92, 94, 97, 113–115, 119, 121–125, 127–128, 130, 132–136, 138, 156–161, 164–169, 172, 175–177, 200, 202, 204, 207–211, 214–215, 222, 228, 237–239, 241, 245–248, 257–258, 283–284, 314, 320, 344, 355–356, 361–362, 393, 396, 419, 434–437, 444, 458, 460, 476–478
  • Atayal 24–25, 65–69, 71, 73, 75–79, 81–84
  • Austronesian languages47
  • auxiliary 1, 5–9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 25–26, 29–35, 67–71, 76, 79, 81, 87, 90, 92–94, 96–99, 108–109, 111–112, 117–118, 120–123, 127–135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147–148, 150–155, 157, 171, 183, 187, 205, 247, 254, 261, 264–267, 270–271, 279, 286, 288–289, 291–293, 295–296, 298–304, 306, 308–309, 312–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341–345, 356–357, 359, 361–363, 365–367, 373–374, 376–377, 382–385, 388–389, 391–392, 394–395, 397–398, 400–401, 408, 410, 412–414, 421–424, 427, 431, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 445, 447–450, 452–458, 461–463, 465–466, 468–475
    • auxiliary reduction 33, 439, 441, 445, 447, 450, 452–457
    • auxiliary selection 30–31, 271, 289, 291–293, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 304, 306, 308–309, 312–318, 320, 322, 324–326, 328–329, 332, 335–336, 341
    • auxiliary verb 29, 112, 118, 120, 129, 183, 205, 261, 363, 441, 447
    • finite auxiliary 16, 118, 130–132, 134, 345, 427
    • passive auxiliary 264–265
    • perfect auxiliary 31, 76, 261, 270, 286, 292, 313, 316–317, 319–320, 324–326, 332, 335–336, 343, 365–367, 374, 382, 384–385, 391, 414, 423, 437
    • subject-auxiliary ellipsis 461, 465, 469, 472, 475
  • Avar-Andic 87, 153
  • Azeri108

B

  • Bagwalal 153, 160
  • Balkan Slavic languages156
  • Baltic 7, 137, 147–149, 158
  • Balto-Finnic languages149
  • Belarusian 147–148
  • biclausality 117, 131, 133–134
  • Bokmål 366, 368, 371–372, 374, 376, 380, 382–384, 389
  • Budugh 88, 95, 97–98, 102–103, 109–110, 115
  • Bulgarian 51, 139, 141, 147
  • Burmese 153, 156

C

  • Catalan 14, 27–28, 35, 38, 51, 76, 84, 181–190, 192–200, 202–209, 211, 218, 222, 229, 234, 237, 240, 250, 386, 393, 395, 459
  • catastrophe 324, 337
  • Caucasian Albanian 88, 97, 113
  • clitic 108, 127, 164–166, 169–171, 175, 256, 423, 449–450, 466, 470
    • cliticization. Also cliticisation 9, 130, 408, 427, 433, 461, 462, 469–470, 472, 474–475
    • enclitic 89, 97, 108, 408
  • competition 12, 28, 30–31, 69, 79, 83, 118, 181, 184–185, 205, 291–292, 304, 313, 319–321, 326, 328–329, 335, 428, 464
  • completive 25, 74, 76, 83, 123, 133, 166, 247
  • conclusive 66, 74–75, 83, 284
  • contact (language contact, contact variety) 4, 10, 12, 25–26, 31, 36–37, 112, 117–120, 128, 133–136, 160, 235, 238, 245, 258, 319–320, 323–327, 329–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
  • continuative 49, 84, 145, 157, 216–217, 224, 443, 455
    • continuative perfect49
  • continuity condition 49, 51–53
  • convergence 117–118, 135–136, 257, 377
  • copular verb 261, 352
    • semi-copular verb261
  • corpus data 32, 146, 150, 343, 447, 453
  • counterfactual 7, 31–32, 295–296, 298–299, 301, 334, 346, 365, 368–371, 373, 376–377, 381, 383–384, 388–390, 392, 394, 397, 402–404, 407, 410, 412–414, 417–418
  • current relevance 1, 3, 10–11, 21, 25–27, 60, 75, 83, 87, 89, 100–101, 106, 110–111, 138–139, 145, 167, 221, 237, 241, 243, 246, 249–250, 254, 430, 441–442, 453, 456, 463–464
  • cycle 5, 20–23, 28, 97, 183, 193–194, 256

D

  • desemanticization 439–440, 451–452
  • diachrony 23, 26, 36, 133, 157, 163, 241, 258, 314, 444, 477
  • discourse marking 34, 461, 475
  • dialect. Also dialectal 12–13, 24, 26, 31, 30, 32–33, 66–67, 81, 88, 93, 96, 108, 121–122, 126, 132–135, 147–151, 153, 164, 182, 225, 228, 232, 241, 267, 295, 300, 302, 304–305, 311, 313, 319–320, 324–331, 333, 335, 337, 367–378, 380, 382, 384–393, 433, 439, 442, 444, 451–452, 463, 466
  • double 8–9, 28, 39, 143, 215, 234, 261, 281–282, 285–286, 305, 310–311, 316, 378, 396, 405–406, 420, 429, 434, 436–437
    • double comparative406
    • auxiliary-doubling 8, 30, 309
    • have-doubling 32, 397 ; See also Perfect: double perfect, perfect doubling
  • Dumi 155, 159
  • duration-quantifying contexts & adverbials 24, 43, 50–51, 54–56, 60–61
  • Dutch 29–30, 50–51, 54, 56, 120–121, 182, 261–268, 270–271, 273–274, 276, 279–282, 285–288, 291–293, 295, 297–299, 301–305, 313–315, 339, 367, 385–388, 414

E

  • East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) 25, 87–88, 91, 95, 113–115
  • ellipsis 4, 7–8, 35, 118, 209, 376, 395, 461, 465, 467, 469–470, 472, 475 ; See also Auxiliary: subject-auxiliary ellipsis
  • English 1, 5, 7, 9–11, 15, 20–24, 28, 30–40, 44, 48–51, 53–58, 60–61, 63, 65–66, 85, 94, 112, 118–119, 125–126, 130–131, 138–141, 147, 150–151, 155–156, 159–161, 181–182, 184–187, 189, 191, 195–205, 207–211, 214, 216, 219, 221, 226, 240–241, 249–250, 262, 266, 271, 279–280, 285, 289, 291–298, 301–310, 312–315, 317, 319–321, 323–342, 344, 355–357, 363, 368, 378, 385, 394–395, 397–402, 404–405, 407–419, 421, 424, 427, 430, 433–437, 440, 451–452, 455, 457, 459–463, 465–468, 470, 474–478
    • Australian English 33–34, 39, 250, 457, 460–461, 463, 476–478
    • Irish English 38, 151, 159
    • Middle English 7, 249, 320–321, 324, 326, 328–332, 335–337, 399–401, 404–405, 411, 413, 424, 433
    • Old English 31, 297–298, 319–321, 323–326, 328–329, 335–338, 341, 400, 412
  • erosion 33, 439–440, 445–446, 451
  • evaluative 27, 163, 172, 174–176, 473
  • event focus117
  • evidentiality 14–15, 25, 87, 89, 99–100, 106, 108–109, 111, 172, 305, 385–386
    • indirect (indirective) evidential 25, 87, 89, 100, 106
  • experiential 11–12, 25, 27, 33, 60, 65–66, 71, 74, 77–81, 83–84, 87, 89, 97, 100, 104–105, 141–142, 144, 146, 181–182, 191, 193–194, 201, 215–217, 246, 291, 293–294, 298, 302, 324, 356, 397, 429–431, 434, 443, 471, 477
  • extended-now 307–308 ; See also Present: extended present

F

  • feature 8, 18, 26–27, 31–32, 61, 76, 79, 90, 117, 120, 122–123, 128, 134, 155–156, 166, 218, 220, 233, 245, 256, 281, 327, 343, 356–361, 367–368, 380, 400, 412, 418–419, 431, 433
  • finiteness 25, 31, 36, 114, 117–118, 120–122, 126, 129, 132, 134–136, 161, 343, 355, 357, 359, 361, 363–364, 369, 376, 379, 394, 435, 476
  • formalisation. Also formalization 146, 204, 248
  • French 4, 7–9, 11–13, 23, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 182, 199, 203, 213–214, 219–220, 222, 231–235, 238, 241, 251, 254–255, 395, 397, 429, 434, 442, 453, 455, 469
  • functional 13–14, 25, 31, 33, 87, 97, 99, 111, 117, 119–120, 122–125, 131, 134–135, 154, 160–161, 205, 213, 221, 232, 234, 242, 246, 256, 277, 317, 323, 337, 355, 361–363, 377, 393, 397, 444, 453

G

  • generalization. Also generalisation 199, 277, 384–385, 387, 411, 440, 469
    • overgeneralisation. Also over-generalisation 225, 320
  • generative grammar 29, 261, 269–270, 275, 278, 283
  • German 8–9, 11, 13, 23, 28, 30, 35, 39–40, 50–52, 54, 86, 151, 182, 185–186, 189, 196–197, 199–200, 203, 205, 210, 241, 249, 261, 267, 270, 273–274, 276, 279, 287, 289, 291–299, 301–315, 317, 325, 367, 385–388, 394, 396, 414, 429, 433–434
  • Germanic 7–8, 15–16, 29–32, 36, 39, 156, 261, 263–264, 266–267, 276–277, 279, 284–289, 291–293, 295–298, 301, 304–306, 309, 313, 315, 317, 323, 341, 343–344, 363, 370, 372, 376, 384–385, 387, 389, 393–396, 414, 429, 436–437
  • Godoberi 153, 159
  • Gothic 263, 267, 284, 293, 301
  • grammaticalization. Also grammaticalisation 3–4, 15, 23, 29–30, 33, 36–37, 39, 55, 81, 84–89, 93, 97, 106, 113–114, 147, 156, 160, 210–211, 214, 231, 238–239, 241–242, 244–248, 251, 255–258, 264–266, 288, 291, 293, 304, 308–309, 313–314, 317, 398–399, 435, 437, 439–441, 444–446, 461, 451–460, 474–475, 478
    • primary grammaticalization 444, 455–456
    • secondary grammaticalization 33, 439, 444, 454–456, 459
  • Greek 2, 4, 6, 10–11, 13, 50–51, 54–56, 139, 198, 403, 416

H

  • ha-omission 31, 343, 345, 347, 349–355, 357, 361, 384
  • have-drop398
  • have-less 1, 31, 340, 365, 370, 376, 392, 394, 397, 399, 402, 404–405, 407, 409–410, 412, 415, 435
  • have-omission 31–33, 341, 365–370, 374, 376, 379, 382–384, 388, 392, 397–398, 406, 411–412, 416–418, 423, 433
  • Helsinki Corpus 319–320, 326, 328–331, 333–334, 337, 341
  • hesternal 242–244, 250, 253–255
  • hodiernal. Also same day of speaking 14, 20, 27–28, 33, 181–196, 203–204, 206–207, 211, 216, 231, 242–244, 246, 250, 253, 255, 441, 443–444, 449
  • horror aequi 32, 397, 406, 411–412

I

  • Iamitive See also already 2, 24, 44, 48, 55, 60, 62, 65, 76, 82, 84, 121, 127, 132
  • informal 31, 201, 345, 424
  • infinitive 18–19, 26, 32, 62, 92–93, 112, 125, 135, 149–150, 152, 157, 187, 236, 265, 351, 365, 367–370, 372, 376, 379–381, 384, 387–390, 392–393, 398, 402–405, 407, 409–411, 413–415, 417, 421, 423, 427, 433, 436, 440, 446 ; See also Irrealis: irrealis infinitive, Perfect: infinitival (infinitive) perfect
  • intersubjectivity 461, 474
  • Irrealis 32–33, 68, 94, 125, 176, 365, 367, 369, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392, 397, 402, 404, 412, 423–424, 433
    • irrealis infinitive 32, 365, 380–381, 384, 388–390, 392
  • Italian 9, 12–13, 38, 51, 54, 150, 156, 182, 214, 232, 245, 280, 288–289, 442, 453

J

  • Japanese 70, 154, 156, 158, 160

K

  • Khwarshi 152–153, 156, 159
  • Kiranti155
  • Kirinda 121, 129–130, 135
  • Kryz 88, 95, 97–98, 101, 103–104, 108, 110, 113

L

  • language change 23, 29, 244, 257, 261, 288–289, 341, 399, 430, 476
  • language contact 4, 12, 31, 36–37, 136, 245, 319–320, 324–325, 330–331, 335, 342, 390, 395
  • Latvian 51, 54, 137, 147, 156, 158
  • left-boundary (contexts, adverbials) 24, 43, 49, 56–58, 60–62, 201, 205
  • lexical 30, 31, 33, 66, 118–120, 191, 230–231, 245–247, 256, 273, 286, 314, 327, 343, 350, 355, 427, 444, 446–447, 452
    • lexical functional grammar (LFG) 31, 343, 355, 361–363
    • lexical restriction 31, 102, 295, 345–346, 349, 355, 361
    • lexical verb 5–7, 19, 25–26, 30, 67, 81, 90, 93–94, 96–97, 118, 120–123, 126, 129–134, 137, 147–150, 153–156, 205, 216, 269, 274–275, 291–292, 295, 311, 348, 356, 358, 468
  • Lezgian 88, 91, 95–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110–111, 113
  • Lezgic 5, 25, 87–94, 96–97, 99–102, 104–106, 108–111, 113–114
  • Limbu 155–156, 159
  • linguistic area 117, 119, 126–128, 135
  • Lithuanian 26, 51, 54, 137–138, 140–150, 155–161

M

  • Mainland Scandinavian 1, 7, 221, 325, 365, 381
  • modal pluperfect 397, 412–413, 415–416, 421–424, 427, 433
  • morphology 3–4, 12, 29, 31, 38, 40, 113–114, 119–120, 122, 125, 134, 137, 163–164, 168, 174, 198, 216, 249, 254, 257, 287, 292, 305–306, 341, 343, 356, 358, 361–364, 371, 387, 393, 395, 434–435, 476
    • morphological rule 262, 275, 280–282
  • mutative intransitive 29, 261–262, 266–270, 275, 278, 282–283, 319–320, 324, 326–327, 329, 333–334, 337
    • mutative verb 328–331, 333–334

N

  • Nakh-Daghestanian languages 113–114, 152
  • negation 26, 32, 34, 70, 84–85, 97, 112, 117, 119, 123, 125, 129–130, 133–135, 137–140, 142–161, 176, 236, 376–377, 422, 426
    • constituent negation 26, 129, 135, 146
    • genitive of negation 26, 146, 158
    • negative events 139, 158
    • sentential negation 26, 146, 151–152, 155, 161
  • Ngwi154
  • Norsification Package 319, 326–328, 332, 337
  • North Russian156
  • Northern Swedish 151–152, 156
  • Norwegian 1, 7–8, 11, 15, 20–21, 23, 30–32, 36, 38, 51, 194, 196–197, 199, 208, 292, 295, 301, 305, 309, 313, 323–325, 340, 344, 363–371, 373–376, 378–382, 384–390, 392–396, 401, 412, 435–436 ; See also Nynorsk
  • Nuosu154
  • neutralisation232
  • Nynorsk 365–366, 369, 374, 379, 382, 389–390

O

  • organization. Also organisation 93, 119, 122, 169
    • reorganisation 319, 337
  • Occitan 14, 182, 184, 187, 189, 208–209, 250
  • Old Norse 7, 31–32, 36, 297, 302, 319–320, 323, 325, 327, 329, 337, 340, 365, 369–373, 378–380, 384, 388, 392–394, 412
  • Old Slavic149
  • overlap reading171

P

  • paradigm 2, 9–10, 70, 77, 89–90, 92–94, 169, 343, 356, 361, 379, 442–443, 450, 465
  • parallel corpus 43, 158
  • participle 1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 29, 34, 36, 62, 93, 95, 97–99, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 117–118, 122–123, 125–133, 135, 137, 140, 142–143, 147, 150–152, 157, 169, 172, 186, 236, 251, 255, 261–267, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283–287, 291, 293–297, 301, 304, 314, 316, 320–321, 338, 341, 343, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 379, 381, 384, 388, 394–395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415–416, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 435–436, 441, 443, 446–448, 456, 459, 462–463, 465–468, 470–472, 474–475
    • adjectival participle 262, 264, 266, 277–278
    • conjunctive participle 117–118, 123, 126, 128
    • non-standard participle 465–466, 471
    • past participle 1, 6–7, 9, 16, 18, 21–22, 29, 62, 137, 140, 151, 169, 172, 251, 255, 261, 263, 265, 270–271, 277–278, 281, 283, 286, 304, 316, 321, 341, 355–356, 365, 367–368, 373, 379, 381, 384, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 411–412, 415, 419, 421–424, 430–431, 433, 436, 441, 459, 462–463, 465, 468
    • perfective participle 95, 97–98, 105, 320
    • subjunctive participle 36, 367, 381, 388, 394
    • verbal participle 261, 277
    • passé composé 13, 213, 231–234, 237, 239, 251, 255, 453, 455
    • passé simple 213, 232–234, 237, 239, 255, 469
  • past 1, 3–4, 6–9, 11–23, 25, 27–30, 33, 37–39, 44, 48–49, 51–52, 56, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 71–72, 77–80, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92–94, 97, 99–101, 103–104, 106–107, 109–112, 115, 118, 121, 123, 125–126, 128, 133, 135, 137–138, 140, 142, 144, 147–148, 150–152, 156–157, 164–165, 167, 169, 172, 175, 181, 183–189, 191, 193–195, 201–202, 205–207, 209, 211, 213–216, 218, 220, 223–226, 228, 232–236, 238–239, 241–242, 246–248, 250–255, 257–258, 261–263, 265, 270–271, 275, 277–278, 280–286, 291–293, 295–296, 298–299, 301–314, 316, 320–321, 323–325, 335, 338, 341, 346, 349, 355–357, 365, 367–368, 370, 373, 376–377, 379–381, 383–384, 388, 393, 395, 398, 400–401, 404, 407, 411–412, 414–415, 419, 421–424, 426, 430–431, 433–434, 436, 439–445, 449, 452–453, 455–466, 468, 473–477
    • discontinuous past 65, 77–80, 83–84, 86, 93, 115
    • framepast. Also frame-past 66, 79
    • non-standard past461
    • non-resultative past 79, 83–84
    • Spanish periphrastic past 33, 439, 459
    • unwitnessed past 89, 92, 97, 103, 107, 109–110
    • past counterfactual 295–296, 298–299, 301
    • past for future100 See also Participle: past participle
  • PTS See perfect time span
  • Perfect. Sub entries only
    • continuous perfect49
    • double perfect 8–9, 261, 281–282, 286, 429
    • infinitival (infinitive) perfect 7, 18, 21–23, 365, 417, 427
    • perfect doubling 30, 291, 305–306, 309, 311–313
    • perfect meaning 27, 89, 109–111, 117, 128, 129, 241, 263, 461, 466
    • perfect in Romance languages 28, 213
    • perfect time span (PTS) 39, 49, 59, 181, 184, 203–207, 210, 223–224, 227–229, 317
    • periphrastic perfect 4, 6–7, 12, 29–31, 36, 96–97, 117–120, 122, 125–130, 137, 152, 208, 238, 241, 261–268, 274–275, 278–280, 282–285, 315, 319–320, 357, 363
    • present perfect puzzle 20, 38, 181, 184, 196–197, 203, 206, 209–210, 238–239, 307, 316–317
    • split perfect150
    • synthetic perfect 6, 97–98
    • U-perfect49 See also Continuative: continuative perfect; Perfect: perfect auxiliary
  • Perfective 3–5, 11–12, 25, 28–29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 61, 68, 72, 76–77, 87, 89–100, 103–105, 107, 109, 111–112, 118, 121–122, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 156–157, 160, 164–165, 167, 172, 176, 183, 185–187, 189, 211, 214–215, 239, 241–242, 246–248, 250, 252–253, 255, 319–322, 324, 327–331, 333–334, 342, 344, 355–357, 361, 366, 369, 373, 440, 442, 444, 453, 455, 460, 464, 476
    • perfective converb 92–93, 95–98, 103–104, 107, 109, 111 ; See also Participle: perfective participle
    • perfeito composto 222–224, 226, 239–240
  • periphrasis 31, 92, 111, 214, 222–223, 226, 241, 316, 343, 362–363, 422, 427, 429 ; See also Perfect: periphrastic perfect
  • phonetic reduction 33, 251, 255, 439–440, 446, 455–456
  • pluperfect 2, 55, 66, 77–79, 83, 121, 126, 132, 218, 323, 373–374, 376–377, 397, 402, 412–413, 415–417, 421–424, 427, 433, 473
  • pluralisation 223, 225
    • plurality 222–223
  • Polish dialects in Lithuania148
  • Portuguese 25, 29, 51, 117–121, 123–124, 132–136, 183, 213–214, 218–227, 235, 237, 258, 322, 442
    • Sri Lankan Portuguese (SLP) 25, 117, 119, 121, 123–124, 132–133, 135
  • pragmatics 26, 35, 63, 115, 120, 128, 144, 159, 161, 208, 210, 238, 258, 317, 436, 477
  • präteritumschwund 34, 304, 310, 317
  • prehodiernal 186, 207, 209, 216, 230–231, 237–238
  • prescription 407, 424
    • prescriptive 32, 397, 410
    • prescriptivism 32, 397, 411
  • present tense 16–18, 27–28, 31, 34, 50–51, 53, 55, 58, 68, 94, 99, 105, 111, 140–141, 148, 157, 181, 184, 187, 196–207, 219, 221, 263, 306, 314, 345–346, 349–350
    • extended present See also extended now 183, 220, 223, 229
    • present progressive 219, 221
    • present subjunctive 370–371, 393
    • present undefined219
  • preterit 2, 8, 18, 20–22, 32–33, 39, 97, 208, 239, 255, 257–258, 334, 365, 370–375, 377–384, 388–389, 392–393, 443–445, 452–453, 459
    • preterit subjunctive 32, 370–375, 378, 384, 388, 392–393
    • pretérito perfecto simple 29, 210, 213, 227, 229, 236, 241–242, 257
  • progressive 16, 25, 53–54, 68–70, 72, 81, 83–84, 121, 130, 135, 154, 163–165, 169, 171, 174–176, 198–200, 202–203, 219, 221–222, 229
    • progressive morphology198See also Present tense: present progressive
  • Trincomalee 118, 133–135

R

  • realis 401, 412, 428, 434
  • resultative 2–4, 6, 10–12, 14–15, 25, 33, 65–66, 69–73, 79, 81, 83–84, 86–87, 89, 94, 97, 100, 102–104, 106–112, 115, 137, 140–142, 146, 150–156, 159–160, 165, 181, 189, 191, 214–216, 223, 225–228, 230–231, 241, 246–247, 280, 283–286, 291–296, 298, 301–304, 317, 321, 323, 397, 414, 429–430, 434, 441–444, 477
    • resultant state 27, 69–70, 78, 141–142, 144, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176, 292, 294, 414
    • stative resultative321
  • rhetorical relations 464, 473
  • Romance Languages 9, 14, 28, 32, 34–35, 39, 181, 184, 189, 192, 196, 211, 213, 216–218, 220–222, 225–226, 229, 234, 239, 248, 389, 395, 397, 441, 459–460
  • Rutul 88, 91, 96, 98, 100–101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–114

S

  • Saami languages150
  • scope 26, 34, 74, 120, 137–138, 144, 152–155, 159–160, 218, 224, 233, 255–256, 281, 283–284, 301, 321, 323–324, 361, 385, 461–462, 465, 470–475
  • S-curve 319, 326, 335–337
  • semantic change 258, 262, 440, 445, 461–463, 474–476, 478
  • semantic map 100, 109–111
  • semantics 1, 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 25, 32, 37–38, 43–44, 53, 59, 63, 67, 74–76, 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 99–100, 111, 113–114, 122, 125, 140, 142, 144, 159–161, 173, 181, 184, 196, 199, 205, 207–210, 217, 238, 288, 292–293, 298, 306–308, 314–315, 363, 393, 395, 398, 404, 436, 476–477
  • singularisation223
  • simultaneity 28–29, 126, 135, 169, 189, 207, 213, 217–218, 221–224, 226–235, 237
  • Sino-Tibetan languages155
  • Slavic languages 54, 147, 156
  • source determination 241, 246–247
  • Southern Estonian (Võru)149
  • Spanish 5, 9, 14, 27–29, 33, 35–37, 51, 139, 149, 152, 156, 163, 165, 172–173, 182–185, 187–190, 193, 200, 203, 208–210, 213–214, 216–217, 219–222, 224–231, 233–239, 241–242, 244–246, 249, 254, 256–258, 309, 317, 386–387, 395, 435, 439–445, 447, 449–450, 452, 454–460
    • American Spanish 213–214, 222, 225, 228, 230, 235
    • Argentinian 241, 245, 254, 258
    • European Spanish 14, 213, 217, 221–222, 228–231, 236–237
    • Peninsular Spanish 33, 139, 182–185, 188–189, 210, 239, 242, 258, 439–445, 449, 452
    • Rioplatense 29, 182, 208, 241–245, 249–256, 258, 460
    • Standard Peninsular Spanish 182–183, 185, 189
  • Sri Lankan Malay 25, 117–119, 121–124, 127, 129–131, 134–136, 153–154, 156
  • Standard Average European (SAE)156
  • standard 4, 32, 70, 88, 150–151, 181, 249, 264, 272–273, 281, 284, 320–321, 325, 335, 366, 374, 377, 380–381, 385, 390–392, 405–406, 424, 430, 447, 449, 465–466, 471, 474–475
    • non-standard 32, 34, 366, 369–370, 382, 387–388, 397–400, 413, 419, 427, 461–468, 470–472, 474–475
    • sub-standard310
    • standardization. Also standardisation 45, 62, 214, 164, 333, 335
  • strong verbs 263, 379, 465
  • subjectivation228
  • supercompound 397–398, 412, 423–424, 427, 430–432, 434
  • supine 31–32, 294, 314, 343, 347–352, 354–358, 361, 365–370, 372–384, 387–393, 395–396, 420, 436–437
    • supine attraction 367–369
  • Swedish 8, 10, 20, 28, 30–31, 38–39, 50–51, 56, 61, 151–152, 156, 160, 194, 196–197, 199–200, 209–210, 255, 279, 289, 292–299, 301–303, 305, 309, 313, 316–317, 323, 325, 337, 341, 343–345, 348, 355–359, 361–364, 367, 369–370, 373, 382–384, 387–389, 394–396, 420, 436–437

T

  • Tabasaran 88, 95–96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 110–111, 113–115
  • target state 74, 140, 142, 292, 294
  • tense 2, 6, 11, 13–18, 20, 22, 25–31, 34–40, 46, 50–51, 53, 55, 57–58, 63, 67–68, 78, 84, 86–94, 96–97, 99, 101, 105–107, 109–111, 113–114, 118, 120–129, 132–135, 138, 140–141, 148, 156–161, 176–177, 181, 184–189, 193, 195–211, 213–215, 219–223, 229, 234, 237–239, 241, 245–247, 250, 253, 257–258, 261–268, 273–275, 278–280, 282–283, 285, 288–289, 293, 295–297, 304, 306, 308–311, 313–317, 321, 335, 341, 345–346, 349–350, 356, 358–359, 361–363, 369–370, 379–380, 384–385, 393–394, 396–397, 402–403, 417, 419, 421, 434–437, 458, 460–461, 463–466, 468–469, 475–478
    • narrative tense 101, 106, 110, 461, 463–464
    • tense-copying 397, 402–403, 419, 421
    • The Nordic Dialect Corpus 300, 305, 316–317, 367, 390–391, 395
    • The Nordic Dialect Database 390, 395
  • Tibeto-Burman153
  • time
    • evaluation time306
    • event time 16–17, 28, 174–175, 181, 184–186, 190–192, 196–197, 200–205, 207, 314, 463–464
    • speech time. Also time (moment/point/act) of speech 12, 14–16, 27, 44, 52–54, 74, 78, 80, 101, 104, 111, 165, 169, 174–175, 185, 215, 219, 246, 294, 306–308, 429, 430, 463
    • time vector213
    • topic time 186, 215, 306–308, 314 ; See also adverbials, perfect time span
  • transitive verb 268, 276
  • Tsakhur 88–89, 91–92, 95, 97–99, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 153, 160
  • Tsezic 87, 153
  • Turkic 100, 108
  • typology 23, 25, 41, 65, 79, 88, 137, 156, 427, 455

U

  • Udi 88–89, 91, 93–95, 97–98, 100–104, 108–111, 114
  • unaccusative 5, 30, 268, 270–276, 278–280, 282, 289, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 317, 325, 341
  • universal 3–4, 11, 23–24, 26, 32, 43–44, 48–49, 51, 53, 57, 60–62, 114, 128, 136, 141, 144, 155, 181, 200–203, 209–210, 216–217, 247, 291, 298, 307, 356, 397, 406
    • universally quantifying (contexts, adverbials) 24, 43, 50, 57–58, 60–61
  • up-to-now52

V

  • verb movement 122–123, 134

W

  • Welsh 10, 149, 152, 156, 158
  • West Germanic languages 29, 261, 315

Z

  • Zapotec 26–27, 163–169, 171–172, 174–177