Part of
Requesting in Social InteractionEdited by Paul Drew and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen
[Studies in Language and Social Interaction 26] 2014
► pp. 55–86
Edited by Paul Drew and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen
[Studies in Language and Social Interaction 26] 2014
► pp. 55–86
Benefactors and beneficiaries
Benefactive status and stance in the management of offers and requests
The implementation and ascription of ‘first actions’ has until recently been an understudied area within conversation analysis. Recently, exploratory studies in the domains of epistemics and deontics have led to a revival of interest in this problem. This paper addresses the same issue through the lens of ‘benefactives’ and its relevance to the production of requests and offers. It argues that when persons are confronted with a turn at talk that proposes some future action and its agent, they parse this turn by reference to the distribution of benefits (if any) that will accrue to speaker and recipient. The paper identifies some of the key ingredients in the linguistic construction of benefactive stance: reference to the agent and recipient of the future action, reference to the interests that can be satisfied through the action, and action formulations indexing costs and benefits. It is demonstrated that these features can be mobilized in pursuit of an accepting response. The paper further develops the argument that there will normally be a congruence between the ‘benefactive status’ of the action and the ‘benefactive stance’ taken in and through the design of the utterance that nominates the action. Correspondingly, in the case of incongruency benefactive status trumps benefactive stance in the ascription of the action and the interpretive determination of its social meanings.
References (51)
Austin, John Langshaw. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bentham, Jeremy. 2007 [1789]. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Mineola, NY: Dover.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayman, Steven, and John Heritage. 2002. The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. 2014. “What Does Grammar Tell Us About Action?” Pragmatics 24 (3): 623–647.
Curl, Traci S. 2006. “Offers of Assistance: Constraints on Syntactic Design.” Journal of Pragmatics 38: 1257–1280.
Curl, Traci S., and Paul Drew. 2008. “Contingency and Action: A Comparison of Two Forms of Requesting.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 41 (2): 1–25.
Davidson, Judy. 1984. “Subsequent Versions of Invitations, Offers, Requests, and Proposals Dealing With Potential or Actual Rejection." In Stuctures of Social Action, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 102–128. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drake, Anna V. 2013. Turn-final or in English: A Conversation Analytic Perspective. Department of English. Madison WI, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Drew, Paul. 1978. “Accusations: The Use of Members' Knowledge of 'Religious Geography' in Describing Events.” Sociology 12: 1–22.
. 1984. “Speakers' Reportings in Invitation Sequences.” In Structures of Social Action, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 152–164. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1992. “Contested Evidence in Courtroom Cross-Examination: The Case of a Trial for Rape.” In Talk at Work, ed. by Paul Drew and John Heritage, 470–520. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2006. “Misalignments Between Caller and Doctor in ‘After-Hours’ Telephone Calls to a British GP's Practice: A Study in Telephone Medicine.” In Communication in Medical Care: Interaction Between Primary Care Physicians and Patients, 416–444. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drew, Paul, and Traci Walker. 2010. “Requesting Assistance in Calls to the Police.” In The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics, ed. by M. Coulthard, and A. Johnson, 95–110. London: Rouledge.
Ervin-Tripp, Susan. 1981. “How to Make and Understand a Request.” In Possibilities and Limitations of Pragmatics, ed. by H. Parret, M. Sbisa, and J. Verschueren, 195–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fox, Barbara A. 2007. “Principles Shaping Grammatical Practices: An Exploration.” Discourse Studies 9: 299–318.
Goodwin, Charles. 1979. “The Interactive Construction of a Sentence in Natural Conversation." In Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, ed. by G. Psathas, 97-121. New York: Irvington Publishers.
. 1984. “Notes on Story Structure and the Organization of Participation.” In Structures of Social Action, ed by J.M. Atkinson and J. Heritage, 225–246. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1986. “Gesture As a Resource for the Organization of Mutual Orientation.” Semiotica 62(1/2): 29–49.
. 2000. “Action and Embodiment Within Situated Human Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics 32: 1489–1522.
. 2010. “Things and Their Embodied Environments”. In The Cognitive Life of Things: Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind, ed. by L. Malafouris and C. Renfrew, 103–120. Cambridge, McDonald Institute Monographs (David Brown Book Co).
Goodwin, Charles, and Marjorie Goodwin. 1987. “Concurrent Operations on Talk: Notes on the Interactive Organization of Assessments.” IPRA Papers in Pragmatics 1: 1–54.
Gordon, David, and George Lakoff. 1975. “Conversational Postulates.” In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, ed. by P. Cole, and J. Morgan, 83–106. New York: Academic Press.
Heinemann, Trine. 2006. “‘Will You or Can't You?’: Displaying Entitlement in Interrogative Requests.” Journal of Pragmatics 38: 1081–1104.
Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
. 2002. “The Limits of Questioning: Negative Interrogatives and Hostile Question Content.” Journal of Pragmatics 34 (10–11): 1427–1446.
. 2012. “The Epistemic Engine: Sequence Organization and Territories of Knowledge.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 45(1): 30–52.
Labov, William, and David Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1979. “Activity Types and Language.” Linguistics 17: 365–399.
. 1981. “The Essential Inadequacies of Speech Act Models of Dialogue.” In Possibilities and Limitations of Pragmatics, ed. by H. Parret, M. Sbisa, and J. Verschueren, 473–492. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2013. “Action Formation and Ascription.” In Handbook of Conversation Analysis, ed. by Jack Sidnell, and Tanya Stivers, 103–130. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lindström, Anna. 1997. Designing Social Actions: Grammar, Prosody and Interaction in Swedish Conversation, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Californa Los Angeles.
Pomerantz, Anita M. 1978. “Attributions of Responsibility: Blamings.” Sociology 12: 115–121.
. 1984. “Giving a Source or Basis: The Practice in Conversation of Telling ‘What I Know’.” Journal of Pragmatics 8 (4): 607–625.
. 1988. “Offering a Candidate Answer: An Information Seeking Strategy.” Communication Monographs 55: 360–373.
Rossi, Giovanni. 2012. “Bilateral and Unilateral Requests: The Use of Imperatives and Mi X? In Italian.” Discourse Processes 49: 426–458.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1980. “Preliminaries to Preliminaries: ‘Can I Ask You A Question’.” Sociological Inquiry 50: 104–152.
. 1984. On Some Questions and Ambiguities in Conversation. In Structures of Social Action, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson, and John Heritage, 28–52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1988. “Pre-Sequences and Indirection: Applying Speech Act Theory to Ordinary Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 12: 55–62.
. 1992. “Repair After Next Turn: The Last Structurally Provided for Place for the Defense of Intersubjectivity in Conversation.” American Journal of Sociology 95 (5): 1295–1345.
. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis, Vol. 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1975. “Indirect Speech Acts.” In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry L. Morgan, 59–82. New York: Academic Press.
Searle, J.R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, Cambrdige University Press.
Selting, Margret and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, Eds. (2001). Studies in Interactional Linguistics. Amsterdam, Benjamins.
Stevanovic, Melisa. 2012. “Establishing Joint Decisions in a Dyad.” Discourse Studies 14 (6): 779–803.
Stevanovic, Melisa, and Anssi Perakyla. 2012. “Deontic Authority in Interaction: The Right to Announce, Propose, and Decide.” Research on Language & Social Interaction 45 (3): 297–321.
Thompson, Sandra, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. 2005. “The Clause as a Locus of Grammar and Interaction.” Discourse Studies 7: 481–505.
Thompson, Sandra A., Barbara A. Fox, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. Forthcoming. Grammar and Everyday Talk: Building Responsive Actions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wootton, Anthony. 1981a. Children's Use of Address Terms. In Adult-Child Conversations, ed. by P. French, and M. MacLure, 42–58. London: Croom Helm.
. 1981b. “Two Request Forms for Four Year Olds.” Journal of Pragmatics 5: 511–523.
Cited by (87)
Cited by 87 other publications
Alshammari, Bandar & Michael Haugh
2024. Troubles-Complaints and the Overall Structural Organization of Troubles-Remedy Sequences. Research on Language and Social Interaction 57:2 ► pp. 215 ff. 
Bernard, Mathieu, Claudia Gamondi, Anca-Cristina Sterie, Philip J Larkin, Ralf J Jox & Gian Domenico Borasio
2024. Interdisciplinary research approach based on a mixed-methods design to explore patient altruism at the end of life: a study protocol. BMJ Open 14:5 ► pp. e085632 ff.
Chalfoun, Andrew
2024. Shifting responsibility onto coparticipants: Disaffiliative accounts in request sequences. Discourse Studies
Chalfoun, Andrew, Giovanni Rossi & Tanya Stivers
2024. The Magic Word? Face-Work and the Functions of Please in Everyday Requests. Social Psychology Quarterly
Haugh, Michael
2024. Ostensible offers, politeness and sincere hypocrisy. In The Pragmatics of Hypocrisy [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 343], ► pp. 162 ff.
Hiramoto, Takeshi
2024. Framing offer-related actions as assistance at jewelry stores in Japan. Discourse Studies 26:4 ► pp. 481 ff.
Iversen, Clara & Heidi Kevoe‐Feldman
2024. The subjective and objective side of helplessness: Navigating between reassurance and risk management when people seek help for suicidal others. British Journal of Social Psychology
Jørgensen, Sabine Ellung
2024. Whose benefactors? Whose beneficiaries?—Negotiating help at the intersection between the family and the state. Child & Family Social Work 29:3 ► pp. 689 ff.
Khafaga, Ayman
2024. Requests as macro-speech act motivators in Qur’anic dialogues. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11:1
Lindholm, Camilla, Jenny Paananen, Melisa Stevanovic, Elina Weiste & Taina Valkeapää
2024. Requests for concrete actions in interaction. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 34:2 ► pp. 190 ff.
Monteiro, David, Oriana Rainho Brás & Michel Binet
2024. Time-oriented decisions in Palliative Care team meetings. Discourse Studies 26:3 ► pp. 381 ff.
Nielsen, Mie Femø & Ann Merrit Rikke Nielsen
2024. Building Trust to Study Trust: Paving the Way for Applied Trust Research in Social and Resocializing Institutions. Journal of Applied Social Science
Prettner, Robert, Hedwig te Molder & Bogdana Humă
2024. How a ‘good parent’ decides on childhood vaccination. Demonstrating independence and deliberation during Dutch healthcare visits. Sociology of Health & Illness 46:4 ► pp. 664 ff.
Prettner, Robert, Hedwig te Molder & Jeffrey D. Robinson
2024. Not taking “no” for an answer: the interactional organization of accepting and refusing childhood vaccination in the Netherlands. Discourse Processes ► pp. 1 ff.
Prettner, Robert, Hedwig te Molder & Jeffrey D. Robinson
2024. The Delicate Situation of Childhood Vaccination: On the Dispreferredness of Soliciting Parents’ Intent to Vaccinate. Health Communication ► pp. 1 ff.
Svensson, Hanna
2024. Requesting another to taste: Passing food and the distribution of agency in the organization of bodily trajectories. Discourse Studies 26:6 ► pp. 822 ff.
Yu, Guodong, Yaxin Wu, Paul Drew & Chase Wesley Raymond
2024. The DIG Mandarin Conversations (DMC) Corpus. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 15:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
刘, 亚丹
2024. A Comparing of Two Requesting Forms Used by Child—“Wo Xiang/Yao” and “(Ni) Nengbuneng”. Modern Linguistics 12:02 ► pp. 627 ff.
Clayman, Steven E & Heidi Kevoe-Feldman
2023. Dispatching First Responders: Language Practices and the Dispatcher’s Operational Role in Radio Encounters With Police Officers. Discourse & Society 34:5 ► pp. 547 ff.
Horlacher, Anne-Sylvie & Simona Pekarek Doehler
2023. Requêtes et gestion de l’expertise en contexte institutionnel : l’accomplissement multimodal des demandes de révision dans les salons de coiffure. Langage et société N° 179:2 ► pp. 59 ff.
Humă, Bogdana, Jack B. Joyce & Geoffrey Raymond
2023. What Does “Resistance” Actually Look Like? The Respecification of Resistance as an Interactional Accomplishment. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 42:5-6 ► pp. 497 ff.
Kuroshima, Satomi
2023. When a request turn is segmented: Managing the deontic authority via early compliance. Discourse Studies 25:1 ► pp. 114 ff.
Li, Hui & Jie Ji
2023. Native observers’ evaluations of ritual frame indicating expressions in Chinese. Journal of Politeness Research 19:2 ► pp. 461 ff.
Nissi, Riikka & Heidi Hirsto
2023. Policing language in the world of new work: the commodification of workplace communication in organizational consulting. Applied Linguistics Review 14:4 ► pp. 775 ff.
Pekarek Doehler, Simona & Anne-Sylvie Horlacher
2023. La requête dans les interactions institutionnelles : une introduction. Langage et société N° 179:2 ► pp. 9 ff.
Ruytenbeek, Nicolas
2023. Directives (with a special emphasis on requests). In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 67 ff.
Tuomenoksa, Asta, Suzanne Beeke & Anu Klippi
2023. People with aphasia and their family members proposing joint future activities in everyday conversations: A conversation analytic study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 58:2 ► pp. 310 ff.
Bloch, Steven & Charles Antaki
2022. How professionals deal with clients’ explicit objections to their advice. Discourse Studies 24:4 ► pp. 385 ff.
Mandelbaum, Jenny, Darcey deSouza, Wan Wei & Kaicheng Zhan
2022. Micro-moments of social support: Self-service-occasioned offers at the family dinner table. Communication Monographs 89:3 ► pp. 281 ff.
NAKAGAWA, Atsushi
2022. Conversation Analysis of Calls in Long-distance Caregiving. Japanese Sociological Review 73:2 ► pp. 136 ff.
Nilsson, Elin & Anna Olaison
2022. Persuasion in practice: Managing diverging stances in needs assessment meetings with older couples living with dementia. Qualitative Social Work 21:6 ► pp. 1123 ff.
Raymond, Geoffrey, Lillian Jungleib, Don Zimmerman & Nikki Jones
2022. Rules and Policeable Matters. In The Ethnomethodology Program, ► pp. 162 ff.
Wu, Yaxin & Shuai Yang
2022. Power plays in action formation: The TCU-final particle ba (吧) in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Discourse Studies 24:4 ► pp. 491 ff.
Deppermann, Arnulf & Alexandra Gubina
Fasulo, Alessandra
2021. Talking to children with atypical development. In Language and Social Interaction at Home and School [Dialogue Studies, 32], ► pp. 121 ff.
Harjunpää, Katariina
2021. Brokering co-participants’ volition in request and offer
sequences. In Intersubjectivity in Action [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 326], ► pp. 135 ff.
Heritage, John & Chase Wesley Raymond
2021. Preference and Polarity: Epistemic Stance in Question Design. Research on Language and Social Interaction 54:1 ► pp. 39 ff.
Laakso, Minna
2021. Learning to request in interaction. In Intersubjectivity in Action [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 326], ► pp. 349 ff.
Sørensen, Søren Sandager
2021. Affiliating in Second Position: Response Tokens with Rising Pitch in Danish. Research on Language and Social Interaction 54:1 ► pp. 101 ff.
Tennent, Emma
2021. ‘I’m calling in regard to my son’: Entitlement, obligation, and opportunity to seek help for others. British Journal of Social Psychology 60:3 ► pp. 870 ff.
Thompson, Sandra A., Barbara A. Fox & Chase Wesley Raymond
Anderson, Rebecca J, Patrick C Stone, Joseph T S Low & Steven Bloch
2020. Managing uncertainty and references to time in prognostic conversations with family members at the end of life: A conversation analytic study. Palliative Medicine 34:7 ► pp. 896 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. An Algorithm for Autonomous Co-constituting in Conjoint Co-constituting. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 409 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Transcription Conventions. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 401 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Conjoint Co-constituting’s Implications. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 208 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Conjoint Co-constituting, Constituting Face, and Future Research. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 392 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Conjointly Co-constituting Relating. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 246 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Researching Relating and Face in Everyday Interacting. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 361 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. What Is Individual in Communicating. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 113 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. What Is Social in Communicating. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 16 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Communicating & Relating,
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Two Projects. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 1 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Conjointly Co-constituting Relating and Face in Everyday Interacting. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 314 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Face Constituting Theory. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 275 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. The Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communicating. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 44 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. An Alternate Representation of Conjoint Co-constituting. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 403 ff.
Arundale, Robert B.
2020. Conjointly Co-constituting the Social and the Individual in Communicating. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 161 ff.
Humă, Bogdana, Elizabeth Stokoe & Rein Ove Sikveland
2020. Putting persuasion (back) in its interactional context. Qualitative Research in Psychology 17:3 ► pp. 357 ff.
Liu, Shu
2020. Displaying entitlement. East Asian Pragmatics 5:3 ► pp. 345 ff.
Magnusson, Simon
2020. Constructing young citizens’ deontic authority in participatory democracy meetings. Discourse & Communication 14:6 ► pp. 600 ff.
Muntigl, Peter, Adam O. Horvath, Lynda Chubak & Lynne Angus
2020. Getting to “Yes”: Overcoming Client Reluctance to Engage in Chair Work. Frontiers in Psychology 11
Nissi, Riikka & Kati Dlaske
2020. Empowerment as an affective-discursive technology in contemporary capitalism: insights from a play. Critical Discourse Studies 17:4 ► pp. 447 ff.
Rae, John P. & Monica Ramey
2020. Making and Taking Opportunities for Co-participation in an Interaction Between a Boy with Autism Spectrum Disorder and His Father. In Atypical Interaction, ► pp. 65 ff.
Rae, John P. & Monica Ramey
2020. Correction and repair: a comparative analysis of a boy with ASD interacting with a parent and with an ABA trainer. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 34:10-11 ► pp. 1018 ff.
Thunman, Elin, Mats Ekström & Anders Bruhn
2020. Dealing With Questions of Responsiveness in a Low-Discretion Context: Offers of Assistance in Standardized Public Service Encounters. Administration & Society 52:9 ► pp. 1333 ff.
Weatherall, Ann
2020. Constituting agency in the delivery of telephone-mediated victim support. Qualitative Research in Psychology 17:3 ► pp. 396 ff.
Wåhlin-Jacobsen, Christian Dyrlund & Johan Simonsen Abildgaard
2020. Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches? Deontics and epistemics in discussions of health and well-being in participatory workplace settings. Discourse & Communication 14:1 ► pp. 44 ff.
Zhang, Yanhong & Guodong Yu
2020. The sequential environments of positive assessments as responsive actions in Mandarin daily interaction. East Asian Pragmatics 5:3 ► pp. 295 ff.
Clayman, Steven E. & Laura Loeb
2018. Polar Questions, Response Preference, and the Tasks of Political Positioning in Journalism. Research on Language and Social Interaction 51:2 ► pp. 127 ff.
Rossi, Giovanni
2018. Composite Social Actions: The Case of Factual Declaratives in Everyday Interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction 51:4 ► pp. 379 ff.
Stivers, Tanya, John Heritage, Rebecca K. Barnes, Rose McCabe, Laura Thompson & Merran Toerien
2018. Treatment Recommendations as Actions. Health Communication 33:11 ► pp. 1335 ff.
Raymond, Chase Wesley & Anne Elizabeth Clark White
2017. Time Reference in the Service of Social Action. Social Psychology Quarterly 80:2 ► pp. 109 ff.
Baranova, Julija & Mark Dingemanse
2016. Reasons for requests. Discourse Studies 18:6 ► pp. 641 ff.
Heritage, John
2016. The Recruitment Matrix. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49:1 ► pp. 27 ff.
Kendrick, Kobin H. & Paul Drew
2016. Recruitment: Offers, Requests, and the Organization of Assistance in Interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Kent, Alexandra & Kobin H. Kendrick
2016. Imperative Directives: Orientations to Accountability. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49:3 ► pp. 272 ff.
Lindwall, Oskar, Gustav Lymer & Jonas Ivarsson
2016. Epistemic status and the recognizability of social actions. Discourse Studies 18:5 ► pp. 500 ff.
Lynch, Michael & Jean Wong
2016. Reverting to a hidden interactional order: Epistemics, informationism, and conversation analysis. Discourse Studies 18:5 ► pp. 526 ff.
Nissi, Riikka
2016. Spelling out consequences: Conditional constructions as a means to resist proposals in organisational planning process. Discourse Studies 18:3 ► pp. 311 ff.
Raymond, Geoffrey & Don H Zimmerman
2016. Closing matters: Alignment and misalignment in sequence and call closings in institutional interaction. Discourse Studies 18:6 ► pp. 716 ff.
Stivers, Tanya & Jack Sidnell
2016. Proposals for Activity Collaboration. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49:2 ► pp. 148 ff.
Zinken, Jörg & Giovanni Rossi
2016. Assistance and Other Forms of Cooperative Engagement. Research on Language and Social Interaction 49:1 ► pp. 20 ff.
Hofstetter, Emily & Elizabeth Stokoe
2015. Offers of assistance in politician–constituent interaction. Discourse Studies 17:6 ► pp. 724 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Series Editor Preface. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. xi ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Introduction. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. xvii ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Note on Sources. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. 453 ff.
[no author supplied]
2020. Copyright Page. In Communicating & Relating, ► pp. iv ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.