Index

• Abulhaija, Lutfi 28–29

• academic contexts 26, 29, 255–256, 264–266 ; See also English conference introductions

• accusative forms 145–149, 147f , 147t , 149f

• address avoidance
  • Dutch 261–262, 263, 268
  • emotion/attitude and32
  • Finnish 102, 107, 113
  • in marketing48
  • pragmatics on4
  • in service encounters111
  • in translation 66, 68
  • Uruguayan Spanish213

• address form identification2

• Address(ing) (Pro)Nouns: Sociolinguistics and Grammar of Terms of Address 9

• Address in Intercultural Communication in Europe Today 7

• Address in Some Western European Languages (RUMACCC)7

• address mixing184

• address research See also literature reviews
  • address forms as diagnostic and257
  • fragmentation in 5–6
  • global network limitations10
  • INAR bibliographies on 9–10, 47–48
  • methodologies36
  • venues for 6–9

• address switching
  • Dutch270
  • Early Modern English30
  • Palenquero Creole 170–175, 181, 184
  • radio270
  • Russian31
  • Spanish 50, 54–55, 90, 91, 94, 175n
  • Vietnamese31

• address variation 2–3 ; See also address switching; nominal address; pronominal address; V to T address transitions

• Adler, Max K 26–27

• advertising 4, 29, 67–68

• affection See emotion/attitude; endearments; social closeness

• Afful, Joseph B.28

• age differences
  • Colombian Spanish pronominal address and 82, 88–89
  • Finnish public figure interactions and114
  • honorifics and 411, 412
  • introductions and 382–384, 383f , 383t , 388, 392–393
  • Italian pronominal address transitions and 223, 227, 229–230, 229f , 237
  • kinship terminology and 421, 422, 424n
  • nominal masculine vocatives and367
  • Slovak third person V address and131
  • Uruguayan Spanish V form and 199, 205–206, 206t , 213–214

• Ajlouni, Mays Q 28–29

• Alba-Juez, Laura 357–358

• Almasov, Alexery31

• Amany, Farideh 33, 34

• American English See also American English informalization
  • address vs. reference nominals in398
  • familiarizers in 357, 360, 361, 363, 367, 369
  • intimacy/distance in31
  • introductions and 387, 388, 390, 391, 393
  • T/V distinction and3

• American English informalization 400–412
  • address vs. reference nominals398
  • corpus for401
  • meeting minutes as genre and 402–403, 404
  • 1940s 403–404, 403t
  • 1950s 405–407, 405t
  • 1960s 407–408, 407t
  • 1970s 408–409, 408t
  • 1980s 410, 410t
  • setting400

• Anchimbe, Eric 336, 337, 349

• Anderman, Gunilla M33

• Andersen, Henning356

• Angermeyer, Philipp67

• An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Wardhaugh)27

• appellatives
  • in presidential election debates 315–317, 324–325, 324t
  • translation and 55, 56

• archaic terms of address 61–62

• Ardiente Paciencia (Skármeta) 54–55

• asylum hearings 66–67

• asymmetric address
  • Cameroon French 346, 347, 348
  • Dutch264n
  • Italian225
  • Spanish 54, 64, 171, 193
  • translation of 53–55, 64, 65

• audience See mass media audiences

• audiovisual translation 48, 49–51, 62–66

• Australian English
  • familiarizers in 30, 358
  • introductions in 387, 388, 390, 391

• Austro-Hungarian Empire128

• avoidance See address avoidance

• bae (North American English)368nn

• Baker, Mona51

• Bala, Madhu27

• Baron, Naomi26

• Bashir, Abeer28

• Bates, Elizabeth 27, 223–224, 225

• Bednjanec, Katarina29

• Beidelman, Thomas O.26

• Bella, Spyridoula346

• Benigni, Laura 27, 223–224, 225

• Berger, Tilman 48, 51, 52

• Bertolotti, Virginia194

• Bible translation 69–70

• Billmyer, Kristine103

• Birošcáková, Miroslava132

• Blas Arroyo, José Luis312

• Bloch, Maurice26

• Blum-Kulka, Shoshana103

• BP See Brazilian Portuguese; Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution

• brah/bruh (North American English) 359, 363, 367–368

• Braun, Friederike 7, 26–27, 29

• Brazilian Portuguese (BP) See also Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution
  • literature review 8–9
  • topicalization 165–166
  • translation of53

• Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution 141–158
  • accusative forms 145–149, 147f , 147t , 149f
  • conclusions 156–158, 157t
  • dative forms 149–152, 150t , 151f , 152f
  • genitive forms 154–156, 155f , 155t , 156f
  • methodology 142–143, 143t
  • oblique forms 152–154, 153f , 153t , 154f
  • regional variations141
  • subject forms 143–145, 144f

• British English 357–358, 391

• brocatives 357–359 ; See also Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives

• bro (North American English) 359, 363

• Brown, Dan 59–61

• Brown, Penelope 24, 26–27, 34

• Brown, Roger W. 3, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 56, 253, 397, 399

• Brusciotto, Giacinto182

• Bühler, Karl317

• Bull, Peter309

• Burger, John D.89

• Burt, Susan Meredith392

• business contexts 26, 29, 255–256, 262–263

• Buu, Khai26

• Calderón Campos, Miguel 85–86

• calques 125, 126, 127, 129–130, 428

• camaraderie politeness 398, 399–400, 410, 411

• Cameroon French nominal address 335–351
  • condolences 349–350, 350t
  • endearments 343–344, 346, 348–349
  • friendship terms 343–344
  • Hexagonal French and 335–336
  • honorifics 341, 346, 347
  • in invitation refusals 348–349, 348t , 349t
  • in invitations 346–348, 346t , 347t
  • kinship terminology 339–341, 345–346
  • methodology 338–339
  • occupational titles 341–343
  • service encounters 345–349
  • social titles344

• Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives 355–356, 357–370
  • dude vs. man 367
  • F-F interactions 365–366, 365f
  • F-M interactions 366, 366f
  • gender and 367, 368
  • methodology 360–362
  • M-F interactions 364, 365f
  • M-M dyads 363–364, 364f
  • overall distribution 362–363, 362f
  • social/identity variables and 367–368
  • speaker-addressee relationships and369

• Carbaugh, Donal377

• Caribbean Spanish
  • Palenquero Creole and 161, 162, 164n , 165, 170–171, 175, 178–179, 180
  • pronominal address evolution 175–176, 177–178, 180

• Casson, Ronald W.26

• Cavalcante, Silvia R. 152–154

• celebrities See public figure studies

• Chao, Yuen R.25

• character limits 62, 77

• Chatelain, Emile24

• children See kinship terminology; relatives, address for

• Chilean Spanish53

• Citroën68

• class differences
  • Italian pronominal address transitions and 223–224
  • pronominal differentiation and 81, 88, 139
  • third person V address and 130, 130–131n
  • Uruguayan Spanish V form and 197, 199

• clitics See also Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution
  • Mongolian 416, 418, 419, 422–423
  • Palenquero Creole 164, 167, 168
  • Spanish 281n, 287–288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 311n , 316, 317

• closeness See social closeness

• closures268

• Clyne, Michael 7, 28, 222, 253, 254, 256, 269, 399

• CMC See Computer-Mediated Communication; social media

• Coca-Cola68

• Colombian Spanish pronominal address
  • emotion/attitude and 87–88, 87f , 88f , 93, 94
  • methodology 82–84
  • overall dataset85f
  • overview 79–82, 79t
  • regional variations 80–82, 80f , 85–86, 86f
  • social characteristics and 88–90, 89f

• common ground 237, 393 ; See also solidarity

• community interpreting66

• comparative perspective See cross-linguistic comparison

• Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)76 See also email; social media
  • discussion fora 4, 132, 133, 134, 256, 269n

• Conant, Francis P.26

• conative vocatives356

• condolences 349–350, 350t

• Congreso de Formas y Fórmulas de Tratamiento en el Mundo Hispánico y Luso-Brasileño / Congresso Formas e Fórmulas de Tratamento do Mundo Hispânico e Luso-brasileiro 6

• construal roles 283, 300

• contraction166

• conversation analysis91

• conversation structure 172–173, 175

• Cook, Haruko M.27

• Cooke, Joseph R.26

• cool solidarity357

• Corpus Eletrônico de Documentos Históricos do Sertão 8

• Corpus Histórico do Português Tycho Brahe 8

• Corpus Interaccional del Español 285

• Coseriu, Eugenio308n

• Costa Rican Spanish181n

• counterdiscourses411

• courtesy titles See honorifics

• court interpreting 66–67

• Creoles183 See also Palenquero Creole

• cross-linguistic comparison
  • Discourse Completion Tests for 103, 108, 108f
  • International Network on Address Research9
  • introductions and 390, 392
  • kinship terminology26
  • literature review 26, 32
  • pragmatics and 4–5
  • research networks focusing on 7, 8
  • translation and 48–49
  • T/V distinction and3
  • variational pragmatics on378

• Cuban Spanish176

• cultural values 28, 33, 34, 103

• curse words 87, 88f

• customer/waiter relationships225

• Czech
  • Jewish stereotypes134
  • linguistic purism129
  • onikání 126, 129, 132–135
  • social history of 127–128

• Czechoslovakia128

• Czech Republic128

• Dabbaghi, Azizollah 33, 34

• Danish127

• Darbelnet, Jean34

• dative forms 149–152, 150t , 151f , 152f

• Da Vinci Code, The (Brown) 59–61

• Dawkins, Richard92

• de-conventionalization406

• DeepL48

• definiteness 416, 418

• de Oliveira, Sandie Michelle 255, 256, 257, 314n

• depersonalization55

• derogatory terms58 See also curse words

• diachrony 24, 69–70 ; See also specific languages

• diminutives 56, 340, 343–344

• discontinuous subjects169

• Discourse Completion Tests (DCTs)100
  • for Cameroon French nominal address338
  • limitations of 103–104
  • visual materials with 104–111, 116

• distance426 See also intimacy/distance; speaker-addressee relationships

• distance politeness 398, 411

• domestication/alienation translation strategy 33, 51

• Don Quijote (Cervantes)69

• Downton Abbey 61–62

• dubbing 49, 64–66

• dude (American English) 357, 360, 361, 363, 367, 369

• Duranti, Alessandro27

• du-reform (Swedish)399

• Dutch 254–255, 254t ; See also Dutch address negotiations in email

• Dutch address negotiations in email 255–270
  • avoidance 261–262, 263, 268
  • email chain texts 273–279
  • implicit 266–268
  • jullie and 264–265, 267, 269
  • literature review 255–259
  • methodology 259–260, 260t
  • T as opening gambit 265–266
  • V as opening gambit 263–264

• Dynel, Marta 76, 78

• Early Modern English30

• Economidou-Kogetsidis, Maria29

• egalitarianism400

• Ehrismann, Gustav24

• Eisenstein, Jacob29

• ellipsis of terms of address36

• email See also Dutch address negotiations in email
  • hybrid nature of 255, 257, 270
  • literature review 29, 255–256
  • politeness theory on29

• Emihovich, Catherine A.32

• emoticons78

• emotional capital30

• emotion/attitude
  • address avoidance and32
  • address switching and 30, 31, 50, 54–55, 91
  • Colombian Spanish pronominal address and 87–88, 87f , 88f , 93, 94
  • literature review 30–31
  • topicalization and175
  • tweet types and90

• endearments
  • as alternative to pronominal address 51, 52
  • Cameroon French 343–344, 346, 348–349
  • nominal address categorization and56
  • pronominal differentiation and91
  • sociolinguistics on24
  • translation and65
  • on Twitter 87, 87f

• En Familia (Sánchez)194

• English See also American English; American English informalization; Australian English; British English; Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives; English conference introductions
  • acquisition of10
  • address as less prominent in 5–6, 33
  • early 24, 30
  • Early Modern30
  • German translation from 52–53, 63–64
  • kinship terminology59
  • lack of pronomial T/V distinction in 25, 50–51, 376
  • as lingua franca 5, 7, 10, 50, 376, 377, 386
  • Mongolian calques from428
  • neutral you 5
  • pluricentric nature of 376–377, 378, 392
  • Russian translation from 67–68
  • translation from Polish63

• English conference introductions 375–393
  • age differences and 382–384, 383f , 383t , 388, 392–393
  • complexity of 385–387
  • country of origin and 381–382, 381t
  • gender and389
  • intercultural communications and 376–377
  • methodology 378–380
  • occupational titles and 386, 388
  • personal names and 386, 387, 391
  • relative status and 388–389, 392
  • results overview380
  • seniority/hierarchy and 388–389
  • theoretical approach378

• Ensemble c’est tout (Gavalda)53

• Ervin-Tripp, Susan30

• Esmae’li, Saeedeh28

• Estonian 68–69

• ethnoeducation162

• ethnonyms343

• etiquette See politeness

• European Portuguese (EP) 140–141

• face
  • condolences and349
  • introductions and392
  • invitations and 346, 347, 348
  • literature review27
  • occupational titles and343
  • presidential election debates and306
  • Spanish second person object forms and282
  • V to T address transitions and266

• Facebook 76, 78 ; See also social media

• familiarizers 24, 357 ; See also Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives

• family members See relatives

• famous people See public figure studies

• fantasy/alternative worlds62

• Faulkner, William34

• feelings See emotion/attitude

• Félix-Brasdefer, César 240, 345

• Fetzer, Anita309

• fiction, translation of 49, 50, 51, 53, 54–55, 59–62

• Field, Trevor51

• Filbeck, David26

• film dialogue 29, 50, 52–53

• Finnish 100–102, 101t ; See also Finnish visual materials studies

• Finnish visual materials studies 99, 102, 104–117
  • imaginary customer studies 104–111, 105f , 106f , 107f , 109f , 110f
  • public figure study 111–116, 113f , 115f

• first person plural pronouns 309–310

• Fishman, Joshua2

• Fiske, Shirley26

• flexible translation strategy33

• flirting 81, 87, 240–241, 243

• focalization 166, 167, 168–169

• focus-sensitive operators 168, 169

• focus words168

• Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz 55, 56, 176

• Ford, Marguerite 24, 25, 31, 56

• foreignization translation strategy 33–34, 51, 53, 58, 59, 64, 68

• Formentelli, Maicol 358, 392

• formulaic address402

• Foster, Daniel83

• Foster, George26

• Fremer, Maria 29, 399

• French See also Cameroon French nominal address
  • Guyanese Creole and183
  • pluricentric nature of 336–338
  • pronominal chains in181n
  • topicalization165
  • translation of 53, 67

• Fresco, Romero50

• Friedemann, Nina S. de164

• Friedrich, Paul 26, 27

• friendship terms See also endearments; solidarity terms
  • Cameroon French 343–344
  • Mongolian 425–427, 430–431

• Fuller, Janet 411, 412

• functional grammar approaches35

• Gains, Jonathan255

• Gavalda, Anna53

• Gedike, Friedrich 24, 127

• gender
  • endearments and65
  • familiarizers and 357, 358
  • introductions and389
  • Italian pronominal address transitions and 223–224, 227, 230, 231f
  • literature review 26, 29
  • Mongolian nominal address and 421n, 425, 426–427, 430–431
  • nominal masculine vocatives and 367, 368
  • pronominal differentiation and 81, 82, 93
  • Spanish second person object forms and 297–298
  • Uruguayan Spanish V form and214

• genitive forms 154–156, 155f , 155t , 156f

• genre
  • in mass media 293–295, 293t
  • meeting minutes as 402–403, 404
  • Twitter as 86, 87, 90

• Geoghegan, William30

• German
  • calques from 126, 127, 129–135
  • email norms256
  • Idiomatisierung 177n
  • intermediate pronominal address (ihr) 254, 269
  • kinship terminology58
  • as linguistic enemy of Czech 128, 135
  • literature review24
  • nominal address categories57t
  • third person V address in 126–127, 129–130
  • translation from English 52–53, 60–61, 63–64
  • translation from Spanish 54–56, 58t , 63–64

• Giger, Markus128

• Gilman, Albert 3, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 397, 399

• globalization 67–68

• Goddard, Cliff377

• Goffman, Erving 283, 313–314

• GoldVarb Lion286

• Gottfried, Biserka31

• Gringa, La (Sánchez) 194, 195–196

• Groundhog Day 52–53

• Grzega, Joachim130

• güey (Mexican Spanish)358

• Günther, Georg127

• Gutiérrez Maté, Miguel176

• Guyanese Creole183

• guys (American English)357

• Haeseryn, Walter254

• Hajek, John392

• Hammermüller, Gunther317

• Hampel, Elisabeth29

• hashtags77

• Haugh, Michael377

• heterosexism357

• Hexagonal French 335–336 ; See also French

• Hoffmann, Christian76

• Holy Roman Empire128

• Homans, George C.25

• Hömmecke, Christin 63–64

• honor See relative status

• honorifics See also American English informalization
  • age differences and 411, 412
  • Cameroon French 341, 346, 347
  • Dutch261
  • sociolinguistics on24
  • translation and 33, 34

• Hook, Donald D.26

• How to address? Variation and change in address practices (University of Helsinki)8

• Hrubín, František133

• Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)258

• Hummel, Martin6

• humor 132, 133–134, 239

• Humphrey, Caroline422

• Hungarian 128, 129, 134, 135

• Hwang, Shin Ja J. 30, 31, 33

• hypersentences 25–26

• Idiomatisierung 177n

• ihr (German) 254, 269

• imaginary customer studies 104–111, 105f , 106f , 107f , 109f , 110f

• imperatives 169, 172

• impersonal constructions See address avoidance

• implicit address forms 102, 107, 113 ; See also address avoidance

• imposition 243, 246

• INAR (International Network on Address Research)9
  • bibliographies 9–10, 47–48, 49n , 50

• indefinite-generic forms5

• individualization144

• infinitives 55, 68

• informalization See also V to T address transitions
  • Italian223
  • overview 397–400
  • solidarity/power model and 3, 25, 26, 27, 397–398, 399
  • Spanish323
  • Uruguayan Spanish 194–197

• informative debates285 See also presidential election debates

• Instagram76

• Interaction and Variation in Pluricentric Languages 8

• intercultural communications 376–377 ; See also English conference introductions

• International Network on Address Research (INAR)9

• Internet29 See also social media

• interpreted speech 49–50, 66 ; See also translation

• interrogatives172

• intimacy/distance 31–32, 144 ; See also speaker-addressee relationships

• introductions377 See also English conference introductions

• invitation refusals 348–349, 348t , 349t

• invitations 346–348, 346t , 347t

• irony132

• I Simpósio do LaborHistórico 6

• Isosävi, Johanna 9, 398

• Italian See also Italian pronominal address transitions
  • dialects 224–225, 244–245
  • literature review24
  • translation from English 61–62

• Italian pronominal address transitions 221–245
  • age differences and 223, 227, 229–230, 229f , 237
  • asymmetric address and225
  • circumstantial effects 236–241, 243
  • common ground and237
  • dialects and 224–225, 244–245
  • expected results227
  • gender and 223–224, 227, 230, 231f
  • humor and239
  • literature review 222–225
  • mechanisms for 235–236, 235f , 241–242, 243
  • methodology 225–227, 249–250
  • overall frequency 228–229, 228f
  • person initiating 227, 234–235, 234f , 241–243, 246
  • regional variations 224, 227, 230, 231f , 232, 244–245
  • restaurant status and 226, 227, 233, 233f , 238, 242, 246
  • town size and 227, 232–234, 232f , 238, 246

• Jalli, Ninni28

• Jang, Ji Son 81, 85, 86

• Jansen, Frank 258–259

• Janssen, Daniel258n

• Japanese416

• je (Dutch) 254, 268–269 ; See also Dutch address negotiations in email

• Jewish stereotypes 134–135

• jij (Dutch)254 See also Dutch address negotiations in email

• Johnen, Thomas 317–318

• Johnston, Oliver M.24

• Jonz, Jon G.26

• Joyce, James34

• Jucker, Andreas H.30

• jullie (Dutch) 254, 264–265, 267, 269 ; See also Dutch address negotiations in email

• Jungmann, Josef129

• Juričić, Želimir B.26

• Kantorovich, V.31

• Kennedy, Arthur G.24

• Kess, Joseph F.26

• Kesselová, Jana130

• Kiesling, Scott F. 357, 360–361

• Kikongo 162, 163, 164n , 165, 181–182 ; See also Palenquero Creole

• kinship terminology
  • age differences and 421, 422, 424n
  • Cameroon French 339–341, 345–346
  • intimacy/distance and32
  • literature review 25, 26, 29
  • Mongolian 418–425, 420t
  • translation and 33, 34, 58–59

• Kitagawa, Chisato32

• Kluge, Bettina 6, 9

• Koch, Peter177

• Konthong, Nathawadee 33, 34, 59

• Koshal, Sanyukta 26–27

• Koul, Omkar N.27

• Kovács, Magdolna28

• Kramer, Cheris26

• Kretzenbacher, Heinz Leo 9, 29, 256

• Krishnan, Vinodh29

• Künzli, Alexander67

• LaborHistórico 6

• Lakoff, Robin Tolmach 397–398, 399–400, 404, 411

• Laman, Karl E.182

• Lambert, Wallace E.27

• language acquisition10

• language competence4

• Lappalainen, Hanna 28, 398

• Latin24

• Lawrence, D. H.34

• Leech, Geoffrey 24, 357

• Lehrer, Adrienne32

• lei (Italian) 222, 244–245, 246 ; See also Italian pronominal address transitions

• Lepik, Ramona 105–106

• Levinson, Stephen C. 24, 26–27, 34, 253, 308

• life-size figure simulations 111–116

• Lillian, Donna L.411

• linguistic purism126

• Lipski, John M.174

• literal translation strategy 33, 34, 48, 58

• literary works See fiction

• literature reviews 23–36
  • early studies24
  • lack of theoretical framework and29
  • pragmatics 30–32
  • social media 29, 76
  • sociolinguistics 25–30
  • specific social contexts 26, 29
  • translation 32–34, 47–48, 49–51, 69–70

• localization 49, 59–62, 63, 65, 68

• locational metadata78

• Lopes, Célia Regina dos Santos 8, 145–149, 152–154

• Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien)62

• Lotfollahi, Bahareh 33, 34

• Lounsbury, Floyd G.25

• Lyons, John33

• magazines, television 285, 293, 294

• Málková, Iva133

• Manitoba, Canada See Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives

• Manjulakshi, Lakkaiah28

• man (North American English) 359, 361, 363, 367, 369

• Manns, Howard28

• marketing68 See also advertising

• Martin, Samuel E.31

• mass media See also Computer-Mediated Communication; mass media audiences; radio; television
  • genres in 285, 293–295
  • literature review29

• mass media audiences
  • construal roles in 283, 300
  • hearer vs. addressee 281, 282–283, 284–285, 289–293

• mate (Australian English) 30, 358

• McConnell-Genet, Sally26

• McIntire, Marina L.26

• media See mass media

• medical contexts29

• meeting minutes as genre 402–403, 404

• Mehrotra, Raja R.30

• Melbourne Address Pronoun European Typology (MAPET) project (RUMACCC)7

• memes 90, 92

• metadata, Twitter 78, 79, 83f , 88, 91

• Methven, Andrew34

• Mexican Spanish See also presidential election debates
  • familiarizers358
  • grammatical categories 310–311
  • salutations318

• M’Hijo el Dotor (Sánchez) 195–196

• microblogging See Twitter

• military contexts26

• Millán, Mónica 81–82, 87

• missionary linguistics 69–70

• Mistrík, Jozef132

• Mongolian nominal address 415–433
  • addressee/speaker independence 416–417
  • friendship terms 425–427, 430–431
  • methodology 417–418
  • morpho-syntactic properties 418–419
  • occupational titles 429–430
  • self-reference terms 416, 418, 423, 426, 429–430
  • terms for lovers 427–428, 430–431
  • terms for relatives 419–425, 420t

• Montgomery, John283

• mood See emotion/attitude

• Moreno, Pilar Mestre81

• Moretti, Giovanni245n

• Moyna, María Irene 9, 78, 358

• Mrs. (American English) 410, 411–412 ; See also American English informalization

• multilingual societies 68–69, 162

• Murillo Fernández, Mary Edith81

• Murko, Anton130n

• Murray, Denise E.255

• Naden, Tony26

• Nanny, The 64–66

• Narcos 63–64

• národní obrození (National Revival) movement (Czech)129

• Ndhlovu, Finex J.28

• negative politeness399

• Netflix 62n, 63–64

• netiquette256

• Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid163

• Nevala, Minna399

• Newall, Gregory 81–82

• Newmark, Peter34

• New Palenquero 164n, 174, 184

• news programs 285, 293–295

• Ngo, Thanh33

• n-grams78

• Nguyen, Binh T. T.28

• nicknames 56, 343

• Nike68

• nobility terms62

• noise79

• nominal abstractions 2, 176, 179, 193

• nominal address 2, 31 See also kinship terminology; personal names
  • address vs. reference nominals398
  • as alternative to pronominal address 50–51, 52, 53, 59
  • Cameroon French See Cameroon French nominal address
  • categorization of 55–56, 57t
  • English377
  • informalization and398
  • intimacy/distance and31
  • Kikongo182
  • Mongolian See Mongolian nominal address
  • nominal abstractions 2, 176, 179, 193
  • nominal masculine vocatives 357–359 ; See also Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives
  • in presidential election debates 315–317, 324–325, 324t
  • pronominal address evolution and 127, 140
  • pronominal third person V address and127
  • public figure studies114n
  • sociolinguistics on30
  • translation of See nominal address, translation of

• nominal address, translation of 55–59, 57t , 58t
  • shining-through effects 48–49, 51, 53, 59
  • subtitling/dubbing comparisons66
  • vocatives 54, 62–64

• non-address functions5

• nonfiction, translation of 66–69

• Nord, Christiane 48, 55, 56, 58

• normalization51

• Norrby, Catrin 8, 399

• North American English See American English; Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives

• Norwegian127

• novels See fiction

• null pronouns167

• null-subject parameters35

• oblique forms 152–154, 153f , 153t , 154f

• occupational titles
  • Cameroon French 341–343
  • introductions and 386, 388
  • Mongolian 429–430
  • translation and 55–56

• Oliveira, Thiago 149–152

• onikání (Czech) 126, 129, 132–135

• onikanie (Slovak) 126, 130–132, 133

• O Senhor/A Senhora (Portuguese)140

• O sistema de tratamento de segunda pessoa no Português Brasileiro: retenção e difusão de formas conservadoras e inovadoras (Lopes)8

• Ostör, Ákos32

• Otterbein, Keith F.26

• overgeneralization 177, 181

• overhearing audience 283, 314

• Pajusalu, Renate28

• Palenquero Creole 161–163 See also Palenquero Creole pronominal address
  • Caribbean Spanish and 161, 162, 164n , 165, 170–171, 175, 178–179, 180
  • focalization 166, 167, 168–169
  • Kikongo and 162, 163, 164n , 165, 181–182
  • New Palenquero164n

• Palenquero Creole pronominal address 163–184
  • address switching 170–175, 181, 184
  • evolution overview184t
  • methodology164
  • politeness neutralization 181–183
  • second person syntax 165–170, 165t
  • syntactic distribution 179–181, 180t
  • topicalization 165–166

• Papiamentu 161–162

• Para uma Historia do Português Brasileiro (PHPB) (Lopes)8

• parents See kinship terminology; relatives, address for

• Parkinson, Hannah Jane91

• passive forms102 See also address avoidance

• Patiño Rosselli, Carlos164

• Peninsular Spanish 193, 358, 368

• persistence effects 172, 173–174

• personal feelings See emotion/attitude

• personality assessment4

• personal letters as sources 142–143

• personal names See also American English informalization; nominal address
  • Cameroon French 340, 350
  • Dutch261
  • introductions and 386, 387, 391
  • public figure studies114n
  • translation and 55, 56

• person-referring expressions (PREs)398 See also American English informalization; informalization

• person shifts32

• persuasion strategies 317–318

• phatic vocatives356

• phonetic erosion 177–178, 193

• physical appearance 104, 109 ; See also Finnish visual materials studies

• Pillet-Shore, Danielle393

• pluricentric languages 7, 8, 336–338, 376–377, 378, 392

• Polish63

• politeness
  • address negotiation and253
  • Brown/Levinson theory 4, 26–27, 29
  • Cameroon French345
  • computer text translation and48
  • informalization and 397–398, 399–400, 410
  • Kikongo182
  • literature review 26–28
  • machine translation and48
  • Mongolian 416, 418, 422–423
  • neutralization of 181–183
  • pragmatics on5
  • solidarity terms for 27, 81
  • Spanish second person object forms and282
  • translation and34

• political discourse 309–310 ; See also presidential election debates

• politic behavior 27–28

• polylogues4

• Portuguese See also Brazilian Portuguese; Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution
  • conferences on6
  • Creoles based on 161–162
  • pronominal address evolution 139–141, 140f , 141f

• positive politeness 399, 410

• possessive suffixes101

• postcolonial pragmatics 336–338 ; See also Cameroon French nominal address

• Postmes, Tom 257–258

• postverbal subjects168

• power semantics
  • pragmatics on31
  • solidarity/power model 3, 25, 26, 27, 397–398, 399
  • Uruguayan Spanish 193–194
  • V to T address transitions and 242, 243, 246

• pragmatics 4–5 See also English conference introductions
  • on address switching 172–174
  • literature review 30–32
  • on nominal address categorization56
  • postcolonial 336–338
  • social media and 78, 90
  • on translation 5, 35

• Pragmatics of Address in the L2 Classroom in Germany and Australia 7

• PREs See person-referring expressions

• presidential election debates 305–328
  • appellative function in 315–317, 324–325, 324t
  • data overview 321–322, 322t
  • discursive speech acts in 317–320, 325–326, 325t
  • format of 311–312
  • grammatical categories 310–311, 322–323, 323t
  • literature review306
  • methodology 307–310
  • participant roles 313–315
  • referential expressions in320
  • syntactic categories 311, 323–324, 323t
  • turn-taking 312–313

• Prinsen, Lutien 258, 268

• prodeictic317

• pro-drop languages 35, 84, 179, 311n

• product labeling68

• pronominal address, translation of 52–55
  • amalgamation 52, 53
  • archaicisms and62
  • asymmetric address dyads 53–55, 64
  • audiovisual translation and 48, 65, 66
  • fanning-out effect 52, 65
  • nominal address as alternative 50–51, 52, 53, 59
  • pronominal differentiation and 52–53, 62, 65
  • target-language orientation of 51, 52

• pronominal address See also Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution; Palenquero Creole pronominal address
  • in advertising translation 67–68
  • bound/free180
  • Caribbean Spanish evolution 175–176
  • Colombian Spanish overview 79–82, 79t
  • in conversation91
  • Discourse Completion Tests for 107–111, 107f , 108f
  • Finnish overview 101–102, 101t
  • French revolution and25
  • horizontal vs. vertical status dimensions25
  • intimacy/distance and 31, 32
  • in memes92
  • public figure studies 112, 114–115, 115f
  • Spanish evolution 176–178, 192
  • status relationship and 25–26
  • Swedish101
  • translation of 48, 50–51, 52–53, 62, 65, 66, 67–68 ; See also shining-through effects
  • Vulgar Latin origins139

• pronominal chains 180, 180–181n

• pronoun switching See address switching

• proper names See personal names

• public figure studies 111–116, 113f , 115f

• questionnaire method202 See also Discourse Completion Tests; Uruguayan Spanish V form

• questions See interrogatives

• Rachel, Lucena 154–156

• radio 29, 269–270 ; See also mass media

• ratified vs. non-ratified participants 78, 313–314

• Rbrul 202–203

• Recktenwald, Daniel76

• Reed, Darren J.76

• reference nominals60

• regional variations
  • Brazilian Portuguese141
  • Colombian Spanish 80–82, 80f , 85–86, 86f
  • French 336–338
  • Italian 224, 227, 230, 231f , 232, 244–245
  • literature review26
  • Uruguayan Spanish 194, 199–200, 200f , 205, 205t , 214

• regular expressions 83, 83f

• Reiber, Rebecca 64–66

• relational tokens398

• relatives, address for See also kinship terminology
  • Palenquero Creole171
  • politeness and182
  • third person V address and 130–131, 133, 193–194

• relative status See also respect
  • introductions and 388–389, 392
  • literature review 25–26, 28–29, 30
  • nominal address and56
  • pragmatics on30
  • translation and56
  • workplace 28–29

• Rendle-Short, Johanna 28, 30, 358

• Renzi, Lorenzo 242, 243

• reported dialogues 90, 93, 144

• Research Unit for Multilingualism and Cross-Cultural Communication (RUMACCC) (University of Melbourne)7

• respect See also relative status
  • Cameroon French nominal address for340
  • kinship terminology for 340–341
  • Palenquero Creole pronominal address and171
  • Slovak third person V address for 131, 133

• reverence See respect

• reverse addressing strategy341

• Robles, Damián69

• Rohlfs, Gerhard224

• Romanian2

• RUMACCC (Research Unit for Multilingualism and Cross-Cultural Communication) (University of Melbourne)7

• Russian
  • Mongolian calques from428
  • pronominal address in69
  • translation from English 67–68

• Sadock, Jerrold 25–26

• Sales, Marlon James 69–70

• salience 287–288

• Salner, Peter 134, 135

• salutations
  • Dutch 261, 262, 268
  • as speech acts 318–319

• Sánchez, Florencio194

• Sandrelli, Annalisa 61–62

• Sardinian 224, 244

• Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira Lucca141

• Schindler, Ellen225

• Schneider, David M.25

• Schneider, Edgar W.163

• Schüpbach, Doris29

• Schusky, Ernest L.26

• Schwegler, Armin 164, 165, 171

• Searle, John R. 25, 318

• second person object forms See Spanish second person object forms

• second person V address 129, 182–183

• Sedláková, Marianna130

• Seifert, Jaroslav133

• self-reference terms
  • defined416
  • Mongolian 416, 418, 423, 426, 429–430

• self-reported data 79, 360–361

• semantic contrast169n

• semantics See solidarity/power model

• service encounters See also Italian pronominal address transitions
  • Cameroon French nominal address and 345–349
  • Finnish visual materials studies 104–111, 105f , 106f , 107f , 109f , 110f

• sexism26

• Shanmugam, Pillai N.26

• Shehab, Ekrema34

• shining-through effects 48–49, 51, 53, 59 ; See also pronominal address, translation of

• siblings See kinship terminology; relatives, address for

• Sie (German) 126–127, 129–130

• Simon, Horst9

• Sinner, Carsten 48, 52

• Skármeta, Antonio 54–55

• slaves 176, 178, 182

• Slobin, Dan I.26

• Slovak
  • Jewish stereotypes 134, 135
  • onikanie 126, 130–132, 133
  • social history of 127–128

• Slovakia128

• Slovene 126, 127, 130n

• Smith, Karen 67–68

• soap operas63

• Sobrero, Alberto A.224

• social class See class differences

• social closeness See also endearments; friendship terms
  • meeting minutes and 400, 406
  • politeness and81
  • V to T address transitions and240

• Social Deixis: Address Terms as a Mirror of Societal Transformations (University of Helsinki)8

• “socially adequate behavior” 27–28

• social media See also Twitter research
  • Czech/Slovak third person V address and 132, 133, 134
  • defined76
  • literature review 29, 76
  • methodology 82–84, 83f
  • research challenges79

• sociolinguistics
  • literature review 25–30
  • on nominal masculine vocatives 357–359
  • pragmatics and5
  • research in 3, 4
  • on social values27
  • third wave4

• solidarity/power model 3, 25, 26, 27, 397–398, 399

• solidarity terms
  • Cameroon French 343–344, 347–348
  • Caribbean Spanish176
  • Colombian Spanish 80, 82, 91
  • familiarizers as 357, 358, 369
  • for politeness 27, 81
  • translation and65
  • Uruguayan Spanish196

• song lyrics78

• SoundCloud76

• source-language oriented translation 33, 51

• Souza, Camila 145–149

• Souza, Janaína 143, 144

• Spanish See also Caribbean Spanish; Colombian Spanish pronominal address; Mexican Spanish; Spanish second person object forms
  • address switching 50, 54–55, 90, 91, 94, 175n
  • asymmetric address171
  • conferences on6
  • emotion/attitude 50, 54
  • German translation from 54–56, 58t , 63–64
  • grammatical categories 310–311
  • kinship terminology58
  • nominal address categories57t
  • as pro-drop language179
  • share of address research on 5, 10

• Spanish second person object forms 281–300
  • expression/omission 287–289, 288t
  • gender and 297–298
  • hearer/addressee function distribution and 289–293, 290t , 291t
  • mass media audiences and 281, 282–283, 284–285
  • mass media genre and 293–295, 293t
  • meaningful choice and284
  • methodology 285–287
  • socio-professional affiliation and 286, 295–297, 295t
  • style and 284–285, 298–299, 299f

• speaker-addressee relationships See also kinship terminology; relatives, address for; relative status
  • centrality of 23–24
  • intimacy/distance in 31–32, 144
  • literature review 25–26, 28–29
  • nominal masculine vocatives and369
  • pronominal differentiation and 81–82
  • status and 25–26, 28–29
  • translation and 33–34, 56, 58
  • Uruguayan Spanish V form and 204, 205t , 212–213

• specification/generalization translation strategy33

• speech act theory 172, 284, 317–320

• Staley, Larssyn225

• Starbucks398

• status See relative status

• Štekauer, Pavol130

• Stidston, Russell O.24

• Stivers, Tanya28

• Stommel, Wyke 259, 270

• Štšadneva, Valentina 68–69

• style 284–285, 299f

• subject forms
  • Brazilian Portuguese 143–145, 144f
  • Palenquero Creole 166–169

• subtitling 49, 62–66

• subtweeting91

• Suomela-Härmä, Elina223

• survey method See questionnaire method

• Susanne, Mühleisen 52–53

• swear words 87, 88f

• Swedish
  • German V address calque127
  • informalization 53, 399
  • kinship terminology 58–59
  • pronominal address101
  • translation from French67
  • translation of53

• Szarkowska, Agnieszka63

• Szymańska-Matusiewiccz, Grażyna28

• Taavitsainen, Irma30

• Tagalog 69–70

• Takao, Suzuki 26–27

• talk shows285

• Tánczos, Outi T.28

• target-language oriented translation 33, 51, 52

• Teich, Elke51

• television 64–66 ; See also mass media; presidential election debates

• Tempesta, Immacolata223

• terms of address, defined 415–416

• ternary pronominal systems See also pronominal address; specific languages
  • Romanian2
  • Spanish 53, 69, 79, 79t , 80

• text forms of computer address translation48

• Theodoropoulou, Irene29

• third person V address See also usted (Spanish)
  • German 126–127, 129–130
  • onikání (Czech) 126, 129, 132–135
  • onikanie (Slovak) 126, 130–132, 133

• third wave sociolinguistics4

• T + LN address 65–66

• Tolkien, J. R. R.62

• Tomcala, Ján132

• Ton, Thoai N. L. 28, 30–31, 32, 33, 47

• topical chains167

• topicalization 165–166, 175

• translation 47–70
  • advertising 67–68
  • audiovisual 48, 49–51, 62–66
  • Bible 69–70
  • court interpreting 66–67
  • cross-linguistic comparison and 48–49
  • domestication/alienation translation strategy for 33, 51
  • English as lingua franca and 50–51
  • of fiction 49, 50, 51, 53, 54–55, 59–62
  • flexible strategy for33
  • foreignization strategy for 33–34, 51, 53, 58, 59, 64, 68
  • globalization and48
  • honorifics and 33, 34
  • interpreted speech 49–50, 66
  • kinship terminology and 33, 34, 58–59
  • language distinctiveness and 33, 34
  • literal strategy for 33, 34, 48, 58
  • literature reviews 32–34, 47–48, 49–51, 69–70
  • localization and 49, 59–62, 63, 65, 68
  • machine translation48
  • marketing68
  • multilingual societies and 68–69
  • nominal address See nominal address, translation of
  • nominal-pronominal address interaction and59
  • nonfiction 66–69
  • pragmatics on 5, 35
  • pronominal address 48, 50–51, 52–55, 62, 64, 65
  • source-language vs. target-language oriented 33, 51, 52
  • speaker-addressee relationships and 33–34, 56, 58
  • specification/generalization strategy for33
  • strategies for 33–34, 51, 63

• translation memory systems65

• tu (Brazilian Portuguese) See Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution

• tú (Caribbean Spanish)176

• Tucker, Richard G.27

• tu (Italian)222 See also Italian pronominal address transitions

• Tuscan dialect224

• tuteo (Colombian Spanish) 79–82, 79t ; See also Colombian Spanish pronominal address

• T/V model 3, 24, 25, 126n ; See also V to T address transitions

• tweets 77–78, 90–93 ; See also Twitter

• Twitch76

• Twitter research 75–76, 82–94
  • advantages and challenges 78–79, 93–94
  • data characteristics 77–78
  • methodology 82–84, 83f
  • quantification 84–90, 85f , 86f
  • tweet types 90–93
  • Twitter as distinct genre and 86, 87, 90

• Uber, Diane Ringer 81, 181n

• u (Dutch)254 See also Dutch address negotiations in email

• Ueber du und Sie in der deutschen Sprache (Gedike)24

• Ullrich, Helen 26–27

• unaddressed audience78

• Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)8

• University of Helsinki8

• upper-case letters 87, 88f

• Uruguayan Spanish 191–192, 200 See also Uruguayan Spanish V form
  • familiarizers 358–359

• Uruguayan Spanish V form (usted) 193–215
  • age differences and 199, 205–206, 206t , 213–214
  • conditional inference tree 209–211, 210f , 211f
  • education level and 200–201, 206, 206t
  • evolution of 193–197
  • methodology 198–203
  • occupation type and 201, 206–207, 207t
  • overall usage204t
  • random forests 207, 208f , 209f
  • regional variations 194, 199–200, 200f , 205, 205t , 214
  • school type and 201, 206–207, 207t , 214
  • speaker-addressee relationships and 204, 205t , 212–213

• US English See American English

• usted de enojo/usted de cariño 50, 54, 55, 91

• ustedeo (formal; Colombian Spanish) 79–82, 79t ; See also Colombian Spanish pronominal address; usted (Spanish)

• usted (Spanish) See also Uruguayan Spanish V form
  • address switching and 50, 54, 55–56, 91
  • Colombian Spanish overview 79–82, 79t
  • evolution of 2, 176–178, 193–197
  • overgeneralization of 170, 181n
  • Palenquero Creole and 170, 175, 178–179
  • syntactic behavior of179

• van Zalk, Franceina258

• Vargas, Dengo C.31

• Varghese, Manka103

• variational pragmatics 378, 392 ; See also English conference introductions; pluricentric languages

• Vatuk, Sylvia26

• Velman-Omelina, Jelena 68–69

• Venuti, Lawrence51

• Vermaas, Hannie J. A. M.254

• Vietnamese31

• Vinay, Jean-Paul34

• Vismans, Roel 9, 253, 269

• visual material for research See Finnish visual materials studies

• vocatives See also Canadian English nominal masculine vocatives
  • appellative function of 315–316
  • literature review 357–359
  • overview 356–357
  • translation and 54, 62–64

• você (Brazilian Portuguese) See Brazilian Portuguese pronominal address evolution

• Vogue 67–68

• voi (Italian)222 See also Italian pronominal address transitions

• vos (Caribbean Spanish) 175–176

• voseo 79–82, 79t ; See also Colombian Spanish pronominal address

• Vossa Mercê (Portuguese) 140, 144, 146

• vowel harmony418

• V to T address transitions See also Dutch address negotiations in email; Italian pronominal address transitions
  • implicit negotiations 266–268
  • intimacy/distance model and31
  • mechanisms for 223, 235–236, 235f , 241–242, 243, 246, 268, 269, 270
  • pragmatics on4
  • translation of 52–53, 63–64, 65

• vuestra merced (Spanish) 2, 69, 176–177, 193

• vuestro/a (Spanish) 176, 179, 193

• Vulgar Latin139

• vusté (Caribbean Spanish)179

• vykání (Czech)129

• Waldvogel, Joan 255–256

• Wardhaugh, Ronald 27, 28

• Watts, Richard 26–27

• Williams, Tracy R.349

• Wilson, Andrew J.398

• Winkler, Eva29

• Winter, Werner7

• Yang, Chunli33

• YouTube 76, 78

• Ypyä, Janica 104–111

• Zago, Raffaele29

• Žagwaral, R.422n

• Zappavigna, Michele 77, 78, 92

• Zeitlyn, David398

• zero term of address See address avoidance

• Zhang, Hang28

• Zuengler, Jane175

• Zwicky, Arnold315