Cover not available
Article published In:
Target
Vol. 35:4 (2023) ► pp.540–572

Human and machine translation of occasionalisms in literary texts

Johann Nestroy’s Der Talisman and its English translations

ORCID logo | University of Vienna
ORCID logo | Austrian Academy of Sciences
ORCID logo | University of Pisa
Literary occasionalisms, new words coined by writers with a particular poetic aim in view, often pose a great challenge for translators. Given recent advances in machine translation (MT), could literary translators benefit from MT when it comes to the translation of occasionalisms? We address this question by considering the work of Austria’s most important nineteenth-century comedy writer, Johann Nestroy (1801–1862). We compare how human translators and two generic neural MT systems (Google Translate, DeepL) translated occasionalisms (compounds, derivations, and blends) in Nestroy’s play Der Talisman into English. While human translators largely refrained from creating new target expressions, the two MT systems generated a number of viable new coinages, most of them by literal translation procedures. In an interactive human-computer environment, using MT output as a repository from which to retrieve novel target solutions or derive inspiration might open up new avenues in the practice of literary translation.
Keywords: literary translation, machine translation, human–machine interaction, occasionalism, nonce word
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Nestroy’s work and use of occasionalisms
  • 3.Related research
    • 3.1Translation of new words
    • 3.2MT of rare words and literary texts
  • 4.Study design and data
  • 5.Discussion
    • 5.1Source text compounds and blends
    • 5.2Source text derivations
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 3 April 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.21147.kol
References (101)
References
Albaladejo Martínez, Juan Antonio. 2019. “Die Nichtrezeption Johann Nestroys in Spanien [The non-reception of Johann Nestroy in Spain].” Moderne Sprachen 63 (1): 57–68.Google Scholar
Arndt-Lappe, Sabine, Angelika Braun, Claudine Moulin, and Esme Winter-Froemel, eds. 2018. Expanding the Lexicon: Linguistic Innovation, Morphological Productivity, and Ludicity. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Laurie, Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag. 2013. The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ben-Ari, Nitsa. 2021. “The Translator’s Note Revisited.” In Literary Translator Studies, edited by Klaus Kaindl, Waltraud Kolb, and Daniela Schlager, 157–181. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bentivogli, Luisa, Arianna Bisazza, Mauro Cettolo, and Marcello Federico. 2016. “Neural versus Phrase-Based Machine Translation Quality: A Case Study.” In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 1–5 November 2016, Austin, Texas, edited by Jian Su, Kevin Duh, and Xavier Carreras, 257–267. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Besacier, Laurent, and Lane Schwartz. 2015. “Automated Translation of a Literary Work: A Pilot Study.” In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature, 4 June 2015, Denver, Colorado, edited by Anna Feldman, Anna Kazantseva, Stan Szpakowicz, and Corina Koolen, 114–122. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Boase-Beier, Jean. 1987. Poetic Compounds: The Principles of Poetic Language in Modern English Poetry. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2020. Translation and Style. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chanpira, Erik Iossifovič. 1966. “Об окказиональном слове и окказиональном словообразовании русского языка [On the occasional word and occasional word formation in Russian].” In Развитие словообразования русского языка [The development of word formation in Russian], edited by E. A. Zemskaja and D. N. Šmelev, 153–166. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Cherry, Colin, George Foster, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat, and Wolfgang Macherey. 2018. “Revisiting Character-Based Neural Machine Translation with Capacity and Compression.” In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 31 October – 4 November, Brussels, Belgium, edited by Ellen Riloff, David Chiang, Julia Hockenmaier, and Jun’ichi Tsujii, 4295–4305. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Chesterman, Andrew. 2004. “Hypotheses about Translation Universals.” In Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies: Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, Copenhagen 2001, edited by Gyde Hansen, Kirsten Malmkjær, and Daniel Gile, 1–13. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2011. “Reflections on the Literal Translation Hypothesis.” In Methods and Strategies of Process Research: Integrative Approaches to Translation Studies, edited by Cecilia Alvstad, Adelina Hild, and Elisabet Tiselius, 23–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Christofidou, Anastasia. 1994. Okkasionalismen in poetischen Texten: Eine Fallstudie am Werk von O. Elytis [Occasionalisms in poetic texts: A case study of the work of O. Elytis]. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Colman, Toon, Margot Fonteyne, Joke Daems, and Lieve Macken. 2021. “It’s All in the Eyes: Using Eye-Tracking to Assess the Readability of Machine Translated Literature.” Paper presented at the conference Literary Translation Studies Today and Tomorrow , 4–6 November 2021, Dublin, Ireland.
Constantine, Peter. 2019. “Google Translate Gets Voltaire: Literary Translation and the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” In The Google Era, edited by Roger Célestin, special issue of Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 23 (4): 471–479. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeepL. n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. [URL]
Delabastita, Dirk. 2004. “Literary Style in Translation: Archaisms and Neologisms.” In Translation: An International Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, edited by Harald Kittel, Armin Paul Frank, Norbert Greiner, Theo Hermans, Werner Koller, José Lambert, and Fritz Paul, vol. 11, 883–888. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Dupeuty, Charles Désiré, and Fédéric de Courcy. 1840. Bonaventure. Brussels: J.-A. Lelong.Google Scholar
Dhar, Prajit, and Lonneke van der Plas. 2019. “Learning to Predict Novel Noun-Noun Compounds.” In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Multiword Expressions and WordNet (MWE-WN 2019), 2 August 2019, Florence, Italy, edited by Agata Savary, Carla Parra Escartín, Francis Bond, Jelena Mitrović, and Verginica Barbu Mititelu, 30–39. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Dressler, Wolfgang U. 1993. “Word-Formation: Poetic Licence.” In The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, edited by Ronald E. Asher and James M. Y. Simpson, vol. 91, 5028–5029. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
2006. “Compound Types.” In The Representation and Processing of Compound Words, edited by Gary Libben and Gonia Jarema, 23–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dressler, Wolfgang U., and Oswald Panagl. 2007. Poetische Lizenzen [Poetic licences]. Vienna: Praesens.Google Scholar
Dressler, Wolfgang U., and Barbara Tumfart. 2017a. “New Corpus-Linguistic Approaches to the Investigation of Poetic Occasionalisms: The Case of Johann Nepomuk Nestroy.” Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 3 (1): 155–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017b. “Johann Nepomuk Nestroy (1801–1862) als großer Wortbildner: Neue korpuslinguistische Ansätze für die Auswertung okkasionalistischer Neubildungen [New corpus-linguistic approaches to the evaluation of occasionalistic new formations: The case of Johann Nepomuk Nestroy (1801–1862)].” Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 471: 563–594. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dressler, Wolfgang U., Vanessa Hannesschläger, and Barbara Tumfart. 2018. “Poetische Okkasionalismen bei Nestroy und Handke: Ein literarisch-linguistischer und korpuslinguistischer Kontrast [Poetic occasionalisms in Nestroy and Handke: A literary-linguistic and corpus-linguistic contrast].” In Corpus Linguistics and Literature: Workshop Proceedings of the 43rd Austrian Linguistics Conference at the University of Klagenfurt, Austria, 8–10 December 2017, edited by Hanno Biber, Christina Katsikadeli, and Manfred Sellner. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. [URL] DOI logo
Dressler, Wolfgang U., Barbara Tumfart, and Elisa Mattiello. 2021. “Nestroy als Übersetzer und Übersetzter am Beispiel seiner Wortneubildungen (aus dem Französischen und ins Italienische und Englische) [Nestroy as translator and translated (from the French and into Italian and English) exemplified by his newly created words].” In Deutsch Übersetzen und Dolmetschen: Sprachvergleichende Perspektiven mit Blick auf die Didaktik [German translation and interpreting: Comparative perspectives in didactics], edited by Claudio Di Meola, Joachim Gerdes, and Livia Tonelli, 231–247. Berlin: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
DWDS. n.d. Accessed February 15, 2022. [URL]
Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta. 2005. Expertise and Explicitation in the Translation Process. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
enTenTen13. n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. [URL]
Fonteyne, Margot, Arda Tezcan, and Lieve Macken. 2020. “Machine Translation under the Magnifying Glass: Assessing the Quality of an NMT-Translated Detective Novel on Document Level.” In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020), 11–16 May 2020, Marseille, France, edited by Nicoletta Calzolari et al., 3790–3798. European Language Resources Association. [URL]
Genzel, Dmitriy, Jakob Uszkoreit, and Franz Och. 2010. “‘Poetic’ Statistical Machine Translation: Rhyme and Meter.” In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 9–11 October 2010, MIT, Massachusetts, edited by Hang Li and Lluís Màrquez, 158–166. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]
Google Translate. n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. [URL]
Greene, Erica, Tugba Bodrumlu, and Kevin Knight. 2010. “Automatic Analysis of Rhythmic Poetry with Applications to Generation and Translation.” In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 9–11 October 2010, MIT, Massachusetts, edited by Hang Li and Lluís Màrquez, 524–533. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]
Guerberof-Arenas, Ana, and Antonio Toral. 2020. “The Impact of Post-Editing and Machine Translation on Creativity and Reading Experience.” Translation Spaces 9 (2): 255–282. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gupta, Rohit, Patrik Lambert, Raj Patel, and John Tinsley. 2019. “Improving Robustness in Real-World Neural Machine Translation Engines.” In Proceedings of MT Summit XVII: Vol. 2: Translator, Project and User Tracks, 19–23 August 2019, Dublin, Ireland, edited by Mikel Forcada, Andy Way, John Tinsley, Dimitar Shterionov, Celia Rico, and Federico Gaspari, 142–148. [URL]
Hadley, James, Maja Popović, Haithem Afli, and Andy Way, eds. 2019. Proceedings of the Qualities of Literary Machine Translation, 19 August 2019, Dublin, Ireland. European Association for Machine Translation. [URL]
Halverson, Sandra L. 2017. “Gravitational Pull in Translation: Testing a Revised Model.” In Empirical Translation Studies: New Methodological and Theoretical Traditions, edited by Gert De Sutter, Marie-Aude Lefer, and Isabelle Delaere, 9–45. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Havránek, Bohuslav. 1964. “The Functional Differentiation of the Standard Language.” In A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure, and Style, edited by Paul L. Garvin, 3–16. Washington: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Hein, Jürgen. 1970. Spiel und Satire in der Komödie Johann Nestroys [Play and satire in Johann Nestroy’s comedy]. Bad Homburg: Gehlen.Google Scholar
Herman, Jerry, and Michael Stewart. 1963. Hello Dolly! Music and lyrics by Jerry Herman, book by Michael Stewart. Fisher Theatre, Detroit, MI, November 16, 1963.Google Scholar
Huck, Matthias, Simon Riess, and Alexander Fraser. 2017. “Target-Side Word Segmentation Strategies for Neural Machine Translation.” In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7–8 September 2017, vol. 11, edited by Ondrej Bojar, Christian Buck, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Antonio Jimeno-Yepes, Philipp Koehn, and Julia Kreutzer, 56–67. [URL] DOI logo
Hunger, Herbert. 1999. Das Denken am Leitseil der Sprache: Johann Nestroys geniale wie auch banale Verfremdungen durch Neologismen [Thinking tethered to language: Johann Nestroy’s ingenious and banal defamiliarizations by means of neologisms]. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A. 2020. “The ‘Technological Turn’ in Translation Studies: Are We There Yet? A Transversal Cross-Disciplinary Approach.” Translation Spaces 9 (2): 314–341. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jones, Ruth, and Ann Irvine. 2013. “The (Un)faithful Machine Translator.” In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities, 9 August 2012, Sofia, Bulgaria, edited by Piroska Lendvai and Kalliopi Zervanou, 96–101. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]
Kaufman, James C., and Robert J. Sternberg. 2019. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kenny, Dorothy. 2001. Lexis and Creativity in Translation: A Corpus-Based Study. Manchester: St. Jerome.Google Scholar
Kenny, Dorothy, and Marion Winters. 2020. “Machine Translation, Ethics and the Literary Translator’s Voice.” In Fair MT: Towards Ethical, Sustainable Machine Translation, edited by Joss Moorkens, Dorothy Kenny, and Félix do Carmo, special issue of Translation Spaces 9 (1): 123–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Koehn, Philipp, and Rebecca Knowles. 2017. “Six Challenges for Neural Machine Translation.” In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Machine Translation, 4 August 2017, Vancouver, Canada, edited by Thang Luong, Alexandra Birch, Graham Neubig, Andrew Finch, 28–39. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL] DOI logo
Kolb, Waltraud. 2021. “Literary Translation and Post-Editing: Priming Effects and Engagement with the Text.” Paper presented at the Computer-Assisted Literary Translation Conference , 11–13 May 2021, Swansea, Wales.
Kolb, Waltraud, and Tristan Miller. 2022. “Human–Computer Interaction in Pun Translation.” In Using Technologies for Creative-Text Translation, edited by James Luke Hadley, Kristiina Taivalkoski-Shilov, Carlos S. C. Teixeira, and Antonio Toral, 66–88. Abingdon: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kraus, Karl. 1912. “Nestroy und die Nachwelt. Zum 50. Todestage [Nestroy and posterity: The 50th anniversary of Nestroy’s death]. Die Fackel 349/3501: 12.Google Scholar
Krings, Hans P. 2001. Repairing Texts: Empirical Investigations of Machine Translation Post-Editing Processes [orig. Texte Reparieren: Empirische Untersuchungen zum Prozeß der Nachredaktion von Maschinenübersetzungen]. Edited by Geoffrey S. Koby, translated by Geoffrey S. Koby, Gregory M. Shreve, Katja Mischerikow, and Sarah Litzer. Kent: Kent State University Press.Google Scholar
Kudo, Taku, and John Richardson. 2018. “SentencePiece: A Simple and Language Independent Subword Tokenizer and Detokenizer for Neural Text Processing.” In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, 31 October – 4 November 2018, Brussels, Belgium, edited by Eduardo Blanco and Wei Lu, 66–71. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]
Kuzman, Taja, Špela Vintar, and Mihael Arčan. 2019. “Neural Machine Translation of Literary Texts from English to Slovene.” In Hadley et al. (2019, 1–9). [URL]
Lacheny, Marc. 2019. “‘Übersetzen s’ aus Frankreich a Stuk…’: Johann Nestroy ins Französische übersetzen und neu übersetzen [‘Translate a piece from France’: Translating and retranslating Johann Nestroy into French].” Moderne Sprachen 63 (1): 87–96.Google Scholar
Macken, Lieve, Laura van Brussel, and Joke Daems. 2019. “NMT’s Wonderland Where People Turn into Rabbits: A Study on the Comprehensibility of Newly Invented Words in NMT Output.” Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal 91: 67–80.Google Scholar
Malmkjær, Kirsten. 2011. “Translation Universals.” In The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies, edited by Kirsten Malmkjær and Kevin Windle, 83–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mattiello, Elisa. 2017. Analogy in Word-formation: A Study of English Neologisms and Occasionalisms. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matusov, Evgeny. 2019. “The Challenges of Using Neural Machine Translation for Literature.” In Hadley et al. (2019, 10–19). [URL]
Mauranen, Anna, and Pekka Kujamäki, eds. 2004. Translation Universals: Do They Exist? Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Merriam Webster. n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. [URL]
Mohar, Tjaša, Sara Orthaber, and Tomaž Onič. 2020. “Machine Translated Atwood: Utopia or Dystopia?” Elope: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 17 (1): 125–141. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Moorkens, Joss, Sheila Castilho, Federico Gaspari, and Stephen Doherty. 2018. Translation Quality Assessment: From Principles to Practice. Cham: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nestroy, Johann Nepomuk. 1840. Der Talisman. Posse mit Gesang in 3 Aufzügen [The Talisman: Farce with songs in 3 acts]. Electronic corpus of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
. 1844. Einen Jux will er sich machen [He will go on a spree]. Vienna: Wallishauser.Google Scholar
. 1967. “The Talisman [orig. Der Talisman ].” In Three Comedies by Johann Nestroy. Translated by Max Knight and Joseph Fabry, 95–174. New York: Frederick Ungar.Google Scholar
. 1986. “The Talisman [orig. Der Talisman ].” In Three Viennese Comedies. Translated by Robert Harrison and Katharina Wilson, 15–92. Columbia, S.C.: Camden House.Google Scholar
. 1997. Johann Nestroy’s Der Talisman: An English Performance Translation [orig. Der Talisman ]. Translated by Brigitte Simone Gerdes. MA thesis. University of Alberta.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Nitzberg, Alexander. 2020. “Übersetzer Alexander Nitzberg: ‘Sprache hat viele Schatzkammern’ [Translator Alexander Nitzberg: ‘Language has many treasure vaults’].” Interview with Michael Wurmitzer. Der Standard, August 6, 2020. [URL]
Nord, Christiane. 2010. “Functionalist Approaches.” In Handbook of Translation Studies, vol. 11, edited by Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer, 120–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oxenford, John. 1836. A Day Well Spent. London: J. Miller.Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. n.d. Accessed August 26, 2021. [URL]
Piok, Maria. 2019. “Italienische Nestroy-Übersetzungen [Italian translations of Nestroy].” Moderne Sprachen 63 (2): 113–120.Google Scholar
Prinzl, Marlies Gabriele. 2016. “Death to Neologisms: Domestication in the English Retranslations of Thomas Mann’s Der Tod in Venedig .” In Current Issues in the Linguistic Analysis of Literary Translation, edited by Leena Kolehmainen, Esa Penttilä, and Piet van Poucke, special issue of International Journal of Literary Linguistics 5 (3): 1–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prunč, Erich. 1997. “Translationskultur [Translation culture].” TextConText 111: 99–127.Google Scholar
Pym, Anthony. 2008. “On Toury’s Laws of How Translators Translate.” In Beyond Descriptive Translation Studies: Investigations in Homage to Gideon Toury, edited by Anthony Pym, Miriam Schlesinger, and Daniel Simeoni, 311–328. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reiß, Katharina, and Hans J. Vermeer. 2014. Towards a General Theory of Translational Action: Skopos Theory Explained [orig. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie]. Translated by Christiane Nord. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Bradley. 2021. “Ghosts in the Machine: Case Studies of DeepL’s Proficiency and Why Machines Still Need Help.” Paper presented at the Computer-Assisted Literary Translation Conference , 11–13 May 2012, Swansea, Wales.
Schüler, Anja. 2016. Neologismen in der Science Fiction: Eine Untersuchung ihrer Übersetzung vom Englischen ins Deutsche [Neologisms in science fiction: A study of their translation from English into German]. Frankfurt: Lang. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Semino, Elena, and Jonathan Culpeper. 2002. Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sennrich, Rico, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch. 2016. “Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units.” In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 7–12 August 2016, Berlin, Germany, vol. 11, edited by Katrin Erk and Noah A. Smith, 1715–1725. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Stoppard, Tom. 1981. On the Razzle. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina. 2019a. “Free Indirect Discourse: An Insurmountable Challenge for Literary MT Systems?” In Hadley et al. (2019, 35–39). [URL]
. 2019b. “Ethical Issues Regarding Machine(-Assisted) Translation of Literary Texts.” In Voice, Ethics and Translation, edited by Annjo K. Greenall, Cecilia Alvstad, Hanne Jansen, and Kristiina Taivalkoski-Shilov, special issue of Perspectives 27 (5): 689–703. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tezcan, Arda, Joke Daems, and Lieve Macken. 2019. “When a ‘Sport’ Is a Person and Other Issues for NMT of Novels.” In Hadley et al. (2019, 40–49). [URL]
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2005. “The Monitor Model Revisited: Evidence from Process Research.” In Processes and Pathways in Translation and Interpreting, edited by Hannelore Lee-Jahnke, special issue of Meta 50 (2): 405–414. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Toral, Antonio, and Andy Way. 2015a. “Translating Literary Text Between Related Languages Using SMT.” In Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT Fourth Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature, 4 June 2015, Denver, Colorado, edited by Anna Feldman, Anna Kazantseva, Stan Szpakowicz, and Corina Koolen, 123–132. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
. 2015b. “Machine-Assisted Translation of Literary Text: A Case Study.” Translation Spaces 4 (2): 240–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Toral, Antonio, and Victor M. Sánchez-Cartagena. 2017. “A Multifaceted Evaluation of Neural Versus Phrase-Based Machine Translation for 9 Language Directions.” In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3–7 April 2017, Valencia, Spain, vol. 11, edited by Mirella Lapata, Phil Blunsom, and Alexander Koller, 1063–1073. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Toral, Antonio, and Andy Way. 2018. “What Level of Quality Can Neural Machine Translation Attain on Literary Text?” In Translation Quality Assessment: From Principles to Practice, edited by Joss Moorkens, Sheila Castilho, Federico Gaspari, and Stephen Doherty, 263–287. Cham: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Toral, Antonio, Martijn Wieling, and Andy Way. 2018. “Post-Editing Effort of a Novel with Statistical and Neural Machine Translation.” Frontiers in Digital Humanities 51: 1–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vilar, David, and Marcello Federico. 2021. “A Statistical Extension of Byte-Pair Encoding.” In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Spoken Language Translation, 5–6 August 2021, Bangkok, Thailand, edited by Marcello Federico, Alex Waibel, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Jan Niehues, Sebastian Stuker, and Elizabeth Salesky, 263–275. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]. DOI logo
Voigt, Rob, and Dan Jurafsky. 2012. “Towards a Literary Machine Translation: The Role of Referential Cohesion.” In Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT 2012 Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Literature, 8 June 2012, Montréal, Canada, edited by David Elson, Anna Kazantseva, Rada Mihalcea, Stan Szpakowicz, 18–25. Association for Computational Linguistics. [URL]
Wilder, Thornton. 1939. The Merchant of Yonkers. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
. 1955. Three Plays. Our Town. The Skin of Our Teeth. The Matchmaker. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Wu, Yonghui, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc Le, Mohammad Norouzi, Wolfgang Macherey, Maxim Krikun et al. 2016. “Google’s Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation.” Working Paper. Ithaca: Cornell University Library [URL]. [URL]
Yates, William Edgar. 1972. Nestroy: Satire and Parody in Viennese Popular Comedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2008. “Continuity and Discontinuity in Viennese Theatrical Life from the 1860s to the Turn of the Century.” Austrian Studies 161: 51–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Youdale, Roy. 2020. Using Computers in the Translation of Literary Style: Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cited by (1)

Cited by one other publication

Dressler, Wolfgang U., Barbara Tumfart, Dietmar Kunisch & Vanessa Hannesschläger
2024. Poetic and theatrical occasionalisms: Creation of new morphologically complex words by Joseph von Eichendorff, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Peter Handke and Arno Schmidt. Kalbotyra 76 ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.