Chapter 10. Atypical cerebral lateralisation and language impairment in autism
Is fetal testosterone the linking mechanism?
Autism is among the most severe, prevalent and heritable of all neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the factors causing autism are still unclear. Language difficulties are at the core of autism, and any aetiological theory must incorporate a plausible explanation of this symptom. The development of cerebral lateralisation has long been theorised to be associated with language impairment. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence linking cerebral lateralisation and language impairment in both typical and atypical development, with a particular focus on the communication difficulties characteristic of autism. Potential causal pathways are also considered, such as fetal testosterone exposure. Finally, methodological limitations in this area and future avenues for research are discussed.
References
Arnold, A.P., & Gorski, R.A
(
1984)
Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in the central nervous system.
Annual Review of Neuroscience, 7(1), 413–442.
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G
(
2009)
Fetal testosterone and autistic traits.
British Journal of Psychology, 100, 1–22.
Bailey, A.A., & Hurd, P.L
(
2005)
Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women.
Biological Psychology, 68(3), 215–222.
Baltaxe, C.A.M
(
1977)
Pragmatic deficits in the language of autistic adolescents.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2(4), 176–180.
Baron-Cohen, S
(
2002)
The extreme male brain theory of autism.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248–254.
Baron-Cohen, S
(
2003)
The Essential Difference: The Truth about the Male and Female Brain. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R.C., & Belmonte, M.K
(
2005)
Sex differences in the brain: Implications for explaining autism.
Science, 310(5749), 819–823.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I
(
2001)
The test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism.
The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241–251.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E
(
2001)
The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, malesand females, scientists and mathematicians.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5–17.
Barry, R.J., & James, A.L
(
1978)
Handedness in autistics, retardates, and normals of a wide age range.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(3), 315–323.
Berenbaum, S.A., & Hines, M
(
1992)
Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences.
Psychological Science, 3(3), 203–206.
Berenbaum, S.A., & Resnick, S.M
(
1997)
Early androgen effects on aggression in children and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22(7), 505–515.
Bishop, D.V.M
(
1998)
Development of the children’s communication checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(6), 879–891.
Bishop, D.V.M., Brown, B.B., & Robson, J
(
1990)
The relationship between phoneme discrimination, speech production, and language comprehension in cerebral-palsied individuals.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33(2), 210–219.
Blackstock, E.G
(
1978)
Cerebral asymmetry and the development of early infantile autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(3), 339–353.
Boddaert, N., Belin, P., Chabane, N., Poline, J.-B., Barthelemy, C., Mouren-Simeoni, M.-C., Brunelle, F., Samson, Y. & Zilbovicius, M
(
2003)
Perception of complex sounds: Abnormal pattern of cortical activation in autism.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(11), 2057–2060.
Boddaert, N., Chabane, N., Belin, P., Bourgeois, M., Royer, V., Barthelemy, C., Mouren-Simeoni, M.-C., Philippe, A., Brunelle, F, Samson, Y., & Zilbovicius, M
(
2004)
Perception of complex sounds in autism: abnormal auditory cortical processing in children.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 2117–2120.
Brancucci, A., Babiloni, C., Babiloni, F., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Tecchio, F., Zappasodi, F., Pizella, V., Romani, G.L., & Rossini, P.M
(
2004)
Inhibition of auditory cortical responses to ipsilateral stimuli during dichotic listening: Evidence from magnetoencephalography.
European Journal of Neuroscience, 19(8), 2329–2336.
Brancucci, A., Babiloni, C., Vecchio, F., Galderisi, S., Mucci, A., Tecchio, F., Romani, G.L. & Rossini, P.M
(
2005)
Decrease of functional coupling between left and right auditory cortices during dichotic listening: An electroencephalography study.
Neuroscience, 136(1), 323–332.
Brosnan, M.J
(
2008)
Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren.
British Journal of Psychology, 99(1), 75–85.
Capps, L., Kehres, J., & Sigman, M
(
1998)
Conversational abilities among children with autism and children with developmental delays.
Autism, 2(4), 325–344.
Clark, M.M., Tucker, L., & Galef, J.B.G
(
1992)
Stud males and dud males: intra-uterine position effects on the reproductive success of male gerbils.
Animal Behaviour, 43(2), 215–221.
Clark, M.M., vom Saal, F.S., & Galef Jr, B.G
(
1992)
Intrauterine positions and testosterone levels of adult male gerbils are correlated.
Physiology & Behavior, 51(5), 957–960.
Cohen-Bendahan, C.C.C., Buitelaar, J.K., van Goozen, S.H.M., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T
(
2004)
Prenatal exposure to testosterone and functional cerebral lateralization: a study in same-sex and opposite-sex twin girls.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(7), 911–916.
Colby, K.M., & Parkison, C
(
1977)
Handedness in autistic children.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7(1), 3–9.
Collaer, M.L., & Hines, M
(
1995)
Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 55–107.
Cornish, K., & McManus, I
(
1996)
Hand preference and hand skill in children with autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(6), 597–609.
Coyne, S.M., Manning, J.T., Ringer, L., & Bailey, L
(
2007)
Directional asymmetry (right-left differences) in digit ratio (2D:4D) predict indirect aggression in women.
Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 865–872.
Dane, S., & Balci, N
(
2007)
Handedness, eyedness and nasal cycle in children with autism.
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 25(4), 223–226.
Dawson, G., Finley, C., Phillips, S., & Galpert, L
(
1986)
Hemispheric specialization and the language abilities of autistic children.
Child Development, 57(6), 1440–1453.
Dawson, G., Warrenburg, S., & Fuller, P
(
1982)
Cerebral lateralization in individuals diagnosed as autistic in early childhood.
Brain and Language, 15(2), 353–368.
de Bruin, E.I., Verheij, F., Wiegman, T., & Ferdinand, R.F
(
2006)
Differences in finger length ratio between males with autism, pervasive developmental disorder- not otherwise specified, ADHD, and anxiety disorders.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(12), 962–965.
De Fossé, L., Hodge, S.M., Makris, N., Kennedy, D.N., Caviness, V.S., McGrath, L., Steele, S., Ziegler, D.A., Herbert, M.R., Frazier, J.A., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Harris, G.J
(
2004)
Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment.
Annals of Neurology, 56(6), 757–766.
Eales, M.J
(
1993)
Pragmatic impairments in adults with childhood diagnoses of autism or developmental receptive language disorder.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(4), 593–617.
Elkadi, S., R. Nicholls, M.E., & Clode, D
(
1999)
Handedness in opposite and same-sex dizygotic twins: testing the testosterone hypothesis.
NeuroReport, 10(2), 333–336.
Escalante-Mead, P.R., Minshew, N.J., & Sweeney, J.A
(
2003)
Abnormal brain lateralization in high-functioning autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(5), 539–543.
Even, M.D., & Vom Saal, F.S
(
1992)
Seminal vesicle and preputial gland response to steroids in adult male mice is influenced by prior intrauterine position.
Physiology & Behavior, 51(1), 11–16.
Finegan, J.-A.K., Niccols, G.A., & Sitarenios, G
(
1992)
Relations between prenatal testosterone levels and cognitive abilities at 4 years.
Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1075–1089.
Flagg, E.J., Cardy, J.E.O., Roberts, W., & Roberts, T.P.L
(
2005)
Language lateralization development in children with autism: Insights from the late field magnetoencephalogram.
Neuroscience Letters, 386(2), 82–87.
Gadea, M., Gómez, C., González-Bono, E., Salvador, A., & Espert, R
(
2003)
Salivary testosterone is related to both handedness and degree of linguistic lateralization in normal women.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(3), 274–287.
Galis, F., Ten Broek, C., Van Dongen, S., & Wijnaendts, L
(
2010)
Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D).
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(1), 57–62.
Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A.M
(
1987)
Cerebral Lateralisation: Biological Mechamisms, Associations and Pathology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Grimshaw, G.M., Bryden, M.P., & Finegan, J.-A.K
(
1995)
Relations between prenatal testosterone and cerebral lateralization in children.
Neuropsychology, 9(1), 68–79.
Hampson, E., Rovet, J.F., & Altmann, D
(
1998)
Spatial reasoning in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Developmental Neuropsychology, 14(2), 299 – 320.
Helleday, J., Bartfai, A., Ritzén, E.M., & Forsman, M
(
1994)
General intelligence and cognitive profile in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19(4), 343–356.
Helleday, J., Siwers, B., Ritzén, E.M., & Hugdahl, K
(
1994)
Normal lateralization for handedness and ear advantage in a verbal dichotic listening task in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Neuropsychologia, 32(7), 875–880.
Herbert, M.R., Harris, G.J., Adrien, K.T., Ziegler, D.A., Makris, N., Kennedy, D.N., Lange, N.T., Chabris, C.F., Bakardjiev, A., Hodgson, J., Takeoka, M., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Caviness Jr., V.S
(
2002)
Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism.
Annals of Neurology, 52(5), 588–596.
Herbert, M.R., Ziegler, D.A., Deutsch, C.K., O’Brien, L.M., Kennedy, D.N., Filipek, P.A., Bakadjiev, A.I., Hodgson, J., Takeoka, M., Makris, N. & Caviness Jr., V.S
(
2005)
Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: A nested whole-brain analysis.
Brain, 128(1), 213–226.
Hickey, M., Doherty, D.A., Hart, R., Norman, R.J., Mattes, E., Atkinson, H.C., & Sloboda, D.M
(
2010)
Maternal and umbilical cord androgen concentrations do not predict digit ratio (2D:4D) in girls: A prospective cohort study.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(8), 1235–1244.
Hines, M
(
2004)
Brain Gender. Oxford: OUP.
Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K.J., & Golding, J
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team (
2002)
Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study.
Child Development, 73(6), 1678–1687.
Hugdahl, K., Brønnick, K., Kyllingsbrk, S., Law, I., Gade, A., & Paulson, O.B
(
1999)
Brain activation during dichotic presentations of consonant-vowel and musical instrument stimuli: A 15O-PET study.
Neuropsychologia, 37(4), 431–440.
Hugdahl, K., Carlsson, G., Uvebrant, P., & Lundervold, A.J
(
1997)
Dichotic-listening performance and intracarotid injections of amobarbital in children and adolescents: Preoperative and postoperative comparisons.
Archives of Neurology, 54(12), 1494–1500.
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T
(
1991)
Early vocabulary growth: Relation to language input and gender.
Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 236–248.
Ingudomnukul, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Knickmeyer, R
(
2007)
Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions.
Hormones and Behavior, 51(5), 597–604.
Jäncke, L., & Shah, N.J
(
2002)
Does dichotic listening probe temporal lobe functions? Neurology, 58(5), 736–743.
Jolliffe, T., & Baron-Cohen, S
(
1997)
Are people with autism and asperger syndrome faster than normal on the embedded figures test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 527–534.
Jung, P., Baumgärtner, U., Bauermann, T., Magerl, W., Gawehn, J., Stoeter, P., & Treede, R.-D
(
2003)
Asymmetry in the human primary somatosensory cortex and handedness.
NeuroImage, 19(3), 913–923.
Kelso, W.M., Nicholls, M.E.R., Warne, G.L., & Zacharin, M
(
2000)
Cerebral lateralization and cognitive functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Neuropsychology, 14(3), 370–378.
Kempel, P., Gohlke, B., Klempau, J., Zinsberger, P., Reuter, M., & Hennig, J
(
2005)
Second-to-fourth digit length, testosterone and spatial ability.
Intelligence, 33(3), 215–230.
Kimura, D
(
1961)
Cerebral-dominance and the perception of verbal stimuli.
Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 166–171.
Kleinhans, N., Müller, R.-A., Cohen, D.N., & Courchesne, E
(
2008)
Atypical functional lateralization of language in autism spectrum disorders.
Brain Research, 1221, 115–125.
Knaus, T.A., Silver, A.M., Kennedy, M., Lindgren, K.A., Dominick, K.C., Siegel, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H
(
2010)
Language laterality in autism spectrum disorder and typical controls: A functional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor MRI study.
Brain and Language, 112(2), 113–120.
Knaus, T.A., Silver, A.M., Lindgren, K.A., Hadjikhani, N., & Tager-Flusberg, H
(
2008)
fMRI activation during a language task in adolescents with ASD.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(06), 967–979.
Knickmeyer, R.C., Baron-Cohen, S., Fane, B.A., Wheelwright, S., Mathews, G.A., Conway, G.S., Brook, C., & Hines, M
(
2006)
Androgens and autistic traits: A study of individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Hormones and Behavior, 50(1), 148–153.
Knickmeyer, R.C., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., & Taylor, K
(
2005)
Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(2), 198–210.
Knickmeyer, R.C., Wheelwright, S., Hoekstra, R., & Baron-Cohen, S
(
2006)
Age of menarche in females with autism spectrum conditions.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(12), 1007–1008.
Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J.-F., Poupon, C., Clark, C.A., Pappata, S., Molko, N., et al.
(
2001)
Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13(4), 534–546.
Lewin, J., Kohen, D., & Mathew, G
(
1993)
Handedness in mental handicap: investigation into populations of Down’s syndrome, epilepsy and autism.
The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5), 674–676.
Lohmann, H., Dräger, B., Müller-Ehrenberg, S., Deppe, M., & Knecht, S
(
2005)
Language lateralization in young children assessed by functional transcranial Doppler sonography.
NeuroImage, 24(3), 780–790.
Lord, C., & Paul, R
(
1997)
Language and communication in autism. In
D.J. Cohen &
F.R. Volkmar (Eds.),
Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Development Disorders (2nd ed.). New York NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Lord, C., Schopler, E., & Revicki, D
(
1982)
Sex differences in autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12(4), 317–330.
Loveland, K.A., Landry, S.H., Hughes, S.O., Hall, S.K., & McEvoy, R.E
(
1988)
Speech acts and the pragmatic deficits of autism.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31(4), 593–604.
Loveland, K.A., & Tunali, B
(
1993)
Narrative langauge in autism and the theory of mind hypothesis: A wider perspective. In
S. Baron-Cohen,
H. Tager-Flusberg, &
D.J. Cohen (Eds.),
Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Autism. Oxford: OUP.
Lust, J.M., Geuze, R.H., Van de Beek, C., Cohen-Kettenis, P.T., Groothuis, A.G.G., & Bouma, A
(
2010)
Sex specific effect of prenatal testosterone on language lateralization in children.
Neuropsychologia, 48(2), 536–540.
Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Raggatt, P
(
2001)
Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants.
Infant Behavior and Development, 24(4), 418–424.
Luxen, M.F., & Buunk, B.P
(
2005)
Second-to-fourth digit ratio related to Verbal and Numerical Intelligence and the Big Five.
Personality and Individual Differences, 39(5), 959–966.
Malas, M.A., Dogan, S., Hilal Evcil, E., & Desdicioglu, K
(
2006)
Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D).
Early Human Development, 82(7), 469–475.
Markoulakis, R., Scharoun, S.M., Bryden, P.J., & Fletcher, P.C
(
2012)
An examination of handedness and footedness in children with high functioning autism and asperger syndrome.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(10), 2192–2201.
Manning, J.T
(
2002)
Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Manning, J.T., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Sanders, G
(
2001)
The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 43(3), 160–164.
Manning, J.T., Stewart, A., Bundred, P.E., & Trivers, R.L
(
2004)
Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children.
Early Human Development, 80(2), 161–168.
Manning, J.T., & Taylor, R.P
(
2001)
Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans.
Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(1), 61–69.
Mathews, G.A., Fane, B.A., Pasterski, V.L., Conway, G.S., Brook, C., & Hines, M
(
2004)
Androgenic influences on neural asymmetry: Handedness and language lateralization in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(6), 810–822.
McIntyre, M.H., Barrett, E.S., McDermott, R., Johnson, D.D.P., Cowden, J., & Rosen, S.P
(
2007)
Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game.
Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 755–764.
Medland, S.E., Duffy, D.L., Wright, M.J., Geffen, G.M., Hay, D.A., Levy, F., Van-Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Willemsen, G., Townsend, G.C, White, V., Hewitt, A.W., Mackey, D.A., Bailey, J.M., Slutsky, W.S. Nyholt, D.R., Treloar, S.A., Martin, N.G. & Boomsma, D.I
(
2009)
Genetic influences on handedness: Data from 25,732 Australian and Dutch twin families.
Neuropsychologia, 47(2), 330–337.
Medland, S.E., Loehlin, J.C., & Martin, N.G
(
2008)
No effects of prenatal hormone transfer on digit ratio in a large sample of same- and opposite-sex dizygotic twins.
Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1225–1234.
Merke, D.P., & Bornstein, S.R
(
2005)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
The Lancet, 365(9477), 2125–2136.
Moffat, S.D., & Hampson, E
(
2000)
Salivary testosterone concentrations in left-handers: An association with cerebral language lateralization? Neuropsychology, 14(1), 71–81.
Mueller, S.C., Temple, V., Oh, E., VanRyzin, C., Williams, A., Cornwell, B., Grillon, C., Pine, D.S., Ernst, M., & Merke, D.P
(
2008)
Early androgen exposure modulates spatial cognition in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(7), 973–980.
Müller, R.A., Behen, M.E., Rothermel, R.D., Chugani, D.C., Muzik, O., Mangner, T.J., & Chugani, H.T
(
1999)
Brain mapping of language and auditory perception in high-functioning autistic adults: A PET study.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(1), 19–31.
Müller, R.A., Chugani, D.C., Behen, M.E., Rothermel, R.D., Muzik, O., Chakraborty, P.K., & Chugani, H.T
(
1998)
Impairment of dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic men: language activation data from positron emission tomography.
Neuroscience Letters, 245(1), 1–4.
Nagami, M., McDonough, P., Ellegood, J., & Mahesh, V
(
1979)
Maternal and amniotic fluid steroids throughout human pregnancy.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 134, 674–680.
Nass, R., & Baker, S
(
1991)
Androgen effects on cognition: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16(1–3), 189–201.
Nass, R., Baker, S., Speiser, P., Virdis, R., Balsamo, A., Cacciari, E., Loche, A., Dumic, D., & New, M
(
1987)
Hormones and handedness.
Neurology, 37(4), 711.
Natsopoulos, D., Koutselini, M., Kiosseoglou, G., & Koundouris, F
(
2002)
Differences in language performance in variations of lateralization.
Brain and Language, 82(2), 223–240.
Olafsen, K.S., Rønning, J.A., Kaaresen, P.I., Ulvund, S.E., Handegård, B.H., & Dahl, L.B
(
2006)
Joint attention in term and preterm infants at 12 months corrected age: The significance of gender and intervention based on a randomized controlled trial.
Infant Behavior and Development, 29(4), 554–563.
Orton, S
(
1929)
A physiological theory of reading disability and stuttering in children.
New England Journal of Medicine, 199(21), 1046–1052.
Peters, M., Manning, J., & Reimers, S
(
2007)
The effects of sex, sexual orientation, and digit ratio (2d:4d) on mental rotation performance.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(2), 251–260.
Plante, E., Boliek, C., Binkiewicz, A., & Erly, W.K
(
1996)
Elevated androgen, brain development and language/learning disabiliites in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 38(5), 423–437.
Prior, M.R., & Bradshaw, J.L
(
1979)
Hemisphere functioning in autistic children.
Cortex, 15(1), 73–81.
Pujol, J., Deus, J., Losilla, J.M., & Capdevila, A
(
1999)
Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI.
Neurology, 52(5), 1038.
Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E
(
2008)
Deviant functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activity to speech in 2-3-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder.
Biological Psychiatry, 64(7), 589–598.
Resnick, S.M., Berenbaum, S.A., Gottesman, I.I., & Bouchard, J.T.J
(
1986)
Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 191–198.
Rosenzweig, M.R
(
1951)
Representations of the two ears at the auditory cortex.
American Journal of Physiology – Legacy Content, 167(1), 147–158.
Ryan, B.C., & Vandenbergh, J.G
(
2002)
Intrauterine position effects.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(6), 665–678.
Soper, H.V., Satz, P., Orsini, D.L., Henry, R.R., Zvi, J.C., & Schulman, M
(
1986)
Handedness patterns in autism suggest subtypes.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16(2), 155–167.
Surian, L
(
1996)
Are children with autism deaf to gricean maxims? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1(1), 55–72.
Tager-Flusberg, H
(
1981)
On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11(1), 45–56.
Tager-Flusberg, H., & Sullivan, K
(
1995)
Attributing mental states to story characters: A comparison of narratives produced by autistic and mentally retarded individuals.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 16(3), 241–256.
Takeuchi, M., Harada, M., Matsuzaki, K., Nishitani, H., & Mori, K
(
2004)
Difference of signal change by a language task on autistic patients using functional MRI.
The Journal of Medical Investigation: JMI, 51(1–2), 59–62.
Tapp, A.L., Maybery, M.T., & Whitehouse, A.J.O
(
2011)
Evaluating the twin testosterone transfer hypothesis: A review of the empirical evidence.
Hormones and Behavior, 60(5), 713–722.
Tunturi, A.R
(
1946)
A study on the pathway from the medical geniculate body to the acoustic cortex in the dog.
American Journal of Physiology – Legacy Content, 147(2), 311–319.
Udry, J.R
(
1994)
The nature of gender.
Demography, 31(4), 561–573.
Udry, J.R
(
2000)
Biological limits of gender construction.
American Sociological Review, 65(3), 443–457.
Udry, J.R., Morris, N.M., & Kovenock, J
(
1995)
Androgen effects on women’s gendered behaviour.
Journal of Biosocial Science, 27, 359–368.
van Anders, S.M., & Hampson, E
(
2005)
Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults.
Hormones and Behavior, 47(1), 92–98.
van den Noort, M., Specht, K., Rimol, L.M., Ersland, L., & Hugdahl, K
(
2008)
A new verbal reports fMRI dichotic listening paradigm for studies of hemispheric asymmetry.
NeuroImage, 40(2), 902–911.
Verhoeven, J.S., Rommel, N., Prodi, E., Leemans, A., Zink, I., Vandewalle, E., Noens, I., Wagemans, J., Steyaert, J., Boets, B., Van de Winckel, A., De Cock, P., Lagae, L., & Sunaert, S
(
2011)
Is there a common neuroanatomical substrate of language deficit between autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment? Cerebral Cortex.
.
Wetherby, A.M
(
1986)
Ontogeny of communicative functions in autism.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16(3), 295–316.
Whitehouse, A.J.O
(
2010)
Is there a sex ratio difference in the familial aggregation of specific language impairment? A meta-analysis.
Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53(4), 1015–1025.
Whitehouse, A.J.O., & Bishop, D.V.M
(
2008)
Cerebral dominance for language function in adults with specific language impairment or autism.
Brain, 131(12), 3193–3200.
Whitehouse, A.J.O., & Bishop, D.V.M
(
2009)
Hemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases.
Neuropsychologia, 47(8–9), 1938–1943.
Whitehouse, A.J.O., Mattes, E., Maybery, M.T., Sawyer, M.G., Jacoby, P., Keelan, J.A., & Hickey, M
(
2012)
Sex-specific associations between umbilical cord blood testosterone levels and language delay in early childhood.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
Whitehouse, A.J.O., Mattes, E., Maybery, M.T., Sawyer, M.G., Jacoby, P., Keelan, J.A., & Hickey, M
in press).
Umbilical cord blood testosterone levels predict early langauge delay in males.
Whitehouse, A.J.O., Maybery, M., Hickey, M., & Sloboda, D
(
2011)
Brief report: Autistic-like traits in childhood predict later age at menarche in girls.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1125–1130.
Williams, D., Botting, N., & Boucher, J
(
2008)
Language in autism and specific language impairment: Where are the links? Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 944–963.
Witelson, S.F
(
1985)
The brain connection: the corpus callosum is larger in left-handers.
Science, 229(4714), 665–668.
Witelson, S.F
(
1989)
Hand and sex differences in the isthmus and genu of the human corpus callosum.
Brain, 112(3), 799–835.
Witelson, S.F
(
1991)
Neural sexual mosaicism: Sexual differentiation of the human temporo-parietal region for functional asymmetry.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16(1–3), 131–153.
Witelson, S.F., & Nowakowski, R.S
(
1991)
Left out axoms make men right: A hypothesis for the origin of handedness and functional asymmetry.
Neuropsychologia, 29(4), 327–333.
Zubrick, S.R., Taylor, C.L., Rice, M.L., & Slegers, D.W
(
2007)
Late language emergence at 24 months: An epidemiological study of prevalence, predictors, and covariates.
Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 50(6), 1562–1592.
Cited by
Cited by 2 other publications
English, Michael C. W., Murray T. Maybery & Troy A. W. Visser
2023.
A review of behavioral evidence for hemispheric asymmetry of visuospatial attention in autism.
Autism Research 16:6
► pp. 1086 ff.
Hollier, Lauren P., Eugen Mattes, Murray T. Maybery, Jeffrey A. Keelan, Martha Hickey & Andrew J.O. Whitehouse
2013.
The association between perinatal testosterone concentration and early vocabulary development: A prospective cohort study.
Biological Psychology 92:2
► pp. 212 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.