The spiny authorial roles of Bible interpreters and translators
Ben Van Wyke | Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis
Borges’s “Gospel According to Mark,” written 1,900 years after the first biblical Gospel by the same name, provides a compelling illustration of how translators always play a visible, creative role in the work they perform (even when they do not realize it or want this role). The characters’ interaction with the Bible is an ideal platform to explore some complex notions that stem from postmodern conceptions of translation, such as the complicated relationship established between translators, their translations and audience. Furthermore, it is worth noting that Mark had a considerable impact on two of the three other Gospel authors, and that the Bible has had immeasurable impact on the general interpretation and translation of texts around the world. Borges’s story may seem to portray an absurd misreading of the Mark, but I propose that this radical misreading is not altogether different from the millions of interactions with the texts that have been responsible for creating and disseminating the Bible. Through brief histories of both Mark and the Vulgate in tandem with Borges’s text, we can understand that millions of nameless translators, interpreters and scribes have been responsible for actually creating what is now, in a fragmented nature, the Bible.
Blanchot, Maurice. 2003. “Literary Infinity: The Aleph,” trans. by Charlotte Mandell. In The Book to Come, 93–96. Stanford: University of Stanford Press.
Borges, Jorge Luis. 1999. “The Gospel According to Mark,” trans. by Andrew Hurley. In Collected Fictions, 397–401. New York: Penguin Books.
Borges, Jorge Luis. 1999a. Collected Fictions, trans. by Andrew Hurley. New York: Penguin Books.
Borges, Jorge Luis. 1999b. “The Homeric Versions,” trans. by Eliot Weinberger. In Voice-Overs: Translation and Latin American Literature, ed. by Daniel Balderston and Mary Schwartz, 15–19. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Borges, Jorge Luis. 2000. “The Translators of The Thousand and One Nights,” trans. by Esther Allen. In The Translation Studies Reader, ed. by Lawrence Venuti, 34–38. New York: Routledge.
Brown Scott G.2003. “On the Composition History of the Longer (‘Secret’) Gospel of Mark.” Journal of Biblical Literature 122 (1): 89–110.
Burrows, Millar. 1925. “The Origin of the Term ‘Gospel.’” Journal of Biblical Literature 44 (1/2): 21–33.
Chamberlain, William. 1991. Catalogue of English Bible Translations. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. 1989. Cinema 2: The Time-Image, trans. by Hugh Tomlinson and Robert Galeta. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
De Man, Paul. 1964. “A Modern Master” New York Review of Books, Nov.19: 8–10.
Derrida, Jacques. 1985. “Roundtable on Translation,” trans. by Peggy Kamuf. In The Ear of the Other, 91–161. New York: Schocken Books.
Dewey, Joanna. 2004. “The Survival of Mark’s Gospel: A Good Story?” Journal of Biblical Literature 123(3): 495–507.
Ehrman, Bart D.2005. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. New York: HarperOne.
Foucault, Michel. 1977. “What is an Author,” trans. by Donald Bouchard and Sherry Simon. In Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. by Donald Bouchard, 113–138. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1994. “Preface.” In The Order of Things, xv–xxiv. New York: Random House, Vintage Books.
Goodspeed, Edgar J.1905. “The Original Conclusion of the Gospel of Mark.” The American Journal of Theology 9(3): 484–490.
Grabbe, Lester. 1988. “The Balshazzar of Daniel and the Balshazzar of History.” Andrews University Seminary Studies 26(1): 59–66.
Hall, Nancy Abraham. 2002. “Saving the Gutres: Borges, Sarmiento and Mark.” Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos 26(3): 527–536.
Helms, Randel McCraw. 1997. Who Wrote the Gospels? Altadena, CA: Millennium Press.
Holy See. 1970. “Preface to The New American Bible.” Available online at: [URL]. Accessed 17 April 2016.
Hurley, Andrew (trans.). 1998. Collected Fictions by Jorge Luis Borges. New York: Penguin.
Kelber, Werner H.1979. Mark’s Story of Jesus. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Kundera, Milan. 1995. “A Sentence.” In Testaments Betrayed, trans. by Linda Asher, 97–118. New York: Harper Collins.
Levinson, Brett. 2005. “Technology, Aesthetics and Populism in ‘The Gospel According to Mark.’” Discourse 27(2/3): 3–20.
Metzger, Bruce M.1977. The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Metzger, Bruce M.1992. The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University
Nida, Eugene. 1998. “Bible Translation.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, ed. by Mona Baker, 22–28. New York: Routledge.
Phillips, J.B.1984. “Preface.” In Eight Translation New Testament. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publications.
Preston, Patrick and Allan Jenkins. 2007. Biblical Scholarship and the Church a Sixteenth-Century Crisis of Authority. Hampshire, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
Riddle, Donald W.1924. “The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark.” The Journal of Religion 4(4): 397–410.
Robinson, Douglas. 2002. “Editor’s Introduction to ‘Jerome.’” In Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche, 2nd edition, ed. by Douglas Robinson, 22–23. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Smith, D. Moody. 2000. “When Did the Gospels Become Scripture?” Journal of Biblical Literature 119(1): 3–20.
Stanton, Graham N.1997. “The Fourfold Gospel” New Testament Studies 43(3): 317–346.
Thuesen, Peter J.1999. In Discordance with the Scriptures: American Protestant Battles Over Translating the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Wyke, Ben. 2012. “Borges and Us: Exploring Translation Theory in the Classroom.” The Translator 18(1): 77–100.
Waisman, Sergio. 2005. Borges and Translation: The Irreverence of the Periphery. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
Wolfson, Harry Austryn. 1970. The Philosophy of the Church Fathers, 3rd edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.