Article published in:
Translation and the cultural Cold War
Edited by Esmaeil Haddadian-Moghaddam and Giles Scott-Smith
[Translation and Interpreting Studies 15:3] 2020
► pp. 441–463

The cultural Cold War in the Middle East

William Faulkner and Franklin Book Programs

| Universiteit Leiden
William Faulkner is an interesting case for the history of American cultural diplomacy. Although the State Department hailed him as a Cold War warrior, it had difficulty sponsoring his “modernist” novels in a book program that promoted American ideals during the Cold War. In this article I examine how the Franklin Book Programs arranged for some of Faulkner’s novels to be translated into Arabic and Persian by using sources from the Program’s archive and an interview with a former Franklin editor. The analysis is framed by Faulkner’s rise in status from a marginal to a major world writer. I also assess the cultural forces that led to his inclusion in Franklin’s list of publications. The analysis reveals a tension between American idealism and Cold War imperatives, further challenging the propagandist reading of the program and calling for a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics of the cultural Cold War in the region.
Keywords: William Faulkner, the cultural Cold War, Franklin Book Programs, cultural diplomacy, the Middle East
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 01 October 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.20076.had

Full-text

The cultural Cold War in the Middle East
References

References

Primary sources

“
Franklin Book Programs Records.” Public Policy Papers, Department of Special Collections, Princeton University Library (bracketed numbers refer to box and folder numbers):
Ali Khan
1956, Nov. 17 (206/8) Google Scholar
el-Aroussy
1955, Mar. 14; 1957a, Jun. 11; 1957b, July 4 (206/8)Google Scholar
Memorandum of agreement
1958, Oct. 25 (206/8) Google Scholar
Munger
1956, July 11 (206/8) Google Scholar
Najm
1957, July 4; 1962, Jan. 11 (206/8)Google Scholar
Publication file(s)
1955, June 13; Oct. 24; 1961, July 21 (206/8)Google Scholar
Smith
1954, May 12; 1956, Nov. 27; 1962, Jan. 18; 1957a, Jan. 10; 1957b, June 19; 1958a, June 18 (47/3); 1958b, June 2 (206/8); 1977, Dec. 28 (4/8)Google Scholar
“
Franklin Book Program Collection, 1952–1978.” The Harry Ransom Center, the University of Texas at Austin:
Anvar
1958, May 25 (36/≠453–1001); 1959, Apr. 7 (36/≠1002–1681); Google Scholar
Sanati
1956, July 1 (34/≠1–451); 1957 Jan. 19 (36/≠453–1001)Google Scholar
Henderson, Loy W.
1953 “United States Embassy, Iran Despatch.” National Archives. Record Group 59. Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950–1954. Accessed 20 January 2020. https://​nsarchive2​.gwu​.edu​/NSAEBB​/NSAEBB78​/propaganda%20096​.pdf
IIA: 10th Semiannual Report of the Secretary of State to Congress on the International Information and Educational Exchange Program
(July 1952–December 1952) Washington, DC. Department of State.Google Scholar
NSC.
1952 “A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretory on the United States Objectives and Policies with Respect to Arab States and Israel.” Accessed 5 May 2020. https://​nsarchive2​.gwu​.edu​/NSAEBB​/NSAEBB78​/propaganda%20059​.pdf
United States Doctrinal Program, PSB D-33/2
, May 5 1953 Accessed 4 September 2020. www​.cia​.gov​/library​/readingroom​/docs​/CIA​-RDP80R01731R003200050006​-0​.pdf
United States
1952 International Information Administration. Information Center Service Letter from Dan Lacy to Datus C. Smith, Jr. [Guidance for Franklin Publications]. Accessed 15 May 2020. https://​nsarchive2​.gwu​.edu​/NSAEBB​/NSAEBB78​/propaganda%20078​.pdf
Wells, Edward C.
1954 “United States Embassy, Iran Despatch to the Department of State. ‘Educational Exchange: U.S. Specialist Program.” Accessed 15 February 2020. https://​nsarchive2​.gwu​.edu​/NSAEBB​/NSAEBB78​/propaganda%20123​.pdf

Secondary sources

Aboul-Ela, Hosam
2007 Other South Faulkner, Coloniality, and the Mariátegui Tradition. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg Press.Google Scholar
Amanat, Abbas
2017 Iran: A Modern History. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Anvar, Manuchehr
. Personal interview. Tehran, June 2019.Google Scholar
Arrabai, Ali M.
2019 The Franklin Books Program: Translation and Image-building in the Cold War. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University.Google Scholar
Aytür, Necla
1973 “Faulkner in Turkish.” In William Faulkner: Prevailing Verities and World Literature, ed. by W. T. Zyla and W. M. Aycock, 25–40. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University.Google Scholar
Barnhisel, Greg
2010 “Cold warriors of the book: American book programs in the 1950s.” Book History 13: 185–217. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015 Cold War Modernists: Art, Literature, and American Cultural Diplomacy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Barnhisel, Greg and Catherine Turner
eds. 2010 Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda, and the Cold War. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Curtis G.
1984 U.S. Books Abroad: Neglected Ambassadors. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Boullata, Issa J.
1973 “The beleaguered unicorn: A study of Tawfiq Sayigh.” Journal of Arabic Literature 4 (1): 69–93. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, Stephanie
2013 “Egypt.” In Encyclopedia of the Cold War, vols. 1 and 2, 284–287. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Annick and Gillian Lane-Mercier
eds. 2001 Faulkner: une expérience de retraduction. Montreal: Université de Montréal. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Citino, Nathan J.
2019 “The Middle East and the Cold War.” Cold War History 19 (3): 441–456. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coghlan, David and Mary Brydon-Miller
2014 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research. (Vols. 1–2). London: SAGE. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Deborah
1997 “ ‘He was one of us’: The reception of William Faulkner and the U.S. South by Latin American authors.” Comparative Literature Studies 34 (2): 149–69.Google Scholar
2016 “ ‘In between propaganda and escapism’: William Faulkner as Cold War cultural ambassador.” Diplomatic History 40 (3): 392–420. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coindreau, Maurice Edgar
1957 “On translating Faulkner.” The Princeton University Library Chronicle 18 (3): 108–113. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Colla, Elliott
2015 “Badr Shākir al-Sayyāb, Cold War Poet.” Middle Eastern Literatures 18 (3): 247–263. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Compton, Wilson M.
1952 Waging the Campaign of Truth. Washington, DC: Department of State Publications.Google Scholar
Creswell, Robyn
2019 City of Beginnings: Poetic Modernity in Beirut. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crewdson, John M. and Joseph B. Treaster
1977 “Worldwide propaganda network built by the CIA.” The New York Times 26 December, 1, 37.Google Scholar
Etemaad daily
1386/2007 “Goftego ba Bahman Sholevar: Bakhsh-e payani” (An interview with Bahman Sholevar, the final part) 15 Day, 11.Google Scholar
Even-Zohar, Itamar
1978/2004 “The position of translated literature within the literary polysystem.” In The Translation Studies Reader, 2nd edition, ed. by Lawrence Venuti, 199–204. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fayen, Tanya T.
1995 In Search of the Latin American Faulkner. Lanham: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Fawcett, Louise
1992 Iran and the Cold War: The Azerbaijan Crisis of 1946. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Filstrup, J. M.
1976 “Franklin Book Program/Tehran.” International Library Review 8: 431–450. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haddadian-Moghaddam, Esmaeil
2016 “The cultural Cold War and the circulation of world literature: Insights from Franklin Book Programs in Tehran.” Journal of World Literature 1 (3): 371–390. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagood, Taylor
2017 Following Faulkner: The Critical Response to Yoknapatawpha’s Architect. Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer.Google Scholar
Halim, Hala
2012 “Lotus, the Afro-Asian nexus, and Global South Comparatism.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 32 (3): 563–583. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hariri, Naser
1376/1997 Yek Goftegu: Naser Hariri ba Najaf Daryabandari [An Interview]. Tehran: Karname.Google Scholar
Holt, Elizabeth M.
2017 “Cold War in the Arabic press: Ḥiwār (Beirut, 1962–67) and the Congress for Cultural Freedom.” In Campaigning Culture and the Global Cold War: The Journals of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, ed. by Giles Scott-Smith and Charlotte A. Lerg, 227–242. London: Palgrave. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hosseini, Saleh
1991 “Mosahebeh ba Saleh Hosseini darbare-ye khashm va hayahoo [an interview about The Sound and the Fury].” Motarjem 1 (1): 21–33.Google Scholar
Iber, Patrick
2019 “The Cultural Cold War.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Rebecca Carol
2009 “The politics of reading: Revolution and recognition in Jabra Ibrahim Jabra’s In Search of Walid Masoud .” In Recognition: The Poetics of Narrative: Interdisciplinary Studies on Anagnorisis, ed. by Philip F. Kennedy and Marilyn Lawrence, 178–192. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Khalidi, Rashid
2009 Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Kinnunen, Tuija and Kaisa Koskinen
eds. 2010 Translator’s Agency. Tampere: Tampere University Press.Google Scholar
Kodat, Catherine Gunther
2015 “Unsteady state: Faulkner and the Cold War.” In William Faulkner in Context, ed. by John T. Matthews, 156–165. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Krenn, Michael L.
2017 The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy: 1770 to the Present Day. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Kreyling, Michael
2015 “Reading Faulkner: Empathy, distance, Tehran.” In William Faulkner in Context, ed. by John T. Matthews, 259–269. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lacy, Dan and Robert W. Fraser
2015 “The American Book Publishers Council.” In A History of the Book in America: Volume 5 – The Enduring Book: Print Culture in Postwar America, ed. by David Paul Nord, et al., 195–209. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ladd, Barbara
2008 “Faulkner and translation.” The Faulkner Journal 24 (1): 3–9. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Laugesen, Amanda
2010 “Books for the World: American Book Programs in the developing world, 1948–1968.” In Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda, and the Cold War, ed. by Greg Barnhisel and Catherine Turner, 126–144. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
2018 Taking Books to the World: American Publishers and the Cultural Cold War. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Liénard, Marie
1999 “Translations.” In A William Faulkner Encyclopedia, ed. by Robert W. Hamblin and Charles A. Peek, 408–10. Westport: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Lucas, Scott
1996 “Campaigns of truth: The Psychological Strategy Board and American ideology, 1951–1953.” The International History Review 18 (2): 279–302. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lüthi, Lorenz M.
2020 Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Márquez, Antonio C.
1995 “Faulkner in Latin America.” The Faulkner Journal 11 (1/2): 83–100.Google Scholar
Marques dos Santos, Ana Teresa
2008 “Faulkner and the Portuguese censorship.” In Translation and Censorship in Different Times and Landscapes, ed. by Teresa Seruya and Maria Lin Moniz, 21–46. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Mikkonen, Simo, Giles Scott-Smith, and Jari Parkkinen
eds. 2019 Entangled East and West: Cultural Diplomacy and Artistic Interaction during the Cold War. Berlin: De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Padgett, John B.
The unvanquished: Commentary.” William Faulkner on the Web. Accessed 10 March 2020. http://​cypress​.mcsr​.olemiss​.edu​/~egjbp​/faulkner​/n​-unvn​.html
Robbins, Louise. S.
2007 “Publishing American values: The Franklin Book Programs as Cold War cultural diplomacy.” Library Trends 55 (3): 638–650. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Saeedi, Samira
2020 The Role of Translators in Contemporary Iran: New Perspectives on Collaboration, Retranslation, and Visibility. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Giséle
2016 “Faulkner in France: Or how to introduce a peripheral unknown author in the center of the World Republic of Letters.” Journal of World Literature 3 (1): 391–411. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, Frances Stonor
1999 Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta.Google Scholar
Sayigh, Yezid and Avi Shlaim
eds. 1997 The Cold War and the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schunz, Simon, Giles Scott-Smith, and Luc Van Langenhove
2019 “Broadening soft power in EU-US Relations.” European Foreign Affairs Review 24 (2/1): 3–19.Google Scholar
Scott-Smith, Giles
2016 “Cultural diplomacy.” In Global Diplomacy: Theories, Types, and Models, ed. by Alison R. Holmes and J. Simon Rofe, 176–190. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
2019 “Transatlantic cultural relations, soft power, and the role of US cultural diplomacy in Europe.” European Foreign Affairs Review 24: 21–42.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Lawrence H.
1988 Creating Faulkner’s Reputation: The Politics of Modern Literary Criticism. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Sluglett, Peter
2013 “The Cold War in the Middle East.” In International Relations of the Middle East, 3rd edition, ed. by Louise Fawcett, 60–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Datus C.
2000 “Franklin Book Program.” In Encyclopædia Iranica. vol. X, ed. by Ehsan Yarshater, 187–190. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation.Google Scholar
Smith, Lyn
1980 “Covert British propaganda: The Information Research Department: 1947–77.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 9 (1): 67–83. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Takey, Ray and Steven Simon
2016 The Pragmatic Superpower: Winning the Cold War in the Middle East. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Travis, Trysh
2013 “Books in the Cold War: Beyond ‘culture’ and ‘information.’” In The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies, ed. by Jonathan Auerbach and Russ Castronovo, 180–200. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vatikiotis, P. J.
1997 The Middle East: From the End of Empire to the End of the Cold War. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vaughan, James R.
2005 The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Arab Middle East, 1945–57: Unconquerable Minds. New York: Palgrave. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 “The United States and the limits of cultural diplomacy in the Arab Middle East, 1945–1957.” In Searching for a Cultural Diplomacy, ed. by Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht and Mark C. Donfried, 162–188. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Yousef, Tawfiq
1995 “The reception of William Faulkner in the Arab World.” American Studies International 33 (2): 41–48.Google Scholar