In Totela, infinitive-based ‘narrative’ morphology alternates with forms inflected for tense and aspect. While narrative morphology can depict sequential events, inflected forms are used with both non-sequential and sequential event predicates. When inflected forms appear, especially in contexts where narrative morphology might also be appropriate, they play important roles in signaling narrative structure. The three most common categories of inflected verbs in narratives indicate ‘completion’, ‘non-completion’, and ‘dissociation’. Dissociative marking appears at the beginning and ending of a narrative and frames it by shifting the cognitive domain to a world, separate from the world of telling, where listener belief is suspended to include narrative events. Inside that world, Completives and Non-completives provide structure to the narrative and direct listener responses.
1966The Verb in Zulu. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Botne, Robert
1983On the notion ‘inchoative verb’ in Kinyarwanda. In Le Kinyarwanda, langue bantu du Rwanda: Etudes linguistiques, Francis Jouannet (ed.), 149-180. Paris: Société d'Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France.
Botne, Robert
1999Future and distal -ka-’s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s?). In Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives [CSLI Lecture Notes], Jean-Marie Hombert & Larry M. Hyman (eds), 473-515. Stanford CA: CSLI.
Botne, Robert
2010Perfectives and perfects and pasts, oh my!: On the semantics of -ile in Bantu. Africana Linguistica 16: 31-63.
Botne, Robert
2012Remoteness distinctions. In The Oxford Handbook of Tense and Aspect, Robert Binnick (ed.), 536–562. Oxford: OUP.
Botne, Robert & Kershner, Tiffany L
2000Time, tense, and the perfect in Zulu. Afrika und Übersee 83: 161-180.
Botne, Robert & Kershner, Tiffany L
2008Tense and cognitive systems: on the organization of tense/aspect systems in Bantu languages and beyond. Cognitive Linguistics 19: 145-218.
Carlson, Robert
1992Narrative, subjunctive, and finiteness. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 13: 59-85.
Condoravdi, Cleo
2002Temporal interpretation of modals: Modals for the present and for the past. In The Construction of Meaning, David Beaver, Luis D. Casillas Martínez, Brady Z. Clark & Stefan Kaufmann (eds), 59-87. Stanford CA: CSLI.
Cover, Rebecca
2010Aspect, Modality, and Tense in Badiaranke. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Crane, Thera
2011aBeyond Time: Temporal and Extra-temporal Functions of Tense and Aspect Marking in Totela, a Bantu Language of Zambia. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Crane, Thera
2011b“Completion” semantics in Totela tense and aspect. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Bantu Languages, Berlin.
Crane, Thera
2011cCompletion and dissociation in Totela tense and aspect. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Michael R. Marlo, Nikki B. Adams, Christopher R. Green, Michelle Morrison & Tristan M. Purvis (eds), 208-220. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Crane, Thera
2013Resultatives, progressives, statives, and relevance: The temporal pragmatics of the -ite suffix in Totela. Lingua 133: 164-188.
Dahl, Östen
1985Tense and Aspect Systems. Oxford: Blackwell.
Dahl, Östen
2008The morning is wiser than the evening. Paper presented at CHRONOS 8: International Conference on Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Modality, Austin TX.
Dahl, Östen
2009‘Today’ and ‘yesterday’ in tense systems. Paper presented at the Eighth Biennial Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology, Berkeley CA.
Finnegan, Ruth
2013Oral Literature in Africa. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. [URL] [29 January 2015] (Free download from Google Play. Revised version of Finnegan 1970.)
Fleischman, Suzanne
1990Tense and Narrativity: From Medieval Performance to Modern Fiction [Texas Linguistics Series]. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.
Fortune, G
1949The conjugation of inchoative verbs in Shona. African Studies 8: 132-140.
Freed, Alice
1980The Semantics of English Aspectual Complementation. Dordrecht: Reidel.
1982Aspect between discourse and grammar: an introductory essay for the volume. In Tense-Aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics. Containing the Contributions to a Symposium on Tense and Aspect, held at UCLA, May 1979 [Typological Studies in Language 1] Paul J. Hopper (ed.), 3-18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hutchinson, Larry G
1985Nonlinguistic beliefs in linguistics. Journal of Pragmatics 9: 109-136.
Labov, William.
2001Uncovering the event structure of narrative. In Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics 2001: Linguistics, Language, and the Real World: Discourse and Beyond, Deborah Tannen & James T. Alatis (eds.), 67–83. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Labov, William & Waletzky, Joshua
1967Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, June Helm (ed.), 12-44. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
Langacker, Ronald W
2000Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nurse, Derek
2008Tense and Aspect in Bantu. Oxford: OUP.
Reichenbach, Hans
1947Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York NY: The Free Press.
Steele, Susan
1975Past and irrealis: Just what does it all mean?International Journal of American Linguistics 41: 200-217.
Sweetser, Eve & Fauconnier, Gilles
1996Cognitive links and domains: Basic aspects of mental space theory. In Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar, Gilles Fauconnier & Eve Sweetser (eds), 1-28. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Vendler, Zeno
1957Verbs and times. The Philosophical Review 66: 143-160.
2019. The Narrative Past Inflection in Sesotho Child and Child-Directed Speech. Frontiers in Communication 4
van der Wal, Jenneke
2020. Review of ‘The Bantu Languages, second edition’. Linguistic Typology 24:2 ► pp. 399 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.