Chapter 2
“Am I blue?”
Privileged access constraints in Kathmandu Newar
Traditionally described as a system of verb morphology (Bendix 1974, 1992; Hale 1980; Hale and Shrestha 2006; Hargreaves 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 2005), “conjunct/disjunct” egophoric encoding in Kathmandu Newar (Tibeto-Burman) is not, in fact, limited to inflectional morphology. Instead, accounting for egophoric distributions synchronically and diachronically in Kathmandu Newar requires positing an interrelated set of semantic and pragmatic principles linked to patterns in verbal morphology, temperature predicates, and the simple/causative alternation of the auxiliary dhun- ‘finish.’ The principles include a semantic feature assigned to arguments of internal state predicates (both agents of intentional action and experiencers), epistemic constraints on the attribution of intentional and internal states, and a discourse function, termed ‘epistemic source,’ which is constructed from the indexical properties of speaker/addressee and the pragmatic preconditions for declarative/interrogative illocutionary types.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Finite verbal morphology
- 3.Previous accounts
- 4.Temperature predicates
- 5.Aspectual auxiliary dhun- ‘finish’
- 5.1The egophoric patterning of auxiliary -dhun
- 5.2The causative morpheme -k(al)-
- 5.3Auxiliary -dhun ‘finish’ in two late classical Newar texts
- 5.4Assessing the late classical evidence
- 6.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
Abbreviations
-
References
References
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra
2004 Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderson, C. Anthony & Owens, Joseph
(eds) 1990 Propositional Attitudes: The Role of Content in Logic, Language, and Mind. Stanford CA: CSLI.
Austin, John Langshaw
1956 Performative utterances. In
Philosophical Papers, 233–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bendix, Edward
1974 Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman contact as seen through Nepali and Newari verb tenses.
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 3(1): 42–59.
Bendix, Edward
1992 The grammaticalization of responsibility and evidence: Interactional potential of evidential categories in Newari. In
Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse,
Jane H. Hill &
Judith T. Irvine (eds), 226–247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bickel, Balthasar
(ed.) 2000 Person and evidence in Himalayan languages. Special Issue of
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 23(2), Vol. 1.
Bickel, Balthasar
(ed.) 2001 Person and evidence in Himalayan languages. Special Issue of
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 24(1), Vol. 2.
Bickel, Balthasar
2008 Verb agreement and epistemic marking: A typological journey from the Himalayas to the Caucus. In
Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag,
Brigitte Huber,
Marianne Volkart,
Paul Widmer &
Peter Schwieger (eds), 1–14. Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
Curnow, Timothy Jowan
2000 Why “first/non-first person”is not grammaticalized mirativity. In
Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society,
Keith Allan &
John Henderson (eds).
[URL]
Curnow, Timothy Jowan
2002 Conjunct/disjunct marking in Awa Pit.
Linguistics 40(3): 611–627.
Currie, Gregory
2006 Why irony is pretense. In
The Architecture of the Imagination: New Essays on Pretense, Possibility and Fiction,
Shaun Nichols (ed.),111–133. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Creissels, Denis
2008 Person variations in Akhvakh verb morphology: Functional motivation and the origin of an uncommon pattern.
Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 61(4): 309–325.
DeLancey, Scott
1985 Lhasa Tibetan evidentials and the semantics of causation.
Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 65–72.
DeLancey, Scott
1986 Evidentiality and volitionality in Tibetan. In
Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology [
Advances in Discourse Processes 20],
Wallace L. Chafe &
Johanna Nichols (eds), 203–213. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
DeLancey, Scott
1990 Ergativity and the cognitive model of event structure in Lhasa Tibetan.
Cognitive Linguistics 1: 289–321.
DeLancey, Scott
1992 The historical status of the conjunct/ disjunct pattern.
Acta Linguistica Hafniensa 25: 289–321.
Genetti, Carol
2007 A Grammar of Dolakha Newar [
Mouton Grammar Library 40]. Berlin. Mouton de Gruyter.
Gordon, David & Lakoff, George
1971 Conversational postulates.
Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 7: 63–84.
Grice, Paul H.
1989[1967] Logic and conversation. In
Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Gunderson, Keith
1990 Consciousness and intentionality: Robots with and without the right stuff. In
Propositional Attitudes: The Role of Content in Language, Logic, and Mind,
C. Anthony Anderson &
Joseph Owens (eds), 285–324. Stanford CA: CSLI.
Hale, Austin
1980 Person markers: Finite conjunct and disjunct verb forms in Newari. In
Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 7 [
Pacific Linguistics Series A, 53],
Ronald L. Trail (ed.), 95–106. Canberra: Australian National University.
Hale, Austin & Shrestha, Kedār
2006 Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā). Munich: Lincom.
Hargreaves, David
1990 Indexical functions and grammatical sub-systems in Kathmandu Newari.
Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 26: 179–193.
Hargreaves, David
1991a The Concept of Intentional Action in the Grammar of Kathmandu Newari. PhD dissertation, University of Oregon.
Hargreaves, David
1991b The conceptual structure of intentional action: Data from Kathmandu Newari.
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Berkeley Linguistics Society 17: 379–389.
Hargreaves, David
2003 Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāsā). In
The Sino-Tibetan Languages,
Graham Thurgood &
Randy J. LaPolla (eds). London: Routledge.
Hargreaves, David
2005 Agency and intentional action in Kathmandu Newar.
Himalayan Linguistics 5: 1–48.
Hargreaves, David
2012 Constraints on inner state attribution in Kathmandu Newar. Paper presented to
86th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Portland OR,
January 5–8.
Hṛḍaya, Chittadhar
1976 Andhakār ‘Darkness’. From
khuphu bākhã:cā ‘Six short stories’. Kathmandu: Nepal Press.
Jackendoff, Ray
1985 Believing and intending: Two sides of the same coin.
Linguistic Inquiry 16(3): 445–460.
Jørgensen, Hans
(trans.) 1931 Vicitrakarṇikāvadānoddhṛta (A collection of Buddhistic legends. Nevāri text edited and translated by
H. Jørgensen) [
Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, Vol. XXXI]. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Jørgensen, Hans
(trans.) 1939 Batīsaputrikākathā. Tales of the Thirty-Two Statuettes, edited and translated with explanatory notes by
Hans Jørgensen.
Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 24(2). København: Ejnar Munksgaard.
Jørgensen, Hans
1941 A Grammar of the Classical Newari. Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser 27(3).
Jośi, Sundar Kriṣnā
1992 (=NS 1112).
Nepāl Bhāṣāyā bhāṣāvaijñānika vyakarana (
A linguistic grammar of Nepāl Bhāsā (Newar)). Mahābauddha, Yẽ (Kathmandu): Lacoul Publications.
Kamio, Akio
1979 On the notion of speaker’s territory of information: A functional analysis of certain sentence-final forms in Japanese. In
Explorations in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Kazuko Inoue,
George D. Bedell,
Eiichi Kobayashi &
Masatake Muraki (eds), 213–233. Tokyo: Kenkyuusya.
Kansakar, Tej R.
1990 Newari causatives. Paper presented to
the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kansakar, Tej R.
1995 Classical Newari verbal morphology: A preliminary report.
Contributions to Nepalese Studies 22(1): 21–30.
Kiryu, Kazayuki
2000 A note on perfect aspect in Newari.
Mimasaka Joshidaigaku Mimasaka Tankidaigakubu Kiyoo (
Bulletin of Mimasaka Women's College and Mimasaka Women's Junior College) 45: 45–50.
Kiryu, Kazayuki
2001 Types of verbs and functions of the causative suffix -k in Newar.
Kobe Papers in Linguistics 3: 1–9.
Kölver, Ulrike & Kölver, Bernhard
1978 Classical Newari verbal morphology.
Zentralasiatische Studien 12: 273–316.
Levinson, Stephen C. & Burenhult, Nicolas
2009 Semplates: A new concept in lexical semantics? Language 85(1): 153–174.
Loughnane, Robyn
2009 A Grammar of Oksapmin. PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne.
Malla, Kamal P.
1985 The Newari Language: A Working Outline [
Monumenta Serindica 14]. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Malla, Kamal P.
(ed.) 2000 A Dictionary of the Classical Newari. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Dictionary Committee. Cwasā Pāsā.
Matisoff, James
2003 Handbook of Tibeto-Burman: System of Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction [
University of California Publications in Linguistics 135]. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Perry, John
1979 The problem of the essential indexical.
Noûs 13(1): 3–21.
Perlmutter, David
1978 Impersonal passives and the unaccusative hypothesis.
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Berkeley Linguistics Society 4: 157–189.
Robbins, Joel & Rumsey, Alan
2008 Introduction: Cultural and linguistic anthropology and the opacity of other minds.
Anthropological Quarterly 81(2): 407–420.
Rosen, Lawrence
(ed.) 1995 Other Intentions: Cultural Contexts and the Attribution of Inner States. Santa Fe NM: School of American Research Press.
San Roque, Lila
2008 An Introduction to Duna Grammar. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.
Sadock, Jerrold
(
1974)
Toward a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts. New York NY: Academic Press.
Schegloff. Emanuel
2006 Interaction: The infrastructure of social institutions, the natural ecological niche for language, and the arena in which culture is enacted. In
Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition and Interaction,
Nicholas J. Enfield &
Stephen C. Levinson (eds), 70–96. Oxford: Berg.
Searle, John R.
1990 Consciousness, unconsciousness, and intentionality. In
Anderson &
Owens (eds), 269–284.
Searle, John R.
1995 The Construction of Social Reality. New York NY: The Free Press.
Slater, Keith W.
2003 A Grammar of Mangghuer. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Sperber, Dan & Wilson, Deirdre
1981 Irony and the use-mention distinction. In
Radical Pragmatics,
Peter Cole (ed.). New York NY: Academic Press.
Sun, Jackson T.
1993 Evidentials in Amdo Tibetan.
Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology 63(4): 945–1001.
Talmy, Leonard
1985 Force dynamics in language and thought.
Papers from the Parasession on Causatives and Agentivity, Chicago Linguistic Society 21: 293–337.
Tamot, Kashinath
2002 Some characteristics of the Tibeto-Burman stock of Early Classical Newari. In
Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages,
Christopher Beckwith (ed.),13–26. Leiden: Brill.
Tenny, Carol
2006 Evidentiality, experiencers, and the syntax of sentience in Japanese.
Journal of East Asian Linguistics 15: 245–288.
Tournadre, Nicolas
2008 Arguments against the concept of ‘conjunct’/‘disjunct’ in Tibetan. In
Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag,
Brigitte Huber,
Marianne Volkart,
Paul Widmer &
Peter Schwieger (eds), 281–308. Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
Wechsler, Stephen
2010 What ‘you’ and ‘I’ mean to each other: Person indexicals, self-ascription, and theory of mind.
Language 86(2): 232–365.
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Kelly, Barbara & Aimée Lahaussois
2021.
Chains of influence in Himalayan grammars: Models and interrelations shaping descriptions of Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal.
Linguistics 59:1
► pp. 207 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 22 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.