Cover not available
Part of
Nominalization in Languages of the Americas
Edited by Roberto Zariquiey, Masayoshi Shibatani and David W. Fleck
[Typological Studies in Language 124] 2019
► pp. 15–167

Chapter 2
What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization

| Rice University
過而不改、是謂過矣
(孔子)
This paper discusses foundational issues in nominalization, focusing on empirical, conceptual, and theoretical problems that have plagued the field for years. Current definitions of nominalization are based on narrow observations on verbal-based nominalizations, while languages across the globe display nominal-based ones, many of which share morphology with the former. Nominalization morphology in many languages also applies to units larger than words, yielding grammatical nominalizations besides lexical nominalizations. The imbalance in the past studies, which have focused on so-called relative clauses at the expense of grammatical nominalizations, has resulted in a lopsided view on the relationship between the two. This, in turn, has led to the mishandling of different manifestations of nominalizations as if they are derivatives of relative clauses, as suggested by the widely used terms such as “headless relative clause” and “internally-headed relative clause”. We demonstrate that these, including the ordinary restrictive relative clause, are not independent grammatical structures but are epiphenomena arising from the uses of grammatical nominalizations. A clear distinction between structures and their use is a theoretical prerequisite in arriving at a satisfactory understanding of the nature of grammatical nominalizations and their role in grammar.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Defining nominalization
    • 2.1Nominalization as a metonymic process
    • 2.2Meaning range and the nature of lexical nominalizations
    • 2.3Inputs to nominalization processes
    • 2.4Outputs of nominalization processes
  • 3.Verbal-based grammatical nominalization
    • 3.1Event nominalizations
    • 3.2Argument nominalizations
      • 3.2.1Role markers
  • 4.Formal representations of verbal-based nominalizations
  • 5.Structures and their use
    • 5.1NP-use and modification-use of grammatical nominalizations
    • 5.2NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “internally-headed RCs”
    • 5.3NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “complement clauses”
    • 5.4NP-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “headless/free relative clauses”
    • 5.5Modification-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “relative clauses”
  • 6.Sentences, clauses, and nominalizations
    • 6.1Tense and nominalization
    • 6.2Functional definitions of clauses, sentences, and nominalizations
    • 6.3Insubordination
    • 6.4Evidence that nominalizations are not clauses or sentences
      • 6.4.1Plural marking
      • 6.4.2Classifier marking
  • 7.Nominal-based nominalizations
  • 8.Structure, use, and form
    • 8.1From NP-use markers to nominalizers
  • 9.Summary and implications
    • 9.1Implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of less commonly used abbreviations
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 8 August 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.124.02shi
References (146)
References
Adelaar, Willem. 2011. Participial clauses in Tarma Quechua. In van Gijn, Haude & Muysken (eds), 267–280.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2006. Classifiers and noun classes: Semantics. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edn, Keith Brown (ed.), 463–471. Oxford: Elsevier. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009. Complement clause types and complementation strategies in Tariana. In Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Aikhenvald (eds), 178–203.Google Scholar
Ajiboye, Oladipo Jacob. 2005. Topics on Yoruba Nominal Expressions. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Allan, Keith. 1977. Classifiers. Language 53(2): 285–311. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Natural Language Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Albert. 2012. Relative clauses and nominalizations. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 65–96.Google Scholar
Andrews, Avery. 2007. Relative clauses. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 2: Complex Constructions, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 206–236. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bills, Garland, Vallejo, Bernardo & Troike, Rudolph. 1971. An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua. Austin TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Blake, Barry J. 1979. A Kalkatungu Grammar [Pacific Linguistics Series B, No. 57]. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2012. Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In The Languages of Japan and Korea, Nicolas Tranter (ed.), 799–845. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Campbell, Akua Asantewaa. 2013. Grammatical nominalizations in Akan and Gã. Ms, Department of Linguistics, Rice University.Google Scholar
. 2017. A Grammar of Gã. PhD dissertation, Rice University.Google Scholar
Caponigro, Ivano, Torrence, Harold & Cisneros, Carlos. 2013. Free relative clauses in two Mixtec languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 79(1): 61–96. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ciccone, Florecia. 2008. Relative clauses and nominalization in Tapiete (Tupí-Guaraní). Term paper for the seminar “Typology and Functional Linguistics: Case studies on relative clauses, nominalization, serial verbs and complex predicates” by Masayoshi Shibatani, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.Google Scholar
Cole, Peter. 1982. Imbabura Quechua. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
. 1987. The structure of internally headed relative clauses. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 277–302. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1996. The unity of noun modifying clauses in Asian languages. Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, 1077–1088. Salaya, Thailand: Mahidol University.Google Scholar
. 1998a. Attributive clauses in Asian languages: Toward an areal typology. In Sprache in Raum und Zeit, In memoriam Johannes Bechert, Winfried Boeder, Christoph Schroeder, Karl Heinz Wagner & Wolfgang Wildgen (eds), 51–60. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
. 1998b. Rethinking the typology of relative clauses. Language Design 1: 59–86.Google Scholar
. 2006. Syntactic typology: just how exotic ARE European-type relative clauses?’, In Linguistic Universals, Ricardo Mairal and Juana Gil (eds), 130–154. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, Bernard & Estrada-Fernádez, Zarina (eds). 2012. Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview [Typological Studies in Language 102]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, Bernard & Horie, Kaoru. 1995. Complement clauses versus relative clauses: Some Khmer evidence. In Discourse Grammar and Typology: Papers in Honor of John W. M. Verhaar [Studies in Language Companion Series 27] Werner Abraham, T. Givón & Sandra A. Thompson (eds), 65–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, Bernard & Keenan, Edward L. 1979. Noun phrase accessibility revisited. Language 55: 649–664. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Comrie, Bernard & Thompson, Sandra A. 1985/2007. Lexical nominalization. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 3: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon , Timothy Shopen (ed.), 334–381. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Croft, William. 1991. Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cruz, Aline. 2011. Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú. PhD dissertation, Free University Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 1980. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Davis, Henry. 2010. A unified analysis of relative clauses in St’át’imcets. Northwest Journal of Linguistics 4(1): 1–43.Google Scholar
Dayley, Jon P. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
DeLancey, Scott 1986. Relativization as nominalization in Tibetan and Newari. Ms, presented at the 19th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
. 2002. Relativization and nominalization in Bodic. In Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics: In Honor of Prof. James A. Matisoff , Patrick Chew (ed.), 55–72. Berkeley CA: BLS.Google Scholar
Derbyshire, Desmond. 1999. Carib. In The Amazonian Languages, Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 23–64.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2006. Complement clauses and complementation strategies in typological perspective. In Complementation: A Cross-linguistic Typology, Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 1–48. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2010. Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol 2. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M. W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds). 2009. The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S. 2007. Noun phrase structure. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 2: Complex Constructions, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 151–205. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Finiteness: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations, Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), 366–431. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Everett, Daniel. 1986. Pirahã. In Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Vol. 1, Desmond Derbyshire & Geoffrey Pullum (eds), 200–326. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2005. Cultural constraints on grammar in Pirahã: Another look at the design features of human language. Current Anthropology 46: 621–646. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2009. Pirahã culture and grammar: A response to some criticisms. Language 85: 405–442. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, Charles. 1976. Frame semantics and the nature of language. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32.
. 1982. Frame semantics. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm. 111-137. Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010. A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Galucio, Ana Vilacy. 2011. Subordinate adverbial constructions in Mekens. In van Gijn, Haude & Muysken (eds), 25–44.Google Scholar
Gerdts, Donna B. & Hinkson, Mercedes Q. 2004. Salish numeral classifiers: A lexical means to a grammatical end. Language Typology and Universals 57: 247–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Givón, T. 2009. Genesis of Syntactic Complexity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
González, Hebe. 2005. A Grammar of Tapiete (Tupi-Guarani). PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Gorbet, Larry. 1974. Relativization and Complementation in Diegueño: Noun Phrases as Nouns. PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Göksel, Aslı & Kerslake, Celia. 2005. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Graczyk, Randolph. 2007. A Grammar of Crow. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Guerrero, Lillián. 2012. On relative clauses and related constructions in Yaqui. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 97–126.Google Scholar
Gutièrrex-Bravo, Rodrigo. 2012. Relative clauses in Yucatec Maya: Light heads vs. null heads. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 253–268.Google Scholar
Hale, Ken. 1976. The adjoined relative clause in Australia. In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages, Robert M. W. Dixon (ed.), 78–105. Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Hale, Ken & Platero, Paul. 1973. Aspects of Navajo anaphora: Relativization and pronominalization. Diné Bizaad Náníl’iih 1: 9–28.Google Scholar
Huade, Katharina. 2006. A Grammar of Movima. PhD dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Horie, Kaoru. 2008. The grammaticalization of nominalizers in Japanese and Korean: A contrastive study. In Rethinking Grammaticalization: New Perspectives [Typological Studies in Language 76], María José López-Couso & Elena Seoane (eds), 169–187. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, Chenglong. 2008. Relativization in Qiang. Language and Linguistics 9(4): 735–768.Google Scholar
Huang, Lillian M. 1995. A Study of Mayrinax Syntax. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Hutchison, John P. 1981. The Kanuri Language: A Reference Grammar. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Iwasaki, Shoichi & Ingkaphirom, Preeya. 2005. A Reference Grammar of Thai. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Steven A. 1984. Yup’ik Eskimo Dictionary. Fairbanks AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.Google Scholar
Jaisser, Annie. 1987. Hmong classifiers. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area10 (2): 169–176.Google Scholar
Jelinek, Eloise. 1987. Headless relatives and pronominal arguments: A typological perspective. In Native American Languages and Grammatical Typology. Papers from a Chicago Linguistics Society Parasession, Paul D. Kroeber & Robert E. Moore (eds). Bloomington IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Jensen, Cheryl.1999. Tupí-Guaraní. In Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Aikhenvald (eds), 125–164.Google Scholar
Johns, Alana. 1982. A unified analysis of relative clauses and questions in Rainy River Ojibway. In The Proceedings of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference, William Cowan (ed.), 161–168. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Jones, Wendell & Jones, Paula. 1991. Barasano Syntax [Studies in the Languages of Colombia 2]. Arlington TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas.Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward. 1985. Relative clauses. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 2: Complex Constructions, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 141–170. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward & Comrie, Bernard. 1977. NP accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63–100.Google Scholar
Klumpp, James & Burquest, Donald A. 1983. Relative clauses in Piapoco. International Journal of American Linguistics 49(4): 388–399. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 1995. Possessive and relational forms in Chukchi. In Double Case: Agreement by Suffixaufnahme, Frans Plank (ed.), 301–321. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Paul. 1997. Relativization in River Thompson Salish. Anthropological Linguistics 39: 376–422.Google Scholar
Kuroda, S.-Y. 1992. Japanese Syntax and Semantics: Collected Papers. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 2003. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Langacker, Ronald. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. I. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. II. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Larsen, Thomas & Norman, William.1979. Correlates of ergativity in Mayan grammar. In Ergativity: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations, Frans Plank (ed.), 347–370. New York NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Sung-nyong. 1975. A study of the word Kes in Middle Korean. Cintan Hakpo 39: 105–138.Google Scholar
Lees, Robert. 1963. The Grammar of English Nominalizations. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire & Muysken, Pieter. 1988. Mixed Categories: Nominalizations in Quechua. New York NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1986. On the typology of relative clauses. Linguistics 24: 663–680. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A.1989. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Loos, Eugene. 1999. Pano. In Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 227–250.Google Scholar
Malchukov, Andrej. 2004. Nominalization, Verbalization: Constraining a Typology of Transcategorial Operations. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Martin, Jack. 2011. A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matisoff, James. 1972. Lahu nominalization, relativization, and genitivization. In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 1, John Kimball (ed.), 237–258. New York NY: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, Stephen & Yip, Virginia. 1994. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mchombo, Sam. 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Messineo, Cristina. 2003. Lengua Toba (Guaycurú). Aspectos gramaticales y discursivos. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Messineo, Cristina & Porta, Andrés. 2009. Cláusulas realtivas en Toba (Guaycurú). International Journal of American Linguistics 75(1): 49–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miller, Amy. 2001. A Grammar of Jamul Tiipay. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mithun, Marianne. 2012. Questionable relatives. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 269–300.Google Scholar
Miyaoka, Osahito. 2012. A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montgomery-Anderson, Brad. 2008. A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee. PhD dissertation, University of Kansas.
Moore, Denny. 2012. Relative clauses in Gavião of Rondônia. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 243–252.Google Scholar
Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 2016. Referential markers in Oceanic nominalized constructions. In Finiteness and Nominalization [Typological Studies in Language 113], Claudine Chamoreau & Zarina Estrada Fernández (eds), 171–203. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nagaya, Naonori. 2011. The Lamaholot Language of Eastern Indonesia. PhD dissertation, Rice University.Google Scholar
Nevis, Andrew, Pesetsky, David & Rodrigues, Cilene. 2009. Pirahã exceptionality: A reassessment. Language 85: 355–404. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nicolle, Steve. 2013. A Grammar of Digo: A Bantu Language of Kenya and Tanzania. Dallas TX: SIL International.Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael. 1985. Complementation. In Language Typology and Syntax Description, Vol. 2: Complex Constructions, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 42–141. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
. 1997. Versatile nominalizations. In Essays on Language Function and Language Type. Dedicated to T. Givón, Joan Bybee, John Haiman & Sandra A. Thompson (eds), 373–394. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2008. Nominalization in Bodic languages. In Rethinking Grammaticalization: New Perspectives [Typological Studies in Language 76], María José-López-Cruso & Elena Seoane (eds), 219–237. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Payne, Doris. 1985. Aspects of the Grammar of Yagua: A Typological Perspective. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Payne, Thomas. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rice, Keren. 1989. A Grammar of Slave. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Riddle, Elizabeth. 1989. White Hmong noun classifiers and referential salience. Paper presented at the Association of Asian Studies, inc. annual meeting, Washington DC.Google Scholar
. 1993. The relative maker uas in Hmong. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 16(2): 57–68.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon. 1999. Macro-Jê. In Robert M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds), 165–206.Google Scholar
Ross, John Robert. 1973. Nouniness. In Three Dimensions of Linguistic Theory, Osamu Fujimura (ed.), 137–257. Tokyo: The TEC Corporation.Google Scholar
Sakel, Jeanette. 2004. A Grammar of Mosetén. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salanova, Andrés Pablo. 2011. Relative clauses in Mẽbengokre. In van Gijn, Haude & Myusken (eds), 45–78.Google Scholar
Schachter, Paul & Otanes, Fe T. 1972/1983. Tagalog Reference Grammar. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Seki, Lucy. 2000. Gramática do Kamaiurá, Língua Tupi-Guarani do Alto Xingu. Campinas: Editora UNICAMP and São Paulo State Official Press.Google Scholar
Searle, John. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: CUP. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shibatani, Masayoshi. 2008. Relativization in Sasak and Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia. Language and Linguistics 9(4): 865–916.Google Scholar
. 2009. Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn’t: The case of relativization. In Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, Acquisition, Neuro-cognition, Evolution [Typological Studies in Language 85], T. Givón & Masayoshi Shibatani (eds), 163–198. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2017. Nominalization. In Handbook of Japanese Syntax, Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyagawa & Hisashi Noda (eds), 271–332. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2018a. Nominalization in crosslinguistic perspective. In Handbook of Japanese Contrastive Linguistics, Prashant Pardeshi & Taro Kageyama (eds), 345–410. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2018b. Nominalization. In Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, Yoko Hasegawa (ed.), 431–462. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Shibatani, Masayoshi & Awadh bin Makhashen, Khaled. 2009. Nominalization in Soqotri, a South Arabian language of Yemen. In Linguistics of Endangered Languages: Contributions to Morphology and Syntax, W. Leo Wetzels (ed.), 9–31. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Shibatani, Masayoshi & Shigeno, Hiromi. 2013. Amami nominalizations. International Journal of Okinawan Studies 4(1): 107–138.Google Scholar
Shimoji, Michinori. 2008 A Grammar of Irabu, A Southern Ryukyuan Language. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Sposato, Adam. 2012. Relative clauses in Xong (Miao-Yao). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 5: 49–66.Google Scholar
Starosta, Stanley, Pawley, Andrew & Reid, Lawrence A. 1982. The evolution of focus in Austronesian. In Papers from the 3rd International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2, Amran Halim, Lois Carrington & Stephen A. Wurm (eds), 145–170. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Kettler, Sonja, Stroh, Cornelia & Urdze, Aina (eds). 2008. Split Possession: An Areal-linguistic Study of the Alienability Correlation and Related Phenomena in the Languages of Europe [Studies in Language Companion Series 101]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Suttles, Wayne. 2004. Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Tamura, Yuki-Shige. 2017. Grammaticalization and nominalization in Central Alaskan Yup’ik. Presentation at the Nominalization Festival III, Osaka University, 8 July.Google Scholar
Thiesen, Wesley & Weber, David. 2012. A Grammar of Bora with Special Attention to Tone. Dallas TX: SIL International.Google Scholar
Thornes, Tim. 2003. A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts. PhD dissertation, University of Oregon.Google Scholar
. 2012. The nominalization-relativization connection in Northen Paiute. In Comrie & Estrada-Fernández (eds), 147–170.Google Scholar
Treis, Yvonne. 2008. Relativization in Kambaata from a typological point of view. In Interaction of Morphology and Syntax: Case Studies in Afroasiatic [Typological Studies in Language 75], Zygmunt Frajzyngier & Erin Shay (eds), 161–206. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van der Voort, Hein. 2009. Possessive expressions in the Southwestern Amazon. In The Expression of Possession, William B. McGregor (ed.), 343–388. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
van Gijn, Rik, Haude, Katharina & Muysken, Pieter. 2011. Subordination in South America: An overview. In van Gijn, Haude & Myusken (eds), 1–24. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds). 2011. Subordination in Native South American Languages, [Typological Studies in Language 97]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Van Valin Jr., Robert D. 1977. Aspects of Lakohta Syntax. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Vendler, Zeno.1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Watkins, Laurel J. 1984. A Grammar of Kiowa. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Weber, David. 1989. A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Willie, Mary A. 1989 Why there is nothing missing in Navajo relative clauses? In Athapaskan Linguistics: Current Perspectives on a Language Family, Eung-Do Cook and Karen Rice (eds), 407–437. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yamada, Yoshio. 1908. Nihonbunpōron (Theory of Japanese grammar). Tokyo: Hōbunkan.Google Scholar
Yaowapat, Natchanan & Prasithrathsint, Amara. 2009. A typology of relative clauses in mainland Southeast Asian languages. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 38: 1–23.Google Scholar
Yap, Foong Ha & Grunow-Hårsta, Karen. 2010. Non-referential uses of nominalization constructions: Asian perspectives. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(1): 1–22.Google Scholar
Yap, Foong Ha, Grunow-Hårsta, Karen & Wrona, Janick. 2011. Introduction. Nominalization strategies in Asian languages. In Yap, Grunow-Hårsta & Wrona (eds), 1–57. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(eds), 2011. Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and Typological Perspectives [Typological Studies in Language 96]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zariquiey, Roberto. 2011. A Grammar of Kashibo-Kakataibo. PhD dissertation, La Trobe University.Google Scholar
Zhu, Dexi . 1982. Yǔfǎ jǐangyì (Lecture notes on grammar). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Cited by (16)

Cited by 16 other publications

Daniels, Don
2024. Semi-embedded clauses in Aisi. Functions of Language DOI logo
Kumar, Rajesh & Om Prakash
2023. Introduction. In Language Studies in India, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pardeshi, Prashant & Masayoshi Shibatani
2023. Marathi Relative and Complement Clauses in Nominalization Perspective. In Language Studies in India, ► pp. 321 ff. DOI logo
Pérez-Leroux, Ana T., Yves Roberge, Manami Hirayama, Midori Hayashi & Kazuya Bamba
2023. On the L1 acquisition of recursive no in Japanese. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 68:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Chacon, Thiago Costa
2022. Gender and Noun Class Markers in Kubeo (Tukanoan). Faits de Langues 52:2 ► pp. 11 ff. DOI logo
Juanatey, Mayra
2022. Nominalización en quichua santiagueño: del léxico a la cláusula. Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México 9 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Nagaya, Naonori
2022. Prashant Pardeshi and Kaoru Horie (eds.): Nihongo to sekai no gengo no meisisyuusyoku-hyoogen . Journal of Japanese Linguistics 38:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
Shagal, Ksenia, Pavel Rudnev & Anna Volkova
2022. Multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms: an introduction. Folia Linguistica 56:3 ► pp. 529 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2021. From Fieldwork to Reconstruction: Historical Issues in Hotspots of Linguistic Diversity*. Studia Linguistica 75:2 ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
Cúneo, Paola
2021. Foco estrecho y corrrección de expectativas. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 21 ► pp. e021006 ff. DOI logo
Li, Fanxi
2021. On the conditional marker “zhě”(者). International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8:2 ► pp. 204 ff. DOI logo
Seraku, Tohru
2021.  Mi-nominalizations in Japanese Wakamono Kotoba ‘youth language’. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 31:2 ► pp. 278 ff. DOI logo
Seraku, Tohru & Nana Tohyama
2020. Grammatical nominalization in Yoron Ryukyuan. Studies in Language 44:4 ► pp. 879 ff. DOI logo
Valle, Daniel & Roberto Zariquiey
2019. Chapter 14. Clausal nominalization in Kakataibo (Panoan). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 515 ff. DOI logo
Zariquiey, Roberto
2019. Chapter 15. Nominalization and switch-reference in Iskonawa (Panoan, Peru). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo
Álvarez González, Albert
2019. Chapter 7. The ‘relative’ illusion and the origin of non-subject nominalizers in Cahita (Uto-Aztecan). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.