Chapter 10
The rise of the nominalizations
The case of the grammaticalization of clause types in Ecuadorian Siona
The nominalization of verbs in Ecuadorian Siona is carried out by nominal classifiers. The major types of nominalization in the language are event nominalization and subject nominalization. Object nominalization needs additional morphology. When verbs are not nominalized they carry portmanteau morphology that marks the categories of subject, clause type (assertive, reportative, interrogative, and dependent clauses) and tense. A peculiarity of the system is that the reportative, interrogative and dependent clause subject paradigms show a remarkable resemblance with nominal classifiers in the language. This paper proposes that the reportative forms grammaticalized from a reported speech construction through clause union, the interrogative forms grammaticalized from a (pseudo-)cleft construction through insubordination and the dependent clause forms developed from nominalizations that were used adverbially.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Nominalization in Ecuadorian Siona
- 2.1The role of nominal classifiers
- 2.2Types of nominalizations
- 2.3Functions of nominalizations
- 3.Subject agreement morphology
- 3.1Clause type paradigms
- 3.1.1Assertive clauses
- 3.1.2Non-assertive clauses
- 3.1.3Dependent clauses
- 3.2Tense and subject agreement morphology
- 4.The source of the subject agreement suffixes
- 5.Reconstructing the non-assertive and dependent constructions
- 5.1The origin of the reportative
- 5.2The origin of the interrogative
- 5.3The origin of the dependent verb marking
- 6.Summary
-
Acknowledgements
-
Abbreviations
-
Notes
-
References
References (42)
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barnes, Janet. 1984. The evidentials in the Tuyuca verb. International Journal of American Linguistics 50(3): 255–271. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bhattacharya, Tanmoy & Thangjam Hindustani Devi. 2004. Why cleft? In SALA XXIII Procedings, Doug Bigham, Mark Brown, Q Wan Kim & Sadia Rahman (eds), 1–10. Stanford CA: CSLI. <[URL]>![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bruil, Martine. 2014. Clause-typing and Evidentiality in Ecuadorian Siona. PhD dissertation, Leiden University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bruil, Martine. 2015. When evidentials are not evidentials: The case of the Ecuadorian Siona reportative. Linguistic Typology 19(3): 385–423. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 2000. Lingüística aimara. Cuzco: Centro “Bartolomé de Las Casas”.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chacón, Thiago Costa. 2012. The phonology and morphology of Kubeo: The documentation, theory, and description of an Amazonian language. PhD dissertation, University of Hawai'i.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chacón, Thiago Costa. 2014. A revised proposal of Proto-Tukanoan and Tukanoan family classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 80(3): 275–322. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cole, Peter. 1982. Imbabura Quechua [Lingua Descriptive Series 5]. Amsterdam: North-Holland.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordition and its uses. In Finiteness: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations, Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), 366–431. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Faller, Martina T. 2002. The semantics and pragmatics of evidentials in Cuzco Quechua. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Givón, T. 2001. Syntax. An Introduction, Vol. II. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 1997. Morphologie et phonologie Barasana: Approche non-linéaire. PhD dissertation, Unversité de Paris 8.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 2004. Fonología de dos idiomas tukano del Piraparaná: Barasana y Tatuyo. Amerindia 29: 43–80.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 2011. Le Tatuyo. In Dictionnaire de langues, Emilio Bonvini, Joëlle Busuttil & Alain Peyraube (eds), 1548–1555. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Harris, Martin. 1978. The Evolution of French Syntax: A Comparative Approach. London: Longman.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Idiatov, Dmitry & van der Auwera, Johan. 2004. Nominalization as a question formation strategy in Tucanoan. Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 15: 9–24.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Idiatov, Dmitry & van der Auwera, Johan. 2008. From nominalizations to questions – Evidence from Tucanoan. Jezikoslovlje 1(1–2): 35–51.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jones, Wendell H. & Jones, Pamela Simmons. 1991. Barasano Syntax [Studies in the Languages of Colombia 2]. Dallas TX: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kinch, Rodney A. & Kinch, Pamela G. 2000. El yurutí. In Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: Una visíon descriptiva, María Stella González de Pérez & María Luisa Rodríguez de Montes (eds), 469–488. Santafé de Bogotá: Caro y Cuervo.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
König, Ekkehard & Siemund, Peter. 2007. Speech act distinctions in grammar. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 1: Clause Structure, 2nd edn, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 276–324. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malone, Terrell. 1988. The origin and development of Tuyuca evidentials. International Journal of American Linguistics 54(2): 119–140. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malone, Terrell & Barnes, Janet. 2000. El tuyuca. In Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visíon descriptiva, María Stella González de Pérez & María Luisa Rodríguez de Montes (eds), 437–452. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matthewson, Lisa, Davis, Henry & Rullmann, Hotze. 2007. Evidentials as epistemic modals: Evidence from St'át'imcets. Linguistic Variation Yearbook 7(1): 201–254.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Michael, Lev D. 2012a. Máíjìkì finite verbal inflectional paradigms. Ms, University of California, Berkeley.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Michael, Lev D. 2012b. Tone in Máíhĩ̀kì. Ms, University of California, Berkeley.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miller, Marion. 1999. Desano Grammar [Studies in the Languages of Colombia 6]. Dallas TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Overall, Simon E. 2011. Clause-chaining and nominalisations in Aguaruna (Jivaroan). Paper presented at the SLE, Universidad de la Rioja, Logroño.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Peterson, Tyler Roy Gösta. 2010. Epistemic modality and evidentiality in Gitksan at the semantics-pragmatics interface. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Portner, Paul. 2009. Modality. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sadock, Jerrold M. & Zwicky, Arnold M. 1985. Speech acts distinctions in syntax. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 1:
Clause Structure, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 155–196. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwarz, Anne. 2012. Speaker confidence and speculation. The epistemic dichotomy in the verb inflection in Secoya. Paper presented at the Friday Afternoon Lectures, Leiden University.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
da Silva, Wilson. 2012. A descriptive grammar of Desano. PhD dissertation, University of Utah.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Smothermon, Jeffrey R., Smothermon, Josephine H. & Frank, Paul Stephen. 1995. Bosquejo del Macuna. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Stenzel, Kristine. 2013. A Reference Grammar of Kotiria (Wanano). Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sung, Li-May. 2011. Clausal nominalization in Budai Rukai. In Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and Typological Perpsectives [Typological Studies in Language 96], Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow-Hårsta & Janick Wrona (eds), 523–559. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vallejos, Rosa. 2015. On the fuzzy bounderies between complex predicates and multiclause constructions: The case of Secoya. Paper presented at the Western Tukanoan Workshop, University of California, Berkeley.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Velie, Daniel & Velie, Virginia. 1981. Vocabulario Orejón. Lima: Ministerio de Educación, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Waldie, Ryan J., Peterson, Tyler Roy Gösta, Rullmann, Hotze & Mackie, Sott. 2009. Evidentials as epistemic modals or speech act operators: Testing the tests. Paper presented at the Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Languages of the Americas 13, Purdue University. <[URL]>![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wheeler, Alva. 1987. Gantëya Bain, el pueble siona del río Putumayo, Colombia, Tomo I. Lomalinda: Editorial Townsend.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Krasnoukhova, Olga, Johan van der Auwera & Sietze Norder
2023.
Standard negation: the curious case of South America.
Linguistic Typology 27:3
► pp. 629 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.