indigenization is interpreted below as the adaptation of a language to the communicative habits and needs of its speakers in a novel ecology. Thus North American Englishes are as indigenized as those of Asia and Africa. The equation for indigenization is the same, although the outcomes vary according to geographical ecology, the nature of ethnolinguistic contacts, population structure, modes of language “transmission,” and the timing of particular changes. These factors and others account for variation not only from one colony to another but also within each colony. Traditional distinctions such as “native” vs. “indigenized” Englishes and “creole” vs. “non-creole” varieties are simply socio-ideological and can be dispensed with in studies of language evolution.
2023. The indigenization of Ghanaian Pidgin English. World Englishes
Auer, Anita
2022. The verticalization model of language shift from a historical sociolinguistic perspective. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 195 ff.
Bousquette, Joshua
2022. The Great Change in Midwestern agriculture. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 52 ff.
Bousquette, Joshua, Joshua R. Brown, Benjamin Frey, Mirva Johnson, David Natvig & Joseph Salmons
2022. Reflecting on the commentaries. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 215 ff.
Joshua R. Brown
2022. The Verticalization Model of Language Shift,
Brown, Joshua R.
2022. Language shift and religious change inCentralPennsylvania. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 114 ff.
Brown, Joshua R. & Joseph Salmons
2022. A verticalization theory of language shift. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 1 ff.
Frey, Benjamin E.
2022. Internal verticalization and community maintenance. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 139 ff.
Johnson, Mirva
2022. Politics and cooperatives. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 25 ff.
Natvig, David
2022. The Great Change and the shift from Norwegian to English in Ulen, Minnesota. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 85 ff.
Power, Justin M.
2022. Historical Linguistics of Sign Languages: Progress and Problems. Frontiers in Psychology 13
2019. The legacy of Braj B. Kachru through World Englishes and culture wars. World Englishes 38:1-2 ► pp. 162 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
2019. Population Structure and the Emergence of World Englishes. In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 99 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
2020. Genetic Creolistics as Part of Evolutionary Linguistics. In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ► pp. 393 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
2022. The verticalization model of language shift from a population-structure perspective. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. 166 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
2023. Linguistic Hybridization in the Emergence of Creoles. The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 10:1 ► pp. 74 ff.
2022. List of Tables. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. ix ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. List of Figures. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. viii ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Copyright Page. In The Verticalization Model of Language Shift, ► pp. iv ff.
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