This article discusses the globalization of English and suggests that the changing role and nature of English in the expanding circle requires new methodological approaches and new empirical materials which better represent non-native global English(es), that is, when English is used as an additional linguistic resource alongside L1s. Our case study investigates how ongoing grammatical changes are adapted in global use, and focuses on a specific use of the progressive: the subjective sense with an intervening adverbial. Our findings corroborate those of Hundt & Vogel (2011) on the progressive in general, but also show that stretched, special uses of progressives are fully established in non-native global usage. We conclude that as the globalization of English continues to blur the neat division of the English varieties, better data is needed to take into account the diversity of texts emerging in the expanding circle and to represent a variety of text types from natural, non-instructional settings.
In compilation. The Corpus of English in Finland. A multi-genre corpus resource of advanced non-native English texts. Director: Mikko Laitinen. Linnaeus University.
F-LOB
The Freiburg-LOB Corpus (‘F-LOB’) (original version) compiled by Christian Mair, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
ICLE v1. International Corpus of Learner English 2002
. Project director Sylviane Granger. Centre for English Corpus Linguistics. Université Catholique de Louvain.
LSAC. The Longman Spoken American Corpus
Owned by Pearson Education, gathered by Professor Jack Du Bois and his team at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB). Available on CD-ROM.
SWE-CE. In compilation
The Corpus of English in Sweden. A multi-genre corpus resource of advanced non-native English texts. Director: Mikko Laitinen. Linnaeus University.
TIME
Time Magazine Corpus 1926–2006. Created by Mark Davies. [URL] (15 March 2015).
VOICE
2013The Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (version 2.0 Online). Director: Barbara Seidlhofer; Researchers: Angelika Breiteneder, Theresa Klimpfinger, Stefan Majewski, Ruth Osimk-Teasdale, Marie-Luise Pitzl, Michael Radeka. [URL] (15 March 2015).
Aijmer, Karin
2002Modality in advanced Swedish learners’ written interlanguage. In Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching [Language Learning and Language Teaching 6], Sylviane Granger, Joseph Hung & Stephanie Petch-Tyson (eds), 55–76. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bolton, Kingsley & Meierkord, Christiane
2013English in contemporary Sweden: Perceptions, policies, and narrated practices. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(1): 93–117.
Collins, Peter
2009The progressive. In Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English. Grammar and Beyond [Varieties of English around the World G39], Pam Peters, Peter Collins & Adam Smith (eds), 115–123. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Coto-Villalibre, Eduardo
2014A Semantic and Syntactic Approach to Get Constructions in World Englishes. PhD dissertation, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
2011Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching 44(3): 281–315.
Jespersen, Otto
1909–1949A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles I–VII. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.
Kachru, Braj B
1985Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle. In English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, Randolph Quirk & Henry Widdowson (eds), 11–30. Cambridge: CUP.
Killie, Kristin
2004Subjectivity and the English progressive. English Language and Linguistics. 8(1): 25–46.
Kranich, Svenja
2007Subjectification and the English progressive. The history of ALWAYS + progressive constructions. York Papers in Linguistics (Series 2) 8: 120–137.
Kranich, Svenja
2010aThe Progressive in Modern English. A Corpus-Based Study of Grammaticalization and Related Changes. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Kranich, Svenja
2010bGrammaticalization, subjectification and objectification. In Grammaticalization: Current Views and Issues [Studies in Language Companion Series 119], Ekaterini Stathi, Elke Gehweiler & Ekkehard König (eds), 101–121. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kranich, Svenja
2013Functional layering and the English progressive. Linguistics 51(1): 1–32.
Laitinen, Mikko
2011Contacts and variability in international Englishes: Compiling and using the Corpus of English in Finland. In Methodological and Historical Dimensions of Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English 6] Paul Rayson, Sebastian Hoffmann & Geoffrey Leech (eds). [URL] (27 February 2014).
Laitinen, Mikko
2014Ongoing changes in English modals: On the developments in advanced L2 use of English. Paper presented at
the 3 ISLE Conference
. University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Laitinen, Mikko
Forthcoming a. Ongoing changes in English modals: On the developments in ELF. In Olga Timofeeva, Sarah Chevalier, Anne-Christine Gardner & Alpo Honkapohja (eds.) New Approaches in English Linguistics: Building BridgesStudies in Language Companion Series Amsterdam John Benjamins
Laitinen, Mikko
Forthcoming b. Ongoing changes and advanced L2 use of English: Evidence from new corpus resources. In María José López-Couso, Belén Méndez-Naya, Paloma Núñez-Pertejo & Ignacio M. Palacios-Martínez (eds.) Corpus Linguistics on the Move: Exploring and Understanding English through CorporaLanguage and Computers: Studies in Practical Linguistics Amsterdam & New York Brill/Rodopi
Leech, Geoffrey
1987[1971]Meaning and the English Verb, 2nd edn. London: Longman.
Leech, Geoffrey
2013Where have all the modals gone? An essay on the declining frequency of core modal auxiliaries in recent standard English. In English Modality: Core, Periphery and Evidentiality, Juana. I. Marín-Arrese, Marta Carretero, Jorge Arús Hita, & Johan van der Auwera (eds), 95–115. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Leech, Geoffrey, Hundt, Marianne, Mair, Christian
& Smith, Nicholas2009Change in Contemporary English. A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP.
2011National Survey on the English Language in Finland: Uses, Meanings and Attitudes. [URL] (27 February 2014).
Levin, Magnus
2013The progressive verb in modern American English. In The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora, Bas Aarts, Joanne Close, Geoffrey Leech & Sean Wallis (eds), 187–216. Cambridge: CUP.
Levin, Magnus
Forthcoming. He’s always telling some kind of lie: Subjective progressives in the history of American English. Paper presented at
the 35 ICAME Conference
, Nottingham, UK.
Ljung, Magnus
1980Reflections on the English Progressive. Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
2007The spread of the progressive and its ‘future’ use. English Language and Linguistics 11(1): 191–207.
Noël, Dirk, van Rooy, Bertus & van der Auwera, Johan
2014Diachronic Approaches to Modality in World Englishes: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of English Linguistics 42(1): 3–6.
Núñez-Pertejo, Paloma
2004The Progressive in the History of English: with Special Reference to the Early Modern English Period: A Corpus-based Study. Munich: Lincom.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan
1985A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
Ranta, Elina
2006The ‘attractive’ progressive – why use the -ing form in English as a Lingua Franca?Nordic Journal of English Studies 5(2): 95–116.
Rautionaho, Paula
2014Variation in the Progressive: A Corpus-based Study into World Englishes. Tampere: University of Tampere. [URL] (15 March 2015).
Rissanen, Matti
2008Corpus linguistics and historical linguistics. In Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook, Anke Lüdeling & Merja Kytö (eds), 53–68. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
2013Singapore weblogs: Between speech and writing. In Corpus Linguistics and Variation in English: Focus on Non-Native Englishes [Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English 13], Magnus Huber & Joybrato Mukherjee (eds). [URL] (27 February 2014).
Schneider, Edgar W
2014New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of world Englishes. World Englishes 33(1): 9–32.
Seidlhofer, Barbara
2011Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: OUP.
Smitterberg, Erik
2005The Progressive in Nineteenth-Century English. A Process of Integration. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
2022. Curriculum Design for a World Englishes and Intercultural Communication Course: Survey Research. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 42:2 ► pp. 1143 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.