Index
A
- actuation
97, 115, 169–83
- adjectives
- post-posed demonstrative
217
- affixes
18, 121–22, 127, 133, 137, 208, 218
- allophones
92, 103–5, 107–10, 114
- allophonic changes
105, 109
- alternations
106, 136, 139, 200–202, 226
- ambiguities
20, 71, 87, 102, 163–64
- American languages
8, 50, 161, 211
- analogical change
119, 128–34, 139, 141, 226
- analogical processes
134, 150
- Anttila, Raimo
37, 128, 174, 223
- arbitrariness
4–5, 10, 16, 20
- assimilation
74, 76, 84–88, 92, 103, 106, 115, 222
- anticipatory
85, 105–6, 132
- Australian aboriginal languages
7, 49
- Austronesian
43, 80, 112, 195, 225
- auxiliary
124, 154, 162–63
B
- Bahasa Malaysia
19, 38, 49–50, 86, 186
- Balkan Sprachbund languages
42
C
- categories
- mental
67, 75–76, 107, 110, 213, 216
- radial
54, 103, 107, 167, 214
- categorization
16, 27, 58, 97, 99, 107, 123, 128–29, 213–14, 224, 227–28
- causation
15, 20, 67, 70, 79–80, 132, 171, 181, 213–30
- clause
- subordinate
25, 145, 152–53, 163
- clitics
120, 124, 159, 229
- cognates
48, 124, 195–96, 200
- cognition
1–2, 5, 10–11, 22, 28, 67, 149–50, 170, 213, 223, 225, 227, 229
- cognitive functions, human
10, 70, 226
- Cognitive Linguistics
15–16, 18, 20, 22, 47, 98, 167
- coinage
18, 48, 50–51, 121, 215
- compensatory lengthening
89
- complementation
163–67, 191
- compounds
5, 16–17, 36, 50, 54, 61
- conditioned change
80–81, 94, 104, 108
- conditioning
73, 77, 81, 84, 91–92, 106, 108–10, 114, 210
- constructions, syntactic
13, 16, 23, 26, 166, 183, 191, 216
- contact
9, 24–25, 33–39, 41–44, 153, 172–73, 199, 203, 220–22
- contexts, social
11, 94, 224
- corpora, historical
144, 187, 190–92
- cycles
37, 52–53, 149, 160–61, 219
D
- Dene-Yeniseian family
200
- devoicing
86, 108, 194, 201–2, 204
- diffusion
34, 44, 172–74, 179–81
- diphthongization
79, 88–90, 92–93
- dissimilation
76, 79, 84, 87–88, 90, 92
- distribution
32, 109, 166
- documents
19, 32, 145, 186–90, 192, 207–8
- dynamic synchrony
181, 214, 229
E
- Early Modern English
20–21, 78
- Eckert, Penelope
178, 183
- emergence
3, 6, 20, 82, 136, 207, 219, 221
- English
- American
35–36, 53, 65, 83, 92, 115, 150, 173, 176, 219, 222
- Modern
21, 36, 79, 83, 88, 117, 123, 125, 137, 141, 151–52
- phonological system
92, 102
- etymology
18, 25, 47, 62, 64, 70–71, 120, 125, 130, 134, 147, 154
- every word has its own history
53, 70
- evidence
- typological/comparative
100
- written
24, 33, 41, 48, 126, 162, 205–6
- evolution
9, 26, 35, 70, 178, 200, 228
- extensions of meaning
65, 70, 124, 174
F
- final consonants
83, 102, 104, 108, 201–2, 204–5, 216
- final position
81, 91, 104–7, 109, 157, 201–2
- folk etymology
51, 120–21
- forms
- comparison of
30, 165, 192
- grammatical
13–14, 23, 125, 128, 210
- pre-historic linguistic
118
- French, Modern
39, 123, 138–39, 148, 160
- French, Old
17, 36, 39, 123, 138–39, 147–48, 201, 224
- frequency
20, 56, 131–32, 146, 153, 159, 180–81, 219, 221–22
- role of
170, 180, 183, 220–21
G
- gaps
37, 111, 126, 207, 224–25
- genealogical model
29–30, 44, 192
- genetic relationships
36, 43, 153, 195, 220
- Germanic
- devoicing of obstruents
108
- Proto
31, 94, 109, 136, 152, 192
- Germanic tribes
40–41, 88
- grammaticalization
124–26, 128, 159–61, 165, 218–19, 222
- grammatical structures
3, 7, 16, 18, 25, 27, 30, 158, 165, 228–29
- grammatical units
5, 18, 54, 143, 225
- Great Vowel Shift
78, 90, 94, 118, 199
- Greek
6, 29–30, 41–42, 49, 186–88, 192, 194–96, 218
- Greenberg, Joseph
28, 153, 203, 211
H
- Hawai’ian
43, 80, 94, 112, 195, 197–98, 215, 225
- Hebrew
7–9, 27, 49, 65, 219
- heuristics
194, 198, 203, 208
- Humboldt’s Universal
226–27
I
- iconicity
143, 156, 158, 165, 226–27
- implications
28–29, 118, 158, 166, 228
- Indo-European
- family
31, 33, 45, 121, 135, 161, 217
- languages
31–32, 42, 121, 132, 136, 164, 204, 206, 217, 221
- intervocalic geminates
106–7
- intervocalic position
33, 84, 93, 104–5, 107, 136, 172, 179, 196–97, 201
- irregularity
3, 119, 138–40, 160
- Italian dialects
126, 207
J
- Japanese
5, 26, 28, 35, 40, 43, 153–54, 156, 158, 161, 218–19, 229
- Japanese sentence particles
159
- Jones, Sir William
29–30, 195
K
- Keller, Rudi
70, 170–71, 178, 181, 222
- Kuryɫowicz, Jerzy
131–34, 141
L
- Labov, William
44, 172–74, 177, 180, 183
- Lakoff, George
22, 53, 213
- Langacker, Ronald W.
15, 53–54
- language change, rate of
10, 167
- language family relationships
24, 29, 32, 34–35, 45, 194, 199–200, 211
- languages
- daughter
78, 179, 192, 194, 196–97, 220
- first
6–9, 21, 43, 150, 174, 215
- modern
88, 198, 217, 221, 225
- parent
30–32, 44, 48, 71, 172, 192–94
- Latin
- classical
6, 29, 59–60, 102, 118, 126, 155, 160, 162, 203, 206–8
- history of
40, 87, 113, 218, 225
- Late
62, 85, 89–90, 114–15, 126, 132–33, 155, 159–62, 207, 218
- Latin-based languages
39, 221
- Latin noun paradigms
125, 138
- Lehmann, Winfred
159, 203–4, 218
- lexical change
2, 18, 47–71, 122, 149, 164, 167
M
- majority rule
197, 203, 205
- merger
48, 101–4, 108, 110, 115, 197, 207
- metaphors
6–7, 30, 32, 55–56, 63–67, 70, 171, 174, 191
- methods
- comparative
30, 199–200, 206
- historical linguistics
48, 117, 185
- philological
188, 199, 206–7
- metonymy
55–56, 66–67, 70
- morphological change
32, 117, 119–41, 193
- motivations
37, 51, 115–16, 132, 177–78, 182, 224, 226
- motivations.,sound change
115–16, 177
N
- native speaker instincts
163
- native speakers
7–9, 21, 48, 81, 105, 109, 144, 215, 224, 227
- Northern Cities Vowel Shift
90, 94, 178
O
- Occam’s Razor
193–94, 196, 200, 202, 204
- Old English (OE)
14, 20, 33, 36–37, 62, 83, 86, 88, 91, 94, 106–7, 141, 151–52
P
- palatalization
85, 97, 99–100, 188, 198, 209–10
- paradigmatic changes
119, 137, 140
- paradigms, grammatical
135
- particles
145–47, 153, 218–19, 229
- perception
10, 15, 17, 38, 65, 116, 165, 170, 223
- perseveration
84, 86, 136
- philology
19, 29, 186–90, 192, 204, 206, 208–9
- philology and reconstruction
204, 206
- phonemic categories
103, 110
- phonemic change
101, 105, 214
- phonetic change
17, 73–97, 112, 118, 134, 150, 179, 197
- phonetic environment
73, 77, 103
- phonological change
97–117, 150, 160
- phonological patterns
224
- phonologization
105–6, 109, 113–14, 132
- PIE. See Proto-Indo-European
- plausibility
194, 198, 200, 203, 206
- plurals
3, 120, 123, 129, 202, 222
- postpositions
29, 43, 154–55, 158, 203, 216, 218, 225
- prediction of change
150, 216–18, 220
- prefixes
13, 18, 120–21, 137, 140
- Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
31–32, 48, 94, 192, 194, 203–4
- Proto-Indo-European Syntax
203
- prototype
54–57, 99–100, 109–10, 120, 148, 186
R
- radial set
55, 71, 99–100, 105, 123, 167, 214
- reanalysis
122–23, 143, 151, 161, 163–66
- reconstruction
19, 77, 83, 86, 118, 136, 144–45, 186, 192–94, 196–99, 202–8
- comparative
19, 48, 144, 155, 194–95, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208
- internal
19, 186, 200, 202, 204–6, 209
- reduction
53, 61, 90–91, 161, 218
- regularity
17, 119, 129–31, 136, 138, 140, 197, 200, 222, 226–27
- regularity hypothesis
193, 195–95, 202
- Romance languages
- early
40, 125, 163, 188, 207, 220–21, 225
- Romanian
42, 126, 207–8, 217
- Russian
28, 33, 136, 201, 218
S
- salience
15, 70, 100, 128, 134, 180–81, 226, 228
- Sanskrit
29–30, 48, 111–12, 136, 194–95, 203
- Saussure, Ferdinand de
53–54, 144, 185–86, 206
- semantic change
63, 67, 122, 208
- sentence relations
134, 218, 230
- set, semantic
55–57, 67, 70, 120, 137–38, 195–97, 199, 203, 206, 214
- shortening
36, 91, 93, 127–28
- simplicity measure
30, 194, 197, 204
- sister languages
30, 33–35, 172, 220–21
- slang
11, 38, 59–60, 174, 208
- sound change, regular
32, 118, 136, 138–39, 179
- sounds, reconstructed
78, 193–94, 198
- speech community, generational
176–77
- stress pattern
40, 136–37
- Sturtevant’s Paradox
119, 138–39
- subordination
143, 151, 153, 164–65
- suffixes
18, 87, 120–22, 124, 137, 140, 159, 208, 219
- suprasegmentals
26, 81, 89, 91, 203
- syllables
40–41, 81, 84, 87–89, 99, 103–4, 138, 206
- symmetry
111, 115, 224, 226
- syntax change
16, 18, 108, 119, 143–67, 193, 203, 216
T
- Traugott, Elizabeth
67, 227
- Turkish
41–42, 45, 86, 195
- typology
99, 153, 155, 216, 218, 222
U
- umlaut
85–86, 107, 109, 113, 132, 134
- unconditioned change
77–78, 80
- uniformitarianism
23–24, 86, 216–17, 220, 222, 230
- units
- linguistic
44, 54, 67, 78, 140, 164–65, 174, 214, 216, 227, 229
- syntactic
18, 145, 165, 216
- universals
16, 24–26, 28, 30
V
- variants
93, 104, 122, 150, 173, 175–77, 179, 182
- variation
- individual
116–17, 215, 217
- verb
- irregular
130–31, 137, 202
- verb classes
125, 141, 162, 207
- voiced consonants
78, 86, 92–93, 107, 202, 204–5
- voicing contrast
102–3, 115
- vowel changes
85, 117, 134
- vowel diphthongization
90, 178
- vowels
- rounded
28, 75, 85–86, 106, 109, 112–13
- unrounded
28, 86, 106, 113
W
- Weinreich, Uriel
170, 173, 183
- West Germanic languages
33, 125, 134, 204–5
- word order
- basic
28, 151, 153–58, 165, 204, 218, 220, 225–26
- word order changes
146, 152, 156, 160–61, 165–66
- word order implications
158
Y
- Yiddish
8, 26–27, 86, 106, 135, 157, 199, 204–5, 217