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Journal mutations
Part of
Grammar of Spoken and Written English
Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey N. Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan
[
Not in series
232] 2021
► pp.
123
–
228
◄
previous
next
►
Chapter 3
Clause grammar
Article outline
3.1
Clause v. non-clausal material
3.1.1
Use of clauses v. non-clausal material in text samples
3.2
Major clause elements
3.2.1
Subject (S)
3.2.1.1
Semantic roles of subjects
3.2.1.2
Dummy subjects
3.2.1.3
Subjects in non-finite clauses
3.2.2
Verb phrase (V)
3.2.3
Subject predicative (P
s
)
3.2.4
Direct object (O
d
)
3.2.4.1
Semantic roles of direct objects
3.2.4.2
Dummy objects
3.2.5
Indirect object (O
i
3.2.6
Prepositional object (O
p
)
3.2.7
Object predicative (P
o
)
3.2.8
Adverbials (A)
3.2.8.1
Circumstance adverbials (A
c
)
3.2.8.2
Stance adverbials (A
s
)
3.2.8.3
Linking adverbials (A
I
)
3.2.9
The operator
3.3
Clause links
3.4
Peripheral elements
3.4.1
Detached predicatives and related forms
3.4.2
Parentheticals
3.4.3
Prefaces
3.4.4
Tags
3.4.5
Discourse markers
3.4.6
Vocatives
3.5
Major clause patterns
3.5.1
Subject – verb phrase
3.5.2
Subject – verb phrase – obligatory adverbial
3.5.3
Subject – verb phrase – subject predicative
3.5.3.1
The characterizing pattern
3.5.3.2
The identifying pattern
3.5.4
Subject – verb phrase – direct object
3.5.5
Subject – verb phrase – prepositional object
3.5.6
Subject – verb phrase – indirect object – direct object
3.5.7
Subject – verb phrase – direct object – prepositional object
3.5.8
Subject – verb phrase – direct object – object predicative
3.5.9
Subject – verb phrase – direct object – obligatory adverbial
3.5.10
More complex patterns
3.6
Variations on clause patterns
3.6.1
Order variations
3.6.1.1
Inversion
3.6.1.2
Fronting
3.6.1.3
Postponement
3.6.2
The passive
3.6.3
Existential
there
3.6.4
Extraposition
3.6.5
Clefting
3.6.6
Condensation
3.7
Ellipsis
3.7.1
Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
3.7.2
Ellipsis in comparative clauses
3.7.3
Ellipsis in question-answer sequences
3.7.4
Other types of textual ellipsis
3.7.5
Omission of function words and situational ellipsis
3.8
Negation
3.8.1
Overall frequency of negation
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.8.2
Not
-negation
3.8.2.1
The auxiliary
do
in negative clauses with transitive
have (got)
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
3.8.2.2
The auxiliary
do
in negative clauses with the semi-modal
have to
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
3.8.2.3
The auxiliary
do
in negative clauses with
dare
and
need
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
3.8.2.4
The auxiliary
do
in negative clauses with
ought to
and
used to
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
3.8.2.5
Full form v. operator contraction v.
not
-contraction
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
3.8.2.6
Aren’t
I and
ain’t
3.8.3
No
-negation
3.8.4
Occurrence of
not
-negation v.
no
-negation
3.8.4.1
Variability of
not
-negation and
no
-negation
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.8.4.2
Relative frequency of
not
-negation v.
no
-negation
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.8.4.3
Choice of
no
-negation v.
not
-negation
A.
Syntax
corpus findings
discussion of findings
B.
Verb
corpus findings
discussion of findings
C.
Collocations
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.8.4.4
Not
-negation collocations
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.8.5
The scope of negation
3.8.6
Assertive and non-assertive forms
3.8.7
Multiple negation
3.8.7.1
Dependent multiple negation
3.8.7.2
Independent multiple negation
3.9
Subject-verb concord
3.9.1
Complications with concord patterns
3.9.1.1
Concord with plural forms not ending in
-s
3.9.1.2
Concord with singular forms ending in
-s
3.9.1.3
Concord with coordinated subjects
3.9.1.4
Concord with indefinite pronouns and quantifying expressions
3.9.1.5
Concord with existential
there
3.9.1.6
Concord with clausal subjects
3.9.2
Notional concord
3.9.2.1
Concord with names, titles, and quotations
3.9.2.2
Concord with measure expressions
3.9.2.3
Concord with collective nouns
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.9.3
Concord and proximity
3.9.4
Non-standard concord in conversation
corpus findings
Discussion of findings
3.9.5
Subject-verb concord and pronominal reference
3.10
Types of dependent clauses
3.11
Finite dependent clauses
3.11.1
Nominal clauses
3.11.2
Adverbial clauses
3.11.3
Relative clauses
3.11.4
Comparative clauses and other degree clauses
3.11.5
Reporting clauses
3.11.6
Comment clauses
3.11.7
Other peripheral clauses
3.12
Non-finite clauses
3.12.1
Infinitive clauses
3.12.2
Ing
-clauses
3.12.3
Ed
-clauses
3.12.4
Supplementive clauses
3.12.5
Verbless clauses
3.13
Major types of independent clauses
3.13.1
Declarative clauses
3.13.2
Interrogative clauses
3.13.2.1
Wh
-questions
3.13.2.2
Yes/no
-questions
3.13.2.3
Alternative questions
3.13.2.4
Question tags
A.
Change of subject or auxiliary
B.
Alternatives to question tags modelled on the main clause
C.
Question tags added to interrogative clauses
D.
Question tags added to imperative clauses
3.13.2.5
Interrogatives in general: Distribution
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.13.2.6
Question types: Distribution
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.13.2.7
Choice between interrogative
who
and
whom
corpus findings
,
discussion of findings
A.
After prepositions
B.
Other positions
3.13.2.8
Auxiliary
do
in independent interrogative clauses
A.
Transitive
have
corpus findings
discussion of findings
B.
The semi-modal
have to
Corpus finding
discussion of findings
C.
Dare
and
need
corpus findings
discussion of findings
D.
Ought to
and
used to
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.13.3
Exclamative clauses
3.13.4
Imperative clauses
3.13.4.1
The realization of imperative clauses
3.13.4.2
Imperative clauses: Distribution
corpus findings
discussion of findings
3.14
Unembedded dependent clauses
3.15
Non-clausal material
3.15.1
Non-clausal material in writing
3.15.2
Non-clausal material in conversation