Chapter 6
Functionalism in the lexicon
Where is it, and how did it get there?
Article outline
- Thesis
- Commentaries on Richie thesis
- Ray Jackendoff commentary on Richie thesis
- James Myers commentary on Richie thesis
- Dorit Ravid commentary on Richie thesis
- Benjamin Tucker commentary on Richie thesis
- Chris Westbury commentary on Richie thesis
- The article
- Goals of the current review
- Functionalism in the phonological lexicon
- Functionalism in lexical-semantics
- Issues with functionalist accounts of the lexicon
- Future directions – additional ways to assess functionalism in the lexicon
- The emergence of functionalism in the lexicon: Current and future directions
- Conclusion
-
Notes
-
References
References (104)
References
Atran, S. (1995). Classifying nature across cultures. In E. E. Smith & D. N. Osherson (Eds.), Thinking: An invitation to cognitive science, vol. 3 (pp. 131–174). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baronchelli, A., Gong, T., Puglisi, A., & Loreto, V. (2010). Modeling the emergence of universality in color naming patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(6), 2403–7. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Battaglia, P. W., Hamrick, J. B., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2013). Simulation as an engine of physical scene understanding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(45), 18327–32. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beach, L. R. (1964). Cue probabilism and inference behavior. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 78(5–6), 1. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berlin, B., Kay, P. (1969). Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Berlin, B. (1992). Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Blei, D. M. (2012). Probabilistic topic models. Communications of the ACM, 55(4), 77. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bortfeld, H., & Morgan, J. (2005). Mommy and me: Familiar names help launch babies into speech-stream segmentation. Psychological Science, 16(4), 298–304. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Boster, J. (2005). Emotion categories across languages. In H. Cohen & C. LeFebvre (Eds.), Handbook of categorization in cognitive science (pp. 187–222). Amsterdam: Elsevier. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bowerman, M. & Pederson, E. (1992). Cross-linguistic studies of spatial semantic organization. In Annual Report of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, pp. 53–56.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brashears, M. E. (2013). Humans use compression heuristics to improve the recall of social networks. Scientific Reports, 3, 1513. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brentari, D., & Coppola, M. (2013). What sign language creation teaches us about language. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(2), 201–211. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bybee, J. (1999). Usage-based phonology. In M. Darnell, E. Moravcsik, F. Newmeyer, M. Noonan, and K. Wheatley (Eds.), Functionalism and formalism in linguistics, Volume I: General papers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 211–242. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bybee, J. (2006). From usage to grammar: The mind’s response to repetition. Language, 82(4), 711–733. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Caramazza, A., & Mahon, B. Z. (2003). The organization of conceptual knowledge: the evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends in cognitive sciences, 7(8), 354–361. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Carstensen, A., Xu, J., Smith, C. T., & Regier, T. (2015). Language evolution in the lab tends toward informative communication. In Noelle, D. C., Dale, R., Warlaumont, A. S., Yoshimi, J., Matlock, T., Jennings, C. D., & Maglio, P. P. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Casasanto, D. & Lupyan, G. (2015). All concepts are ad hoc concepts. In E. Margolis & S. Laurence (Eds.) Concepts: New Directions, pp. 543–566. Cambridge: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Corter, J. E., & Gluck, M. A. (1992). Explaining basic categories: Feature predictability and information. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 291–303. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Croft, W. (1995). Autonomy and Functionalist Linguistics. Language, 71(3), 490–532. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Croft, W. (2003). Typology and universals: Second edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cutler, A. and Hawkins, J. A., & Gilligan, G. (1986). The suffixing preference: a processing explanation. Linguistics, 23. 723–758.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dingemanse, M., Blasi, D. E., Lupyan, G., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2015). Arbitrariness, iconicity, and systematicity in language. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(10), 603–615. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ferrer i Cancho, R., & Sole, R. V. (2003). Least effort and the origins of scaling in human language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(3), 788–91. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ferrer-i-Cancho, R., & Moscoso del Prado Martín, F. (2011). Information content versus word length in random typing. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2011(12), L12002. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fowler, C. A., & Housum, J. (1987). Talkers’ signaling of “new” and “old” words in speech and listeners’ perception and use of the distinction. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(5), 489–504. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Galantucci, B., Garrod, S., & Roberts, G. (2012). Experimental Semiotics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 6(8), 477–493. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gärdenfors, P. (2000). Conceptual spaces: The geometry of thought. MIT press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Garner, W. R. (1974). The Processing of Information and Structure (Erlbaum, Potomac, MD).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Giavazzi, M. (2010). The phonetics of metrical prominence and its consequences for segmental phonology. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Graff, P. (2012). Communicative efficiency in the lexicon. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Firl, A. (2007). Google and the mind: predicting fluency with PageRank. Psychological Science, 18(12), 1069–76. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. T. (2007). Topics in Semantic Representation. Psychological Review, 114(2), 211–244. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Griffiths, T. L., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2006). Optimal predictions in everyday cognition. Psychological Science, 17, 767–773. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haspelmath, M. (1999). Optimality and diachronic adaptation. Zeitschrift Für Sprachwissenschaft, 18.2, 180–205. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Haspelmath, M. (2003). The geometry of grammatical meaning: Semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison. In M. Tomasello (Ed.), The new psychology of language, vol. 2 (pp. 211–242). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hills, T., Maouene, M., & Maouene, J. (2009). Longitudinal analysis of early semantic networks preferential attachment or preferential acquisition? Psychological Science, 20(6), 729–739. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hills, T. T., Maouene, J., Riordan, B., & Smith, L. B. (2010). The associative structure of language: Contextual diversity in early word learning. Journal of memory and language, 63(3), 259–273. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hills, T., Maouene, M., Maouene, J., Sheya, A., & Smith, L. (2009). Categorical structure among shared features in networks of early-learned nouns. Cognition, 112, 381–396. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hurford, J. R. (2003). Why synonymy is rare: Fitness is in the speaker. In Banzhaf, W., Christaller, T., Dittrich, P., Kim, J. T., & Ziegler, J. (Eds.), Advances in artificial life- Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL), lecture notes in artificial intelligence vol. 2801, 442, Berlin: Springer Verlag.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jaeger, T. F., & Tily, H. (2011). On language “utility”: processing complexity and communicative efficiency. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(3), 323–335. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kemp, C., & Regier, T. (2012). Kinship categories across languages reflect general communicative principles. Science, 336(6084), 1049–54. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Khetarpal, N., Majid, A., & Regier, T. (2009). Spatial terms reflect near-optimal spatial categories. In N. Taatgen et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Khetarpal, N., Neveu, G., Majid, A., Michael, L., & Regier, T. (2013). Spatial terms across languages support near-optimal communication: Evidence from Peruvian Amazonia, and computational analyses. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, and I. Wachsmuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
King, R. (1967). Functional load and sound change. Language 43, 831–852. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kirby, S., Cornish, H., & Smith, K. (2008). Cumulative cultural evolution in the laboratory: an experimental approach to the origins of structure in human language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(31), 10681–6. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kirby, S., Dowman, M., & Griffiths, T. L. (2007). Innateness and culture in the evolution of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(12), 5241–5. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kleinberg, J. M. (2000). Navigation in a small world. Nature, 406(6798), 845. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kurumada, C., Meylan, S. C., & Frank, M. C. (2013). Zipfian frequency distributions facilitate word segmentation in context. Cognition, 127, 439–453. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25(2–3), 259–284. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lelu, A. (2014). Jean-Baptiste Estoup and the origins of Zipf s law: a stenographer with a scientific mind (1868–1950). BEIO, Boletín de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, 30(1), 66–77.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lindblom, B. (1986). Phonetic universals in vowel systems. In Experimental Phonology, Ed. by John Ohala & Jeri Jaeger, 13–44. Orlando: Academic Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Loreto, V., Mukherjee, A., & Tria, F. (2012). On the origin of the hierarchy of color names. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(18), 6819–24. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mahowald, K., Fedorenko, E., Piantadosi, S. T., & Gibson, E. (2013). Info/information theory: speakers choose shorter words in predictive contexts. Cognition, 126(2), 313–8. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Majid, A., & Burenhult, N. (2014). Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language. Cognition, 130(2), 266–70. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Majid, A., Enfield, N. J., & van Staden, M. (2006). Parts of the body: Cross-linguistic categorisation (Special Issue). Language Sciences, 28(2–3).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Malt, B. C., Sloman, S. A., Gennari, S., Shi, M., & Wang, Y. (1999). Knowing versus naming: Similarity and the linguistic categorization of artifacts. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 230–262. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Marcus, G. F., & Davis, E. (2013). How robust are probabilistic models of higher-level cognition? Psychological Science, 24(12), 2351–60. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Margolis, E., & Laurence, S. (2014). Concepts. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition). URL = <[URL]>.
Markman, E. M., & Wachtel, G. F. (1988). Children’s use of mutual exclusivity to constrain the meanings of words. Cognitive psychology, 20(2), 121–157. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martin, A. 2007. The Evolving Lexicon. PhD Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martinet, A. (1952). Function, structure, and sound change. Word, 8, 1–32. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Miller, G. A. (1957). Some effects of intermittent silence. The American Journal of Psychology, 70(2), 311–314. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moscoso del Prado Martin, F. (2013). The missing baselines in arguments for the optimal efficiency of languages. Csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu, 1032–1037. Retrieved from [URL]
Murphy, G. (2002). The big book of concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Piantadosi, S. T. (2014). Zipf’s word frequency law in natural language: A critical review and future directions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1–35. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Piantadosi, S. T., Tily, H., & Gibson, E. (2011). Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(9), 3526–9. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Piantadosi, S. T., Tily, H., & Gibson, E. (2012). The communicative function of ambiguity in language. Cognition, 122(3), 280–91. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Piantadosi, S. T., Tily, H. J., & Gibson, E. (2009). The communicative lexicon hypothesis. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 2582–2587.
Piantadosi, S., Tily, H., & Gibson, E. (2013). Information content versus word length in natural language: A reply to Ferrer-i-Cancho and Moscoso del Prado Martin (2011). arXiv Preprint arXiv:1307.6726, (2011), 1–8. Retrieved from [URL]
Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 353–363. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1970). Retention of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 304–308. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Reed, K. (1972). Pattern Recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 407, 382–407. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Regier, T., Kay, P., & Khetarpal, N. (2007). Color naming reflects optimal partitions of color space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(4), 1436–41. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Regier, T., Kemp, C., & Kay, P. (2015). Word meanings across languages support efficient communication. In B. MacWhinney & W. O. Grady (Eds.), The handbook of language emergence (pp. 237–263). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Richie, R., Kaufmann, S., Tabor, W. (2014). An LSA-based method for estimating word meaning specificity: An application to an account of Zipf’s Law. Poster presented at the 9th Annual Mental Lexicon Conference, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada.
Roberson, D., Davidoff, J., Davies, I. R. L., & Shapiro, L. R. (2005). Color categories: Evidence for the cultural relativity hypothesis. Cognitive Psychology, 50, 378–411. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rosch, E. (1973). On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. New York: Academic Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rosch, E., Simpson, C., & Miller, R. S. (1976). Structural bases of typicality effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 491–502.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Reprinted in: Margolis, E. and Laurence, S. (Eds.) (1999). Concepts: Core readings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sagi, E., Kaufmann, S., & Clark, B. (2011). Tracing semantic change with Latent Semantic Analysis. In K. Allan & Robinson, J. A. (Eds.), Current Methods in Historical Semantics (pp. 161–183). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Scott-Phillips, T. C., & Kirby, S. (2010). Language evolution in the laboratory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(9), 411–7. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Scott-Phillips, T. C., Dickins, T. E., & West, S. A. (2011). Evolutionary theory and the ultimate–proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 38–47. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Silvey, C., Kirby, S., & Smith, K. (2013). Communication leads to the emergence of sub-optimal category structures. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachsmuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1312–1317. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steels, L., & Belpaeme, T. (2005). Coordinating perceptually grounded categories through language: a case study for colour. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(4), 469–89; discussion 489–529. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steels, L. (2011). Modeling the cultural evolution of language. Physics of Life Reviews, 8(4), 339–56. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2005). The large-scale structure of semantic networks: statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth. Cognitive Science, 29(1), 41–78. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thompson, G. W., & Kello, C. T. (2014). Walking across Wikipedia: a scale-free network model of semantic memory retrieval. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 86. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thompson, B., Silvey, C., Kirby, S., & Smith, K. (2014). The effect of communication on category structure. In Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference (EVOLANG10) (pp. 537–538). ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thompson, D. (1917). On Growth and Form. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vitevitch, M. S., Chan, K. Y., & Goldstein, R. (2014). Insights into failed lexical retrieval from network science. Cognitive Psychology, 68, 1–32. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wedel, A., Jackson, S., & Kaplan, A. (2013). Functional load and the lexicon: Evidence that syntactic category and frequency relationships in minimal lemma pairs predict the loss of phoneme contrasts in language change. Language and Speech, 56(3), 395–417. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wedel, A., Kaplan, A., & Jackson, S. (2013). High functional load inhibits phonological contrast loss: a corpus study. Cognition, 128(2), 179–86. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. (1921/1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wittgenstein, L. (1953/2010). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wnuk, E., & Majid, A. (2014). Revisiting the limits of language: the odor lexicon of Maniq. Cognition, 131(1), 125–38. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, J., Dowman, M., & Griffiths, T. (2013). Cultural transmission results in convergence towards colour term universals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 1758. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Y., & Regier, T. (2014). Numeral systems across languages support efficient communication: From approximate numerosity to recursion. In P. Bello et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Y. and Kemp, C. (2015). A computational evaluation of two laws of semantic change. In Noelle, D. C., Dale, R., Warlaumont, A. S., Yoshimi, J., Matlock, T., Jennings, C. D., & Maglio, P. P. (Eds.) 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Xu, Y., Regier, T. and Malt, B. C. (2015). Historical semantic chaining and efficient communication: The case of container names. Cognitive Science. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yee, E., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2016). Putting concepts into context. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(4), 1015–1027. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zipf, G. (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Addison-Wesley, New York.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zuidema, W., & Westermann, G. (2003). Evolution of an optimal lexicon under constraints from embodiment. Artificial Life, 1–14. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zwarts, J. (1995). The Semantics of Relative Position. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory, 5, 405–422. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)